Autism and vaccines research paper

Despite the small sample size (n=12), the uncontrolled design, and the speculative nature of the conclusions, the paper received wide publicity, and mmr vaccination rates began to drop because parents were concerned about the risk of autism after vaccination. 2]almost immediately afterward, epidemiological studies were conducted and published, refuting the posited link between mmr vaccination and autism. 3,4] the logic that the mmr vaccine may trigger autism was also questioned because a temporal link between the two is almost predestined: both events, by design (mmr vaccine) or definition (autism), occur in early next episode in the saga was a short retraction of the interpretation of the original data by 10 of the 12 co-authors of the paper. According to the retraction, “no causal link was established between mmr vaccine and autism as the data were insufficient”. 1] paper in february 2010, admitting that several elements in the paper were incorrect, contrary to the findings of the earlier investigation. Readers may be interested to learn that the journalist on the wakefield case, brian deer, had earlier reported on the false implication of thiomersal (in vaccines) in the etiology of autism. 15]implicationsscientists and organizations across the world spent a great deal of time and money refuting the results of a minor paper in the lancet and exposing the scientific fraud that formed the basis of the paper. Appallingly, parents across the world did not vaccinate their children out of fear of the risk of autism, thereby exposing their children to the risks of disease and the well-documented complications related thereto. 9]scientists who publish their research have an ethical responsibility to ensure the highest standards of research design, data collection, data analysis, data reporting, and interpretation of findings; there can be no compromises because any error, any deceit, can result in harm to patients as well harm to the cause of science, as the wakefield saga so aptly reveals. We sincerely hope that researchers will keep this ethical responsibility in mind when they submit their manuscripts to the indian journal of nces1. Research papers supporting the vaccine/autism linkuploaded by ginger taylorrelated interestsautismautism spectrumvaccinespublic healthaluminiumrating and stats4. 99)document actionsdownloadshare or embed documentembeddescription: media reports have claimed that there is no scientific evidence supporting the link between vaccines and autism. Moremedia reports have claimed that there is no scientific evidence supporting the link between vaccines and autism. Here we provide for the reader research that demonstrates links between vaccines and autism, and the mechanisms by which vaccines can cause ght: © all rights reserveddownload as odt, pdf, txt or read online from scribdflag for inappropriate content142 research papers supporting vaccine/autism causationginger taylor, ream research has found that vaccines and their ingredients can cause ying medical conditions that committed physicians and researchers are g in children who have been given an autism diagnosis. Verstraeten, robert davis, david gu, frank ound: concern has risen on the presence of the ethylmercury vative thimerosal in vaccines. Vsd is a database from four health maintenance organizations in washington,Oregon and california, containing immunization, medical visit and on over 400,000 infants born between '91 and 's: we categorized the cumulative ethylmercury exposure from ning vaccines after one month of life and assessed the subsequent risk rative and developmental neurologic disorders and renal disorders age of six. For the rative and renal disorders group we found no significantly increased sion: this analysis suggests that high exposure to ethyl thimerosal-containing vaccines in the first month of life increases of subsequent development of neurologic development impairment,But not of neurologic degenerative or renal impairment. April 24, y r mawson, azad r bhuiyan, brian d ray, binu ment of epidemiology and biostatistics, school of public health, university, jackson, ms 39213, al home education research institute, po box 13939, salem, or 97309,Vaccinations have prevented millions of infectious illnesses, hospitalizations among u. Ndd, a derived diagnostic measure, was defined one or more of the following three closely-related diagnoses: a lity, attention deficient hyperactivity disorder, and autism er. Further research involving larger, independent samples er research designs is needed to verify and understand these gs in order to optimize the impact of vaccines on children’s health. Ndd, a derived diagnostic measure, was defined as having one or more following three closely-related diagnoses: a learning disability,Attention deficient hyperactivity disorder, and autism spectrum disorder. The association between hepatitis ation of male neonates and parental report of autism diagnosis ined. Logistic regression was estimate the odds for autism diagnosis associated with neonatal hepatitis ation among boys age 3-17 years, born before 1999, adjusted for race,Maternal education, and two-parent household. Boys vaccinated as threefold greater odds for autism diagnosis compared to boys ated or vaccinated after the first month of life. Non-hispanic were 64% less likely to have autism diagnosis relative to nonwhite gs suggest that u. Male neonates vaccinated with the hepatitis b to 1999 (from vaccination record) had a threefold higher risk