Alzheimer's disease research paper

Examples psychology research paper examples alzheimer’s disease research sample alzheimer’s disease research paper is published for educational and informational purposes only. If you need help with writing your assignment, please use our custom writing services and buy a paper on any of the psychology research paper mer’s disease (ad) appears to be the most common cause of dementia, accounting for more than 50% of all dementia cases. Today they remain the two classic hallmarks of the disease and constitute the basis for the neuropathologic diagnosis of alzheimer’s disease. This research paper will provide an overview of the clinical, pathological, neuropsychological, and affective features associated with mer’s disease research paper outline. To the dsm, however, in 1984, the work group on the diagnosis of alzheimer’s disease, established by the national institute of neurological and communicative disorders and stroke and the alzheimer’s disease and related disorders association (nincds-adrda), developed criteria for the clinical diagnosis of probable and possible ad (see table ii). Diagnosis and course of alzheimer’s e dementia is associated with more than 50 different causes of brain dysfunction (see table ili), and there are no known peripheral markets for alzheimer’s disease, a definitive diagnosis continues to require histopathological verification of the presence of characteristic neurodegenerative abnormalities at autopsy (i. However, documentation of the presence of dementia and the exclusion of all other known potential causes allows probable or possible alzheimer’s disease to be clinically diagnosed during life with some certainty (i. With alzheimer’s disease often live for many years following their diagnosis, dying eventually from conditions like pneumonia, sepsis, or other fatal conditions to which people of advanced age are prone. The duration of the disease from the time of diagnosis to death can be as little as 2 years or as long as 20 years or more, although the average length ranges between 7 and 10 ii nincds-adrda criteria for definite, probable and possible alzheimer’s te alzheimer’s disease:Clinical criteria for probable ad;. Possible alzheimer’s disease:Atypical onset, presentation, or progression of a dementia syndrome with a known etiology;. Systemic or other brain disease capable of producing dementia is present but not thought to be the cause of the dementia;. Gradually progressive decline in a single intellectual function in the absence of any other identifiable ly alzheimer’s disease:Sudden onset of symptoms;. Clinical diagnosis of alzheimer’s disease: report of the nincds-adrda work group, department of health and human services task force on alzheimer’s disease. Lacking distinctive ed cerebral disorders (some of which may be reversible):Vascular dementia: multi-infarct dementia; binswanger’s disease;. Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia) rises in an approximately exponential fashion between the ages of 65 and 85. Second, it has been suggested that women have a slightly greater risk for alzheimer’s disease than men, due in part to its higher prevalence in women. The greater risk for women, however, may be a factor of their longer life expectancy, since incidence rates for alzheimer’s disease have not shown differences between men and , uneducated individuals over the age of 75 have about twice the risk for dementia as those who have completed at least a grade school education. Low lifetime occupational attainment, associated with little education, may also yield a greater risk for alzheimer’s disease. Education and occupational achievement may act as a surrogate for brain or cognitive reserve that helps to delay the onset of the usual clinical manifestations of the , the risk of developing dementia is increased approximately fourfold by a family history of alzheimer’s disease in a first-degree relative (i. Furthermore, the epsilon-4 allele of the apolipoprotein e gene (apoe-e4) located on chromosome 19 has recently been identified as another risk factor for dementia because of its over-representation in patients with alzheimer’s y, the risk of developing alzheimer’s disease is doubled for individuals with a history of a single head injury that led to a loss of consciousness or hospitalization. Recent research has demonstrated that individuals with a history of head injury who lack the presence of the apoe-e4 allele are not at increased risk for alzheimer’s one assumes that these aforementioned risk factors are simply additive at the population level, then the attributable risk of developing alzheimer’s disease from these known factors appears to be between 40% and 50% (and probably more given the recent addition of apoe-associated risk). Current views suggest that alzheimer’s disease is a chronic disease, much like cancer or heart disease, in which an individual is predisposed by genetic factors, traumatic events, or other unknown factors toward entering a malignant phase. This framework for understanding the development of ad suggests that cognitive deficits associated with the disease also appear gradually. Studies of alzheimer’s disease patients reveal a decrease in brain volume, apparently due to gyral atrophy and ventricular dilatation. However, gyral atrophy and enlarged ventricles are also found in normally aging brains, lending minimal diagnostic value to structural images early in the course of the disease. Future research targeting hippocampal or entorhinal cortex, however, may yield more sensitivity to early stage alzheimer’s onal imaging studies with pet and spect have found significant differences between alzheimer’s disease patients and healthy older adult control subjects. This finding suggests that pet imaging can be useful in the early detection of a marker of cerebral blood flow in alzheimer’s disease, spect also demonstrates similar regional reductions to that of pet, although its spatial resolution is not as high. In addition, spect studies have attempted to trace neurotransmitter receptor changes in alzheimer’s disease patients (e. Muscarinic receptors; dopaminergic d2 receptors), although