for of autism diagnosis compared to boys not vaccinated as neonates same time period. The association between mercury levels and autism spectrum disorders: atic review and l of trace elements in medicine and 44, december 2017, pages jafari, noushin rostampour, aziz , afshin al biochemistry research center, shahrekord university of es, sharhekord, ment of biochemistry and nutrition, faculty of medicine, sity of medical sciences, shahrekord, ment of internal medicine, shahrekord university of medical sciences,Department of food hygiene and quality control, faculty of veterinary medicine,Shahrekord university, shahrekord 34141, relationship between mercury and autism spectrum disorders (asd) been a topic of controversy among researchers. The putative role of environmental mercury in the pathogenesis hysiology of autism spectrum disorders and lar neurobiology, first online: 22 july 2017. Na ment of medicine, hammersmith hospital imperial college london,on of child and adolescent neurology and children’s learning institute,Department of pediatricsuniversity of texas, austin ment of psychiatrychulalongkorn university bangkok, re to organic forms of mercury has the theoretical capacity to generate of immune abnormalities coupled with chronic nitro-oxidative stress children with autism spectrum disorder (asd). The paper discusses isms explaining the neurotoxic effects of mercury and ations between mercury exposure and asd subtypes. On the basis of these results, argue that more clinically relevant research is required to examine nmental mercury is associated with asd or subtypes. Zhaozy@ment of pediatric health care, children's hospital of zhejiang of medicine, 57 zhuganxiang road, hangzhou, people's republic nmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of autism er (asd); however, the role of heavy metals has not been fully study investigated whether blood levels of mercury, arsenic, cadmium, of children with asd significantly differ from those of age- and ls. Recent report shows a correlation of the historical use of thimerosal eutic immunizations with the subsequent development of autism; however,This association remains controversial. Autism occurs approximately four frequently in males compared to females; thus, studies of ty should take into consideration gender-selective effects. Thus, our studies, although not directly addressing versy surrounding thimerosal and autism, and still preliminary due to s of mice examined, provide, nevertheless, the first report of gender-. A review of the differences in developmental, psychiatric, and enotypes between males and females with autism spectrum disorder. Consequently, the purpose of this review is be current literature regarding sex differences in the developmental,Psychiatric, and medical endophenotypes of asd in order to illustrate dge and areas in need of further research. Not appear to be a sex difference in other developmental, psychiatric, l symptoms associated with asd, or the research was contradictory or to establish a sex difference. The mercury sources we consider are from dentistry and , mainly vaccines, that, in today’s world are not only unnecessary sources,But also sources that are being increasingly recognized as being rious to the health of many. Fifty nanomolar thimerosal at point did not significantly cause any cell testosterone results, while not conclusive because of the in culture type of testing, clearly demonstrated that male hormones may play a major role in autism risk and may explain ratio of boys to girls in autism (4 to 1) and autism related disorders. The aim of this study is to find out the relation between exposure and/or mercury as heavy metals and autistic symptoms, dealing with metals with chelating agents can improve the autistic : blood and hair samples were obtained from 45 children from with autism between the ages of 2 and 10 years and 45 children served ls in the same age range, after taken an informed consent and fill onnaire to assess the risk factors. Epub 2011 aug novic l, shaw dynamics research group, department of ophthalmology and es, university of british columbia, 828 w. When assessing adjuvant toxicity in children, two key points ought considered: (i) children should not be viewed as "small adults" as their logy makes them much more vulnerable to toxic insults; and (ii) if al from only few vaccines can lead to cognitive impairment and adults, is it unreasonable to question whether the current pediatric schedules,Often containing 18 al adjuvanted vaccines, are safe for children? By 's criteria for establishing causality between exposure and outcome igated whether exposure to al from vaccines could be contributing to in asd prevalence in the western world. Our results show that: (i) countries with the highest asd prevalence appear to have the re to al from vaccines; (ii) the increase in exposure to al icantly correlates with the increase in asd prevalence in the united ed over the last two decades (pearson r=0. The application of the hill's criteria to these data indicates that ation between al in vaccines and asd may be causal. Na nog, llanelli, uk, department of medicineimperial college london,Hammersmith hospital, london uk, college of medicine, department ricsuniversity of arkansas for medical sciences, arkansas children’al research institute, little conceptualisation of autistic spectrum disorder and alzheimer’s undergone something of a paradigm shift in recent years and rather viewed as single illnesses with a unitary pathogenesis hysiology they are increasingly considered to be mes with a complex multifactorial aetiopathogenesis, involving a x and diverse combination of genetic, epigenetic and s. Of ophthalmology and visual sciences, university of british columbia,Vancouver, british columbia, canada; program in experimental medicine,University of british columbia, vancouver, british columbia, canada; program cience, university of british columbia, vancouver, british columbia,Our previous ecological studies of autism spectrum disorder (asd) trated a correlation between increasing asd rates and aluminium (al). In common use in paediatric vaccines in several western correlation between asd rate and al adjuvant amounts appears to be dose-. However, al is invariably toxic systems and has no known beneficial role in any biological are increasingly exposed to al from food, water, medicinals, vaccines,And cosmetics, as well as from industrial occupational exposure. All these findings plausibly implicate al adjuvants in pediatric vaccines factors contributing to increased rates of autism ers in countries where multiple doses are almost universally. O, shi d, andriashek d, clark b, goez ment of paediatrics, the hospital for sick children, toronto, on, y of medicine and dentistry, university of alberta, edmonton, ab, ment of pediatrics, glenrose rehabilitation hospital, edmonton, ab,Division of pediatric neurology, university of alberta, edmonton, ab, ic regression is a unique variant within the autism spectrum disorders. A comparison of temporal trends in united states autism prevalence to trends ted environmental n health. 2014; 13: ute for arctic and alpine research, university of colorado, boulder, boulder,The prevalence of diagnosed autism has increased rapidly over the last s among u. Environmental factors are thought to be increase and a list of the top ten suspected environmental toxins al trends in autism for birth years 1970–2005 were derived from ation of data from the california department of developmental services. The ratio of the snapshot:tracking was used to estimate the "real" fraction of the increase in cdds and idea data sets are qualitatively consistent in suggesting a se in autism prevalence over recent decades. The tracked increase in autism since 1988 is due to an actual increase in er rather than to changing diagnostic criteria. Most of the nmental toxins examined have flat or decreasing temporal trends ate poorly to the rise in autism. Among ted toxins surveyed, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, nts, and the herbicide glyphosate have increasing trends ate positively to the rise in sed autism prevalence has risen dramatically in the u.

Environmental factors with al trends can help suggest hypotheses for drivers of autism that r investigation. Dessoki,c rer and advisor, international board of clinical metal toxicology & l association of clinical metal toxicology, hersbruck, iate professor of psychiatry, cairo university, iate professor of psychiatry, beni-suef university, egypt - rcher of public health and biostatistics, national research center, s for correspondence: eleonor blaurock-busch, laboratory for environmental analyses. Robenstr 20, d-912217, hersbruck, : +0049 91514332 ; email: rcim@ive: the objective of this study was to assess the levels of ten toxic essential elements in hair samples of children with autism, and to level of these elements with the severity of : the participants were 44 children, age 3 to 9 years, with um disorder (asd) according to diagnostic and statistical manual disorders 4th edition, (dsm-iv). Yasuda@ interactions between genes and the environment are now regarded as probable explanation for autism. Metallomics study in which scalp hair concentrations of 26 trace elements ed for 1,967 autistic children (1,553 males and 414 females aged -old), and discuss recent advances in our understanding of epigenetic infantile mineral imbalances in the pathogenesis of autism. Department of biology hnology center, utah state university, logan, utah 84322, munity to the central nervous system (cns), especially to myelin n (mbp), may play a causal role in autism, a neurodevelopmental e many autistic children harbor elevated levels of measles antibodies, ted a serological study of measles-mumps-rubella (mmr) and tibodies. Furthermore,Over 90% of mmr antibody-positive autistic sera were also positive for tibodies, suggesting a strong association between mmr and munity in autism. Stemming from this evidence, we suggest that opriate antibody response to mmr, specifically the ent thereof, might be related to pathogenesis of autism. Vaccines, in several reports were found to be temporally a new onset of autoimmune diseases. In these countries corresponded to introduction of or increased doses fetal cell line-manufactured vaccines, while no relationship was n paternal age or diagnostic and statistical manual (dsm) revisions ic disorder diagnosis. L of toxicology and environmental health, part a: current 74, issue 14, 2011, pages 903 - : gayle reason for the rapid rise of autism in the united states that began in the. Although individuals probably have a genetic develop autism, researchers suspect that one or more environmental also needed. Using regression analysis and controlling for and ethnicity, the relationship between the proportion of children ed the recommended vaccines by age 2 years and the prevalence (aut) or speech or language impairment (sli) in each u. The results although mercury has been removed from many vaccines, ts may link vaccines to