results have been mixed to gs in mrs studies suggest that this technique may also be sensitive to the early detection of alzheimer’s disease. For example, an increase in the biochemical concentration of myo-inositol has been found in patients with mild to moderate alzheimer’s disease. Myo-inositol serves several functions in the brain, one of which may involve the deposition of neuritic plaques characteristic of alzheimer’s disease. Increases in myo-inositol concentration have not been found in patients with other dementing illnesses or in normally aging , preliminary findings from a number of recent studies suggest that mri, pet, spect, and perhaps mrs can provide complementary information to the usual diagnostic procedures and may contribute to the early and more specific detection of the disease. It should be emphasized, however, that although the usefulness of structural or functioning neuroimaging procedures appear promising, each of these costly techniques remains experimental and has not been shown to be as accurate as the clinician’s judgment in the differential diagnosis of alzheimer’s disease. Neuropathological mer’s disease is primarily characterized by two particular histological findings in the brain: neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Distribution of neuropathological addition to plaques and tangles, pathological changes in alzheimer’s disease include neocortical atrophy, neuron loss, and synapse loss. Although the temporal progression of the neuropathological changes of alzheimer’s disease are not fully known, recent studies suggest that the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex are involved in the earliest stage of the disease, and that frontal, temporal, and parietal association cortices become increasingly involved as the disease progresses. Lewy body variant of alzheimer’s r neuropathologic condition in demented patients is characterized by the typical cortical distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of alzheimer’s disease, the typical subcortical changes in the substantia nigra, locus ceruleus, and dorsal vagal nucleus of parkinson’s disease, and, in addition, lewy bodies that are diffusely distributed throughout the neocortex. Although only recently identified, this neuropathologic condition is not rare and may occur in approximately 25 % of all demented clinical manifestation of this disorder, which is sometimes known as the lewy body variant of alzheimer’s disease, is similar to that of alzheimer’s disease in many respects, and these patients are often diagnosed with probable or possible alzheimer’s disease during life. However, retrospective studies indicate that lewy body variant of alzheimer’s disease may be clinically distinguishable from “pure” alzheimer’s disease. Bradykinesia, rigidity, masked facies) and hallucinations in patients with lewy body variant of alzheimer’s disease, as well as a more rapid . Neuropsychological e of recent memory is usually the most prominent feature during the early stages of alzheimer’s disease. Accordingly, much of the neuropsychological research concerning the early detection of alzheimer’s disease has focused on memory.

For this reason, loss of remote memory (or retrograde amnesia) in alzheimer’s disease is discussed briefly before episodic and semantic memory are rade amnesia is temporally graded in early alzheimer’s disease. As the disease progresses into later stages, the patients’ retrograde amnesia loses its temporal gradient, and a deficit is seen in retrieval of all explicit memory, regardless of when the information was ic memory involves the storage and recollection of temporally dated autobiographical events that depend upon temporal and/or spatial contextual cues for their retrieval. Memory difficulties in the earliest stages of alzheimer’s disease become apparent when patients are confronted with everyday tasks requiring the use of episodic memory, such as tracking medication regimens, paying bills on schedule, and keeping abreast of recent events in the news. Impairments, even in patients in the early stages of the disease, are apparent on clinical and experimental memory tasks that require the learning and retention of either verbal or nonverbal information over a series of trials. The rapid forgetting is apparent for both verbal and nonverbal information and has been shown to be even more rapid in alzheimer’s disease than in amnesia. Recent findings suggest that this feature of memory loss is most important for the early and differential diagnosis of alzheimer’s disease and can be obtained through measures of delayed recall (e. Errors, or errors representing the intrusion of previously learned information into the attempted recall of new material, represent a consistent behavioral marker of dementia in alzheimer’s disease and are evident on tests of memory for verbal and figural information. Thus, the occurrence of intrusion errors on episodic memory tests should be considered one indicator of a significant memory disturbance and should serve to initiate a thorough search for the processes underlying the patient’s the episodic memory impairment in alzheimer’s disease has been studied in great detail, the semantic memory deficits associated with the disorder have only recently been extensively investigated. It has been known for some time through clinical characterizations of alzheimer’s disease that language deficits, such as word-finding difficulties in spontaneous speech and mild anomia, often occur during the course of the disease. Fortunately, investigators have now begun to examine the language and knowledge deficits in alzheimer’s disease within the framework of current models of the representation of semantic knowledge that were developed in the field of experimental cognitive is often assumed that semantic knowledge is organized as a complex network of associated concepts, and that within the network, concepts that have many attributes in common are more strongly associated than those that share fewer attributes. Second, ad patients are impaired on object-naming tasks and produce a significantly greater proportion of semantically based errors than