autism. G/ negative adverse consequences on neurodevelopment observed in t study are consistent with previous studies; this study s concerns about adverse neurodevelopmental disorder such in humans following the ongoing worldwide routine thimerosal containing vaccines to infants. Wang f, liu h, song s, chen t, zhang y, zhu s, wang y, guo c, tang osal is a vaccine antimicrobial preservative which has long ted an iatrogenic factor possibly contributing to ers including autism. Notably, thimerosal-containing vaccines are being given newborns within the first 12-24 h after birth in some countries. Sobieskiego 9, warsaw, osal, an organomercurial added as a preservative to some vaccines, is ted iatrogenic factor, possibly contributing to evelopmental disorders including autism. These findings document neurotoxic thimerosal, at doses equivalent to those used in infant vaccines , in developing rat brain, suggesting likely involvement of ial in neurodevelopmental disorders. Previously we showed that stration of thim at doses equivalent to those used in infant vaccines , causes lasting alterations in the brain opioid system in rats. Here igated neonatal treatment with thim (at doses 12, 240, 1440 and 3000 μ/kg) on behaviors, which are characteristically altered in autism, such tor activity, anxiety, social interactions, spatial learning, and on the nergic system in wistar rats of both sexes. B-lymphocytes from a population of children with autism spectrum disorder unaffected siblings exhibit hypersensitivity to thimerosal. Epub 2013 jun ma, gist tl, baskin ment of neurosurgery, the methodist neurological institute, houston, role of thimerosal containing vaccines in the development of um disorder (asd) has been an area of intense debate, as has ce of mercury dental amalgams and fish ingestion by pregnant studied the effects of thimerosal on cell proliferation and on from b-lymphocytes taken from individuals with autism, their , and their nontwin siblings. Assayed with solid-phase sandwich elisa, and severity of asd ted with the childhood autism rating scale (cars) results indicated that the median serum trx levels were significantly. College of pharmacy, university of michigan, , michigan, 48109-1065, ering an autoimmunity and autism connection, brain autoantibodies basic protein (anti-mbp) and neuron-axon filament protein (anti-nafp). This study is the first an association between virus serology and brain autoantibody ; it supports the hypothesis that a virus-induced se may play a causal role in autism. 6, 1611-1617, december ment of pediatrics, university of arkansas for medical sciences, and as children's hospital research ound: autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that ts in early childhood and that is thought to be influenced by genetic nmental factors. On the basis of the abnormal metabolic profile, ed nutritional intervention trial with folinic acid, betaine, cobalamin was initiated in a subset of the autistic s: relative to the control children, the children with autism had baseline plasma concentrations of methionine, sam, homocysteine,Cystathionine, cysteine, and total glutathione and significantly trations of sah, adenosine, and oxidized glutathione. This e is consistent with impaired capacity for methylation (significantly of sam to sah) and increased oxidative stress (significantly lower of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione) in children with autism. Ention trial was effective in normalizing the metabolic imbalance in sions: an increased vulnerability to oxidative stress and a ty for methylation may contribute to the development and station of autism. Altered urinary porphyrins and mercury exposure as biomarkers for ty in egyptian children with autism spectrum lic brain m. However, there was icant statistical difference in the level of heptacarboxyporphyrin among groups, while a significant positive correlation between the levels orphyrin and precoproporphyrin and autism severity was s of asd children showed a higher percentage of dental ations compared to the mothers of healthy controls suggesting hg levels in children with asd may relate to the increased exposure from maternal dental amalgam during pregnancy and lactation. The present study indicates orphyrin and precoproporhyrin may be utilized as kers for heavy metal exposure and autism severity in children with. Porphyrinuria in childhood autistic disorder: implications for logy and applied pharmacology, natafa, corinne skorupkab, lorene ametb, alain lama, bettc and richard lathed, alaboratoire philippe auguste, paris, france,Association ariane, clichy, france, department of statistics, roslin institute,Roslin, uk, pieta research,This new study from france utilizes a new and sophisticated measurement nmental toxicity by assessing porphyrin levels in autistic children. Es clear and unequivocal evidence that children with autism ers are more toxic than their neurotypical t: "coproporphyrin levels were elevated in children with autistic ve to control groups... Address a possible environmental contribution to autism, we carried out pective study on urinary porphyrin levels, a biomarker of ty, in 269 children with neurodevelopmental and related disorders a paris clinic (2002–2004), including 106 with autistic disorder. Dw, shandley rne autism bio-research initiative (sabri), faculty of life and es, swinburne university of technology, melbourne, recent studies, from france (nataf et al. Dcs rely ellular redox state and calcium (ca2+) signals for proper development on, but the relationship between these two signaling systems is osal (thi) is a mercurial used to preserve vaccines and ts, and is used experimentally to induce ca2+ release from . Department of psychiatry and behavioral sciences, university of california,D division of rheumatology, allergy and clinical immunology, university rnia, davis, pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder (asd) is not yet known;. Bdca2+cd123+ or lin-1−bdca4+ cd11c−) in 57 children with asd, and lly developing controls of the same age, all of who were enrolled as part autism phenome project (app). Comparison of blood and brain mercury levels in infant monkeys exposed mercury or vaccines containing nmental health perspectives, aug burbacher, phd [university of washington]. Study demonstrates clearly and unequivocally that ethyl mercury, the kind y found in vaccines, not only ends up in the brain, but leaves double of inorganic mercury as methyl mercury, the kind of mercury found . This work is e little is known about ethyl mercury, and many health authorities ed that the mercury found in vaccines is the "safe kind. This study rs a strong rebuke of the institute of medicine's recommendation in 2004 longer pursue the mercury-autism t: "a recently published iom review (iom 2004) appears to ned the earlier recommendation [of studying mercury and autism] as back away from the american academy of pediatrics goal [of y from vaccines]. Monkeys were mehg (via oral gavage) or vaccines containing thimerosal (via ion) at birth and 1, 2, and 3 weeks of age. Knowledge of the toxicokinetics pmental toxicity of thimerosal is needed to afford a ment of the developmental effects of thimerosal-containing vaccines. 2006 dec 5;141b(8): sj1, melnyk s, jernigan s, cleves ma, halsted ch, wong dh, cutler p,Bock k, boris m, bradstreet jj, baker sm, gaylor ment of pediatrics, university of arkansas for medical sciences, en's hospital research institute, little rock, is a behaviorally defined neurodevelopmental disorder usually early childhood that is characterized by impairment in ication and speech, repetitive behaviors, and social withdrawal. We propose that an ability to oxidative stress (endogenous or environmental) bute to the development and clinical manifestations of autism. 1989;27(2):logy research division, health protection branch, health and welfare,Ottawa, ontario, ted half-lives of mercury following methylmercury exposure in humans are. Modeling the interplay between neurons and astrocytes in autism using d pluripotent stem ical psychiatry, available online 3 october e baldino russo, beatriz camille freitas, graciela conceição pignatari,Isabella rodrigues fernandes, jonathan sebat, alysson renato muotri, na baleeiro beltrãment of microbiology, institute of biomedical sciences, university of sã, são paulo, sp, ment of surgery, school of veterinary medicine, university of são paulo,São paulo, sp, ment of pediatrics/rady children's hospital san diego, department ar & molecular medicine, stem cell program, university of california school of medicine, sanford consortium for regenerative medicine, ment of psychiatry, cellular and molecular medicine, university rnia, san diego, la jolla, ca 92093, ment of obstetrics, school of arts, sciences and humanities, university of. Furthermore, after identifying il-6 secretion from our asd individuals as a possible culprit for neural defects, we were able se synaptogenesis by blocking il-6 findings reveal astrocytes contribution to neuronal phenotype m previous studies linking il-6 and autism, suggesting therapeutic pathways for a subtype of asd individuals. To investigate whether immune-mediated mechanisms ed in the pathogenesis of autism, we used immunocytochemistry, n arrays, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to study brain cerebrospinal fluid (csf) from autistic patients and determined ude of neuroglial and inflammatory reactions and their cytokine es. Brain tissues from cerebellum, midfrontal, and cingulate gyrus autopsy from 11 patients with autism were used for morphological -frozen tissues available from seven patients and csf from six ic patients were used for cytokine protein profiling. Jt1, chana g, pardo ca, achim c, semendeferi k, buckwalter j,Courchesne e, everall ment of neuroscience, school of medicine, university of california, the neurodevelopmental disorder autism, several neuroimmune been reported. However, it is unknown whether microglial somal volume y are altered in the cortex and whether any alteration is associated or other potential lia in sections from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex rencephalic male cases with autism (n = 13) and control cases (n = 9). In addition to a neuropathological assessment, density was stereologically estimated via optical fractionator and volume was quantified via isotropic lia appeared markedly activated in 5 of 13 cases with autism, including 3 under age 6, and marginally activated in an additional 4 of 13 logical alterations included somal enlargement, process retraction ning, and extension of filopodia from processes. History did not influence any activation activation profile described represents a neuropathological alteration in le fraction of cases with autism. Given its early presence, tion may play a central role in the pathogenesis of autism in a tion of patients. Bader & jianan ment of neurology, university of alabama at birmingham, birmingham,Recent studies of genomic variation associated with autism have suggested nce of extreme heterogeneity.