normal older adults and patients with huntington’s disease. Third, patients with alzheimer’s disease demonstrate a deficit in sorting items on the basis of subordinate, but not superordinate, attributes. Lastly, there is a deterioration in the organization of semantic knowledge in patients that can be consistently demonstrated by alterations in cognitive maps that reflect the semantic relationships used in categorizing together, these findings suggest that there is a true loss of semantic knowledge in alzheimer’s disease, and that the nature of semantic memory deterioration in ad is consistent with a bottom-up breakdown in which specific attributes of a semantic category are lost before more general superordinate knowledge. However, recent research indicates that some forms of learning and memory occur implicitly, without conscious recollection. More specifically, the association cortices, which are damaged in alzheimer’s disease, appear to be vital for implicit tasks that seem to rely upon the integrity of semantic knowledge, whereas the basal ganglia, which are damaged in huntington’s disease, are most important for implicit tasks that involve the generation and modification of central motor programs to guide behavior. Attention/ addition to memory deficits, patients with alzheimer’s disease also experience deficits in attentional and concentration abilities. Some patients in the early disease stages do not have attentional problems, but such deficits typically emerge and increase in severity as the disease ts in some aspects of language increase in severity throughout the course of alzheimer’s disease. In the later stages of the disease, some patients have difficulty producing complex syntax in spontaneous speech. This is a disproportionately severe fluency impairment exhibited by patients when generating exemplars from a specific category compared to generating words that begin with a particular ments in spatial cognition are evident in some patients with mild alzheimer’s disease, and in nearly all patients in the later stages of the disease. Early in the disease, patients experience a more severe and progressive disorientation in space relative to time. Finally, qualitative differences in the types of errors made on tests of visuoperceptive ability may help differentiate normal aging from patients in the early stages of alzheimer’s disease. Executive gh patients are typically aware of their earliest symptoms, such as memory problems, there is an increasing loss of insight as alzheimer’s disease progresses. In addition, preservations and intrusions are evident in patients’ daily behavior early in the disease. Affective and personality ality changes represent one of the most common alterations in alzheimer’s disease, affecting upward of 75% of patients at some time during the course of the disease. Although major depression is uncommon, dysphoric affect can occur with some regularity in alzheimer’s disease (e. Alzheimer’s disease versus normal duals in the early stages of alzheimer’s disease are by definition impaired in two or more cognitive functions, although the most effective neuropsychological measures for distinguishing between these subjects and healthy older individuals are those that assess the ability to learn new information and retain it over time. Similar results have also been obtained with confirmation by subsequent postmortem histopathologic evidence of alzheimer’s disease in patients who were psychometrically classified as mildly impaired and in none of those classified as normal gh measures of learning and retention are the most effective neuropsychological indices for differentiating between mildly demented and normal elderly individuals, measures of language, “executive” functions, and constructional abilities also have some diagnostic value. For example, performances of mildly demented patients with probable alzheimer’s disease and normal elderly control subjects on several types of verbal fluency tasks demonstrate that the semantic category fluency task has greater than 90% sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of dementia. Similarly high sensitivity and specificity rates for the differentiation of normal older adults from those patients with ad has been shown on tests of executive function such as the stroop color-word test, trailmaking, and on a modified version of the wisconsin card sorting addition to detecting subtle cognitive impairment in the early stages of a dementing illness, neuropsychological testing is important for tracking the progression of cognitive decline throughout the course of the disease. In these individuals, a determination must be made whether the patient is experiencing cognitive difficulty secondary to a mood disorder or whether the patient has developed a depressive syndrome secondary to a dementing illness such as alzheimer’s ak and christenson (in storandt and vandenbos) highlight that research findings concerning neuropsychological test performance of patients with depression and cognitive impairment remains small and difficult to interpret. In reviews of the research literature relevant to differentiation of dementia from depression (see kaszniak and christenson), attempts have been made to determine those quantitative and qualitative aspects of neuropsychological test performance that may be helpful in this diagnostic ak and christenson caution that these neuropsychological test features should be viewed as guidelines for increasing or decreasing suspicion of a patient having alzheimer’s disease versus the dementia syndrome of depression, rather than as providing definitive diagnoses. Recent research suggests that differentiating patients with dementia syndrome of depression from those with vascular dementia due to subcortical infarctions, or other subcortical dementias, may be particularly difficult. Investigators have found that, among a group of depressed patients, the california verbal learning test revealed a subgroup demonstrating the same pattern of deficits as those seen in patients with huntington’s disease, which is typically regarded as a prototypical subcortical dementing illness. Considerable amount of