Autism and control brains to identify neuronal and microglial ly dysregulated in autism cortical brain. Remarkably, we note that a sion module corresponding to m2-activation states in microglia vely correlated with a differentially expressed neuronal module,Implicating dysregulated microglial responses in concert with al activity-dependent genes in autism brains. These e pathways and candidate genes that highlight the interplay immunity and neuronal activity in the aetiology of autism. Of psychiatry, osmania medical college, hyderabad, tory of immunology, centre for dna fingerprinting and diagnostics,Nampally, hyderabad, al institute of nutrition, hyderabad, sity of michigan, united states of l children with autism show regression in language and pment while maintaining normal motor milestones. These stressors could ription factors like nuclear factor kappa b (nf-κb), a master switch genes including some implicated in autism like tumor necrosis factor. On this hypothesis, it was proposed to determine nf-κb in children eral blood samples of 67 children with autism and 29 control children ted for nf-κb using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (emsa). The fold increase control sample was calculated and statistical analysis was carried out have noted significant increase in nf-κb dna binding activity in samples of children with autism. As nf-κb is a response ors of several kinds and a master switch for many genes, autism arise at least in part from an nf-κb pathway gone awry. Modeling autism more broadly encompasses previous work, but ages the expansion of research and treatment to include s of molecular and cellular mechanisms, as well as chronic tissue,Metabolic and somatic changes previously addressed only to a limited heterogeneous biologies underlying autism may conceivably converge autism profile via multiple mechanisms on the one hand and processing tivity abnormalities on the other may illuminate relevant final ys and contribute to focusing on the search for treatment targets in ically and etiologically heterogeneous behavioral syndrome. Validation of the phenomenon of autistic regression using home es of general psychiatry, werner, phd; geraldine dawson, phd, university of ive to validate parental report of autistic regression using behavioral from home videotapes of children with autism spectrum disorder (asd) l development taken at 12 and 24 months of home videotapes of 56 children’s first and second birthday parties ted from parents of young children with asd with and without a y of regression and typically developing children. A parent elicited information about parents’ recall of early symptoms from birth g participants were recruited from a multidisciplinary study of ted at a major ipants fifteen children with asd with a history of regression, 21 asd with early-onset autism, and 20 typically developing children and s outcome measures observations of children’s communicative, social,Affective, repetitive behaviors, and toy play coded from videotapes of rs’ first and second birthday s analyses revealed that infants with asd with regression show similar joint attention and more frequent use of words and babble compared l infants at 12 months of age. Blood levels of mercury are related to diagnosis of autism: a reanalysis of l of child neurology, vol. Hitlan, phd -department of psychology,University of northern iowa, cedar falls, question of what is leading to the apparent increase in autism is of ance. If there is any link between autism y, it is absolutely crucial that the first reports of the question are not g that no link occurs. In 2004 and have found that the original p value was and that a significant relation does exist between the blood levels y and diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder. Empirical data confirm autism symptoms related to aluminum inophen y, november 7, nie seneff, robert m. Mentions of autism in vaers increased steadily at the end of the y, during a period when mercury was being phased out, while nt burden was being increased. We propose that children with the autism diagnosis ally vulnerable to toxic metals such as aluminum and mercury due icient serum sulfate and glutathione. On the other hand, both oxidized glutathione ratio of oxidized to reduced glutathione are increased in autism. To frequency of routine laboratory abnormalities in similar patients, med a retrospective study including 159 patients with autism ( statistical manual of mental disorders-iv and childhood autism ) not previously diagnosed with metabolic disorders and 94 ls with other neurologic disorders. Oxidative stress in autism: elevated cerebellar 3-nitrotyrosine an journal of biochemistry and biotechnology 4 (2): 73-84, eth m. Sajdel-sulkowska, - dept of psychiatry, harvard medical a potential link between mercury and the autopsied brains of with autism. Higher in issue than controls (a statistically significant result), while mercury has been suggested that oxidative stress and/or mercury compounds play ant role in the pathophysiology of autism. A se in cerebellar se levels in autism, measured by atomic oscopy, was not statistically significant but was accompanied by a 42. Inary, the results of the present study add elevated oxidative s in brain to the growing body of data reflecting greater oxidative stress t: the preliminary data suggest a need for more extensive studies ive stress, its relationship to the environmental factors and le attenuation by antioxidants in autism. Harvard ric neurology, center for morphometric analysis, massachusetts al, charleston, most replicated finding in autism neuroanatomy-a tendency to brains-has seemed paradoxical in relation to the specificity of alities in three behavioral domains that define autism. We now know of things about this phenomenon, including that brains in autism have spurt shortly after birth and then slow in growth a few short ard, that only younger but not older brains are larger in autism than ls, that white matter contributes disproportionately to this volume in a nonuniform pattern suggesting postnatal pathology, that tivity among regions of autistic brains is diminished, and nflammation (including microgliosis and astrogliosis) appears to be autistic brain tissue from childhood through adulthood. Alongside ive brain tissue and functional abnormalities, there have arisen theories ive or widespread neural information processing or signal alities (such as weak central coherence, impaired complex processing,And underconnectivity), which are argued to underlie the specific oral features of autism. This convergence of findings and models a systems- and chronic disease-based reformulation of function hysiology in autism needs to be considered, and it opens the possibility treatment targets.. Awareness that the brain as well as medical children with autism may be conditioned by chronic alities such as inflammation opens the possibility that ical interventions may be possible well past the window of lasticity in early childhood because the basis for assuming that ts can be attributed to fixed early developmental alterations in ecture has now been undermined. 2006 nov-dec;9(6):ment of psychiatry, university of texas southwestern medical center , dallas, ing to the autism society of america, autism is now considered to be ic. The increase in the rate of autism revealed by epidemiological government reports implicates the importance of external or s that may be changing. This article discusses the evidence for the some children with autism may become autistic from neuronal cell death damage sometime after birth as result of insult; and addresses eses that toxicity and oxidative stress may be a cause of neuronal insult . The article first describes the purkinje cell loss found in autism, physiology and vulnerability, and the evidence for postnatal cell loss. Second,The article describes the increased brain volume in autism and how it may d to the purkinje cell loss. Epub 2006 jun n a, chauhan institute for basic research in developmental disabilities, 1050 forest , staten island, is a severe developmental disorder with poorly understood ive stress in autism has been studied at the membrane level and also ing products of lipid peroxidation, detoxifying agents (such hione), and antioxidants involved in the defense system against species (ros). Lipid peroxidation markers are elevated in autism,Indicating that oxidative stress is increased in this disease. Levels of idant serum proteins, namely transferrin (iron-binding protein) plasmin (copper-binding protein), are decreased in children with is a positive correlation between reduced levels of these proteins and previously acquired language skills in children with autism. The alterations plasmin and transferrin levels may lead to abnormal iron and lism in autism. The levels of phosphatidylethanolamine (pe) sed, and phosphatidylserine (ps) levels are increased in the ne of children with autism as compared to their unaffected l studies have suggested alterations in the activities of s such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase . Additionally, altered glutathione levels and homocysteine/lism, increased inflammation, excitotoxicity, as well as mitochondrial dysfunction have been suggested in autism. Er, these studies suggest increased oxidative stress in autism that bute to the development of this disease. A mechanism linking with membrane lipid abnormalities, inflammation, aberrant se, impaired energy metabolism and excitotoxicity, leading to ms and pathogenesis of autism is t: "upon completion of this article, participants should be able to: aware of laboratory and clinical evidence of greater oxidative stress . 2005 jan;26(1): sj, slikker w 3rd, melnyk s, new e, pogribna m, jernigan ment of pediatrics, university of arkansas for medical sciences as children's hospital research institute, little rock, osol is an antiseptic containing 49. Ethyl mercury that has been years as a preservative in many infant vaccines and in flu nmental methyl mercury has been shown to be highly neurotoxic,Especially to the developing brain. Osal has been recently removed from most children's vaccines, it is t in flu vaccines given to pregnant women, the elderly, and to children ping countries. The potential protective effect of gsh or nac y toxicity warrants further research as possible adjunct therapy duals still receiving thimerosal-containing vaccinations. Additional support was provided by the marino autism ute, the pediatric clinical research center at vanderbilt university, family foundation, and the vanderbilt autism treatment network site, m funded by autism ctetiology is unknown in the majority of individuals with autism er (asd). 