recent research has been directed toward identifying the pattern of cognitive changes that might distinguish between alzheimer’s disease and dementia associated with other neurodegenerative diseases. Much of this research has been carried out within the framework of a “corticalsubcortical” distinction, which holds that different patterns of primary neuropsychological deficits are associated with neurodegenerative diseases that predominately involve regions of the cerebral cortex (e. Alzheimer’s disease, pick’s disease) or that have their primary locus in subcortical brain structures (e. Studies that address this distinction usually compare and contrast neuropsychological test performance of patients with ad (a prototypical cortical dementia) and that of patients with huntington’s disease (a prototypical subcortical dementia). Addition to these differences in the general neuropsychological features of alzheimer’s disease and dementia associated with huntington’s disease, numerous studies utilizing concepts and experimental procedures of cognitive psychology suggest that there is a fundamental difference in the nature of the memory impairment that occurs in each disorder. In contrast, patients with huntington’s disease or parkinson’s disease suffer only a mild degree of retrograde amnesia that is equally severe across all decades of their lives. More severe changes in behavior are evident in the later stages of the disease, when patients are no longer able to handle their daily functioning needs, like eating, bathing, and ment of these behavioral symptoms is often attempted by teaching caregivers behavioral modification techniques. Unfortunately, many psychiatric medications can also further compromise cognitive functioning, especially those with strong anticholinergic research has focused on testing medications that may slow the progression of alzheimer’s disease. Unfortunately, cognex, the first drug approved for the treatment of alzheimer’s disease, has not appeared to be clinically effective in the majority of patients for whom it is prescribed.

Other current research is focusing on the role of neurotrophic factors, estrogen, calcium, and antioxidants in the progression of alzheimer’s mer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia, currently affecting nearly 4 million people in the united states. In short, alzheimer’s disease will increasingly become the dominant disorder in late ive changes associated with this dementia include progressive impairments in memory, attention, language, spatial cognition, and executive function, some of which occur in the earliest stages of the disease. The cognitive, behavioral, and affective changes result in an increasing dependency of alzheimer’s patients on others in their day-to-day disease is characterized by a number of neuropathological changes, including the presence of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques, loss of neurons and synapes, neocortical atrophy, and alterations in neurotransmitter levels. As no effective treatment or cure for alzheimer’s disease is currently available, strategies for the management of disease symptoms focus on behavioral modification and the use of psychiatric medications where ately, sustained efforts on a number of research fronts (i. Molecular biological, genetic, cognitive, and behavioral) have helped to improve our understanding of alzheimer’s disease and ultimately may lead to effective treatments for the prevention and cure of this complex and devastating an psychiatric association (1994). New york: raven to write a research ch paper ch paper research papers are not written to satisfy your specific instructions. You can use our professional writing services to order a custom research paper on alzheimer’s disease and get your high quality paper at affordable price. Essayempire is the best choice for those who seek help in research paper writing related to psychology high quality custom sional writers rism-free guarantee. 7 helpline: > papers and care sional care health ity resource gift will help us accelerate research and move closer to a section highlights some of the groundbreaking research and guidance documents published or presented by alzheimer's association professional staff, funded researchers or volunteer science of scientific evidence addressing prevalence, documented needs, and interdisciplinary research:  persons in early stage alzheimer’s dementia (141 pages)prepared for the alzheimer's association early stage advisory group by sandy burgener, linda buettner and collegues comprehensive literature review of the scientific literature non-pharmacological interventions for people in early stage alzheimer's disease and other forms of ch consent for cognitively impaired adults - recommendations for institutional review boards and investigators: consensus recommendations (5 pages)prepared by the alzheimer's association  this paper appeared in alzheimer's disease and associated disorders july-sept. The document contains recommendations that institutional review boards and investigators can use to operationalize the informed consent process for individuals with cognitive entions to improve quality of care: the kaiser permanente-alzheimer’s association dementia care project (8 pages) prepared by alzheimer’s association los angeles chapter staff and kaiser colleagues  this paper from the august 2004 american journal of managed care describes an alzheimer’s association-kaiser permanente joint initiative to improve the quality of dementia care in the kaiser permanente los angeles area managed care network. Alzheimer’s association associate director, quality care this paper from nursing clinics of north america 2004, vol. 39, discusses the widespread occurrence of other serious medical conditions in individuals with dementia; explores how coexisting conditions may worsen cognitive symptoms and create treatment challenges for care professionals and family caregivers; and analyzes the impact of coexisting conditions on use and cost of health mer's disease, the alzheimer’s association and stem cell research (1 page)prepared by the alzheimer’s associationthis document was prepared on june 14, 2005 to provide background information and address common questions about stem cell research and alzheimer’s ines for the development of community-based screening programs for cognitive impairment in older people (12 pages, guidelines begin on page 6)prepared by the alzheimer’s association work group on screening for cognitive impairment and alzheimer’s disease  this paper in the june 21, 2001, issue of alzheimer insights, a peer-reviewed online journal, presents the recommendations of independent experts and alzheimer’s association senior science and public policy staff on issues and challenges related to community screening for dementia. If many of these questions pose problems, the sponsoring group may wish to consider launching a community education initiative in place of a screening use of mri and pet for clinical diagnosis of dementia and investigation of cognitive impairment: a consensus report   (15 pages)prepared by the neuroimaging work group of the alzheimer's associationposted june 1, 2004this report represents the consensus of 22 independent experts assembled by the alzheimer's association on the current value and appropriate use of magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and positron emission tomography (pet) in diagnosing alzheimer's disease and related disorders, tracking disease progression, and monitoring response to experimental treatments. The goal is to document the current state of end-of-life care, provide an evidence base for practice and policy recommendations to improve care, and stimulate further research in this sity of north carolina institute on aging's online bibliography on alzheimer's disease and dementia in diverse populations comprehensive online bibliography of the social and behavioral research related to alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. 7 helpline: your local of alzheimer'ctive brain howalzheimer's affects the a donation to fight to end alzheimer' the alzheimer's association | careers | security & privacy policy | copyrights & reprints | contact al headquartersalzheimer's association national office, 225 n. Formed in 1980, the alzheimer's association is the leading voluntary health organization in alzheimer's care, support and mer's disease research paperuploaded by shaynerelated interestsalzheimer's diseasedementiaapolipoprotein ememoryamyloid betarating and stats1. This increase has brought with it a large increase in diseases associated with old age. Alzheimer's disease (ad) is one of the most common and feared diseases afflicting the elderly community. A general overview of alzheimer's disease including the clinical description, diagnosis, and progression of symptoms, helps one to further understand the treatment and care of patients, the scope of the problem, and current research. Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia marked by memory loss in older people. Alzheimer's statistics show that the disease can strike a person as early as 45, while dementia generally takes hold after age 70. While, alzheimer’s disease (ad) is a slowly progressive disease of the brain that is characterized by impairment of memory and eventually by disturbances in reasoning, planning, language, and perception. Many scientists believe that alzheimer's disease results from an increase in the production or accumulation of a specific protein (beta-amyloid protein) in the brain that leads to nerve cell death. The likelihood of having alzheimer's disease increases substantially after the age of 70 and may affect around 50% of persons over the age of 85. Nonetheless, alzheimer's disease is not a normal part of aging and is not something that inevitably happens in later life. For example, many people live to over 100 years of age and never develop alzheimer's disease. Ad is the fourth leading cause of death in adults after heart disease, cancer, and stroke. Alzheimer's disease is defined as a form of dementia characterized by the gradual loss of several important mental functions. Signs of alzheimer's disease include memory loss that is much more severe and more serious, such as forgetting the names of your children or perhaps where you've lived for the last decade or r way to compare dementia vs. Alzheimer's disease is to realize that dementia is a medical term used to describe a number of conditions characterized by the gradual loss of intellectual function. 2008-2009 history of alzheimer’s disease progressive mental deterioration in old age has been recognized and described throughout history. Today, this degenerative brain disorder bears his name, and when found during an autopsy, these plaques and tangles mean a definite diagnosis of alzheimer's disease (ad). Since its discovery more than 100 years ago, there have been many scientific breakthroughs in ad research. The medical community then formally recognized alzheimer’s as a disease and not a normal part of aging. In the 1970s, scientists made great strides in understanding the human body as a whole, and ad emerged as a significant area of research interest. More research was done on ad susceptibility genes, and several drugs were approved to treat the cognitive symptoms of the disease. Specific genes related to both the early-onset and late-onset forms of ad have been identified, but genetic risk factors alone do not fully explain its causes, so researchers are actively exploring environment and lifestyle to learn what role they might play in the development of this disease. Alzheimer’s disease alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative neurological disorder, meaning that the disorder gets worse over time. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia among people over the age of 65 and it is thought that up to 4. However, despite the high prevalence of alzheimer's dis disease among elderly people, alzheimer's disease is not a normal part of aging. Alzheimer's disease occurs when neurons in the brain die or break their connections with other neurons. This occurs because people with alzheimer's disease experience atrophy of a part of the brain called the sity of perpetual help system dalta- molino campus molino 3, bacoor, cavite s.

In people with alzheimer's disease, the cells that produce acetylcholine d or killed and levels of the chemical gradually decline in the brain. These plaques and tangles work together to disrupt brain function and are known to increase in quantity as the alzheimer's disease progresses. Certain factors of brain dysfunction in alzheimer's disease are known, but much about the disease is unknown. It is thought that these amyloid plaques form very early in the disease stage and set of a cascade of inflammation and cell hout the affected portions of the brain. However, some people develop a condition called early-onset alzheimer's disease as early as their 20s. Patients generally live for an average of eight years after they are diagnosed with alzheimer's disease, although they may live for up to 20 years. During the final stages of the disease, most patients require constant supervision and help performing basic self-care tasks such as bathing and feeding. Instead, people with alzheimer's disease are more likely to contract other medical conditions that can be fatal. Many people with alzheimer's disease die from aspiration pneumonia (pneumonia sity of perpetual help system dalta- molino campus molino 3, bacoor, cavite s. 2008-2009 by breathing in vomit or other fluids) because of the reduced ability to swallow in the later stages of the disease. In 2004, the most recent year for which figures are available, alzheimer's disease was the fifth leading cause of death among people over 65 and the seventh leading cause of death overall, according to the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc). Women are more commonly diagnosed with alzheimer's disease than men, although this may be because women tend to live longer than men. Although alzheimer's disease is g cause of dementia, other conditions may cause dementia, including stroke, brain tumors and infections. When examined under a microscope diseased cells appear to contain spaghettilike tangles of normally straight nerve fibers. The presence of these tangles was first discovered in 1906 by the german neurologist alois alzheimer, hence the name alzheimer's disease. The initial symptoms of ad are typical of other treatable diseases therefore doctors are hesitant to give the diagnosis of alzheimer's in order to save the patient from the worsening of a treatable disease through a misdiagnosis. If the patient meets the preliminary criteria for ad an examination of the patients medical history is also necessary to check for possible genetic predispositions to the disease. If every other possible disease is ruled out, and the results of the psychiatric evaluation l to that of a person with ad, the diagnosis of alzheimer's disease is given. The family of the victim is usually able to care for the victim for an average period of about 4 years (alzheimer's, 1996,p. The progression of the disease between 10% and 15% of patients hallucinate and suffer delusions, 10% will become violent and 10% suffer from seizures (alzheimer's,1996,p. A person is diagnosed as having ad, an assessment is made of the disease's stage of progression and of the strengths and weaknesses of the victim and the victim's family. Throughout the progression of the disease, and depending on the needs of the patient, a wide range sity of perpetual help system dalta- molino campus molino 3, bacoor, cavite s. At the beginning of the disease the family is able to look after the patient without much effort. 2008-2009 their families comes from the health care system and the alzheimer's society of canada. The care giver must obtain information and education about the disease in order to effectively care for the victim. At $33,000 (1989) per patient per year in an institution and with an average stay of three years until death, the cost of ad will amount to $3 billion over the next three years; and if the entry into the disease state nt, it will cost the canadian taxpayer [an added] $1 billion per year thereafter. Fad is also known as early onset alzheimer’s disease, named so because its symptoms start to develop much earlier than in the regular sporadic type. Fad is suspected when ad can be traced over several generations and there is a history of, among previously affected family members, a similar age of onset and duration of the disease ( usually 4 years ) . Approximately 50% of the children of an affected parent go on to develop the disease (pollen,1993,p. Much research has been conducted in an attempt to locate the gene that is responsible for fad. There is also a possibility that a specific genetic mutation merely puts a person at risk to the disease and ad is triggered by an external force e. The long term goal of this research is the same as that of any other genetic research and that is gene therapy - which is the possibility that science could one day alter our genetic make-up. Genetic research is also playing a major role in the progress towards a diagnostic or predictive test for sad. Researchers have found a relationship between the number of copies of the 4 allele and the person’s probability of developing the disease. Although scientists are unsure of the initial cause of alzheimer's disease, it is known that the symptoms of alzheimer's disease are caused by the disconnection and death of neurons in the brain. Based on what scientists understand about alzheimer's disease, sity of perpetual help system dalta- molino campus molino 3, bacoor, cavite s. The number of people with alzheimer's disease doubles every five years after the age of 65, according to the national institute of neurological disorders and stroke (ninds). People who have a sibling or parent with alzheimer's disease are more likely to develop the disease themselves. This risk is greater if more than one member of the family has been diagnosed with alzheimer's disease. There is strong evidence that suggests that people who sustain serious head injury are more likely to develop alzheimer's disease later in life. However, this link has not been firmly substantiated by medical research and is more commonly linked to other forms of yle factors. Although this is somewhat controversial, a number of lifestyle factors might play a role in the development of alzheimer's.

For example, numerous studies have shown that people with advanced degrees are less likely to develop alzheimer's, possibly due to increased sity of perpetual help system dalta- molino campus molino 3, bacoor, cavite s. In addition, there may be a link between obesity and the metabolic syndrome and alzheimer's disease. There have been some reports linking aluminum to an increased risk of developing alzheimer's disease. Although toxic levels of exposure to aluminum is known to cause some neurological symptoms, the role of aluminum in the development of alzheimer's disease is not fully understood. Alzheimer's disease is primarily marked by the onset and progression of dementia, a decline in mental function that may interfere with the ability to perform daily functions. Cognitive symptoms of alzheimer's disease may include memory lose is often the first sign of having an alzheimer’s disease. 2008-2009 this is often the first part of the brain to be affected by alzheimer's disease. People with alzheimer's disease may forget words and have difficulty communicating with others (extensive aphasia). Most people with alzheimer's disease show some signs of depression throughout the progression of the disease. Although people with alzheimer's disease may sometimes be aware that the hallucination is false, in later stages of the disease they may have a strongly held belief in things that are not real. A significant percentage of alzheimer's patients suffer from paranoid delusions, in which they imagine their home has been invaded, that personal items have been stolen, or that loved ones have been replaced by impostors. People with alzheimer's disease may also experience apraxia, which is an inability to perform tasks on demand. The first element that is affected by alzheimer's disease is usually complex motor skills such as those required to perform most daily tasks (e. Certain symptoms of alzheimer's disease may be mistaken for the changes in memory function and mild confusion that people may experience as they get older. These minor changes are different from alzheimer's disease because alzheimer's disease progressively gets worse until the person is unable to function without a permanent caregiver. Stages of alzheimer's disease experts have documented common patterns of symptom progression that occur in many individuals with alzheimer’s disease and developed several methods of “staging” based on these patterns. Progression of symptoms corresponds in a general way to the underlying nerve cell degeneration that takes place in alzheimer’s disease. Within this framework, we have noted which stages correspond to the widely used concepts of mild, moderate, moderately severe and severe alzheimer’s disease. Mild or early-stage alzheimer’s disease) at this stage, a careful medical interview detects clear-cut deficiencies in the following areas: • decreased knowledge of recent events. 2008-2009 stage 5: moderately severe cognitive decline (moderate or mid-stage alzheimer’s disease) major gaps in memory and deficits in cognitive function emerge. 2008-2009 stage 6: severe cognitive decline (moderately severe or mid-stage alzheimer’s disease) memory difficulties continue to worsen, significant personality changes may emerge, and affected individuals need extensive help with daily activities. Stage 7: very severe cognitive decline (severe or late-stage alzheimer’s disease) this is the final stage of the disease when individuals lose the ability to respond to their environment, the ability to speak, and, ultimately, the ability to control movement. 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Newsletter 120110tmpf7e9senate hearing, 112th congress - departments of labor, health and human services, and education, and related agencies appropriations for fiscal year 2013 the dallas post in-2010-johansson-2217-24ethical issues in alzheimer's disease (steven dekosky, m. Advances in research and treatment for alzheimer’s diseasehouse hearing, 113th congress - twenty-first century 443c2015-06-25 st. Mary's county timesmy mature times - june 2013more from shayneskip carouselcarousel previouscarousel nextappendicitis case studyyyiwas dengueappendicitis case studysine-codpa thopananaliksikalzheimer's disease researchcase study potts disease2survey on autismpas as ala mata u t i s mapendiks hborder sa filipinoshaynejessicasohofilgrap iautismbest books about alzheimer's diseaselosing my mind: an intimate look at life with alzheimer'sby thomas debaggiolove: the owner's manualby pierce howarddementia care: sheldon short guideby christina macdonaldbroken cup: poemsby margaret gibsonthe alzheimer's antidote: using a low-carb, high-fat diet to fight alzheimer’s disease, memory loss, and cognitive declineby amy berger and david perlmutter, mddmac digest volume 5 no 2: meningitisby duncan up to vote on this titleusefulnot usefulmaster your semester with scribd & the new york timesspecial offer for students: only $4. Dialogthis title now requires a credituse one of your book credits to continue reading from where you left off, or restart the t mer's disease research paperuploaded by shaynerelated interestsalzheimer's diseasedementiaapolipoprotein ememoryamyloid betarating and stats1. Things every dementia caregiver needs to mer’s disease: alzheimer's association has released a 2009 alzheimer's disease facts and figures report. One major finding of the report is that annual health care costs are over three times greater for individuals with alzheimer's compared to elderly individuals without alzheimer's ($33,007 vs. S disease (ad) is an irreversible disease of the brain that affects a person’s memory, thinking, and other common is alzheimer’s disease? The brain changes with alzheimer’s mer’s disease is a progressive disease, meaning that it gets worse and more functions are lost as more time passes. Some studies suggest that alzheimer’s disease may begin attacking the brain long before symptoms are present. The disease first attacks the memory center of the brain, which causes people with ad to become more forgetful. As the disease progresses, the person may also begin to have other problems, such as problems with thinking and mer’s disease is not a normal part of e what some people think, getting alzheimer’s disease is not a normal part of aging. There is no cure for ad, but there are multiple treatments that can slow down the progression of the disease. Researchers believe that an individual who is diagnosed with ad at age 65 may live an average of 8-10 years (alzheimer’s disease research, 2009). About causes and symptoms of alzheimer’s , risk factors, and symptoms of alzheimer’s disease are somewhat different from other forms of dementia. Follow the links below to learn of alzheimer’s changes in alzheimer’s ms of alzheimer’s about diagnosis and treatment of alzheimer’s ches to diagnosis and treatment of alzheimer’s disease are similar to other forms of dementia. Retrieved on july 16, mer's association : alzheimer's ption: the alzheimer's association is one of the most popular resources for ad information online. It contains educational materials, information on support groups, community programs, current research, and many other resources for individuals with dementia and their , comment or learn more about this : alzheimer's ption: this web page provides a brief introduction to alzheimer's disease including the biological changes in the disease, a discussion of the history of this disease, and the difference between “early stages” of alzheimer's disease and “early onset” alzheimer', comment or learn more about this of alzheimer's disease: what it is and what you can : alzheimer's ption: this 32-page booklet discusses the basics of alzheimer's disease including the warning signs, effects on the brain, causes and risk factors, diagnosis, stages of the disease, treatment, and current research and clinical , comment or learn more about this mer's disease education and referral center (adear). The adear center offers education on alzheimer's disease and dementia including current news and events, information for caregivers, links to government publications and reports, and information about participating in current clinical trials. You can also search a database of fact sheets, textbook chapters, journal articles, brochures, teaching manuals, directories, videos and other media, bibliographies, program descriptions, monographs, newsletters, and reports related to alzheimer's , comment or learn more about this mer research : alzheimer research ption: this scientific website features information on research into medications used in the treatment of alzheimer's, hereditary factors contributing to the development of alzheimer's, and other topics.

It includes information on clinical trials, news about research, recently published papers related to alzheimer's, information on grants for doing research in this area, a list of members, researchers, and institutes and labs, and links to resources for disease , comment or learn more about this about dementia: people with ting and slowing g dementia g financial help for dementia mer’s disease: and risk factors of alzheimer’s of alzheimer’s changes in alzheimer’s and symptoms of alzheimer’s ar dementia: of vascular ms of vascular body dementia: of lewy body ms of lewy body sis of lewy body temporal dementia: of frontotemporal ms of frontotemporal types of cognitive impairment (mci). Also, find a small task for him or her to do to assist ed glucose tolerance can lead to cognitive c carriers at highest risk for alzheimer's take positive steps after learning risk later retirement" for lower dementia ad our free e-book.