2003 jul-aug;22(4): as, blaxill mf, haley ed rates of autism have increased sharply in the united states and kingdom. One possible factor underlying these increases is re to mercury through thimerosal-containing vaccines, but res need to be evaluated in the context of cumulative exposures ion and early infancy. First baby haircut samples were obtained from 94 sed with autism using diagnostic and statistical manual of ers, 4th edition (dsm iv) criteria and 45 age- and ls. Information on diet, dental amalgam fillings, vaccine history, rho globulin administration, and autism symptom severity was h a maternal survey questionnaire and clinical observation. Y levels among controls were significantly correlated with the number mothers' amalgam fillings and their fish consumption as well as exposure y through childhood vaccines, correlations that were absent in the . Of the biological plausibility of mercury's role in ers, the present study provides further insight into one possible which early mercury exposures could increase the risk of autism. Silver spring, maryland, ments in social relatedness and communication, repetitive behaviors, typic abnormal movement patterns characterize autism spectrum disorders. Eight of nine patients (one patient was found to asd due to rett's syndrome) (a) had regressive asds; (b) had elevated androgens; (c) excreted significant amounts of mercury post nge; (d) had biochemical evidence of decreased function in hione pathways; (e) had no known significant mercury exposure thimerosal-containing vaccines/rho(d)-immune globulin preparations; and. The changing prevalence of autism in l of autism and developmental disorders, april study helps to refute the supposition made by some researchers 's epidemic may only be due to "diagnostic substitution". They have suggested that 'diagnostic substitution' accounts apparent increase in the incidence of autism in california that is . Diagnostic substitution for intellectual disability: a flawed explanation for l of autism and developmental disordersm first online: 06 june 2017,Doi: 10.

Jay gargus and faiqa ment of physiology and biophysics and department of pediatrics, human genetics, school of medicine, university of california, irvine, stics laboratory, king faisal specialist hospital and research ct: while evidence points to a multigenic etiology of most autism, hysiology of the disorder has yet to be defined and the underlying biochemical pathways they subserve remain unknown. Autism is be influenced by a combination of various genetic, environmental logical factors; more recently, evidence has suggested that ability to oxidative stress may be involved in the etiology of actorial rmore, recent studies have pointed to a subset of autism associated biochemical endophenotype of mitochondrial energy deficiency, identified as. In addition, rare cases of familial autism sudden infant death syndrome (sids) or associated with abnormalities ar calcium homeostasis, such as malignant hyperthermia or hmia, are beginning to emerge. Such special cases suggest that hysiology of autism may comprise pathways that are directly ctly involved in mitochondrial energy production and to further connection three new avenues seem worthy of exploration: 1) al studies provoking controlled aerobic exercise stress to expand mical phenotype, 2) high-throughput expression arrays to directly ty of the genes underlying these biochemical pathways and 3) s, either based upon neuronal stem cells or model genetic organisms, er novel genetic and environmental inputs into these pathways. Bridging from cells to cognition in autism pathophysiology: ys to defective brain function and an journal of biochemistry and biotechnology 4 (2): 167-176, w p. Ments of neurology and pathology, harvard medical school/beth ess medical center, harvard institutes of medicine, high y team, fundamental science directorate, pacific northwest tory, pediatric neurology/center for morphometric analysis,Massachusetts general hospital/harvard medical school, and center for adolescent development, cambridge health alliance/harvard ct: we review evidence to support a model where the disease ying autism may begin when an in utero or early postnatal environmental,Infectious, seizure, or autoimmune insult triggers an immune response ses reactive oxygen species (ros) production in the brain that leads damage (nuclear and mitochondrial) and metabolic enzyme blockade these inflammatory and oxidative stressors persist beyond pment (with potential further exacerbations), producing ongoing uences. The mitochondrial dysfunction and altered redox signal ys found in autism would conspire to activate both astroglia and activated cells can then initiate a broad-spectrum proinflammatory se. In autism, over-zealous neuroinflammatory not only influence neural developmental processes, but may icantly impair neural signaling involved in cognition in an n. Our potentially reversible pathophysiological mechanisms in autism motivates that effective therapies may soon appear on the horizon. Evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in autism and implications for an journal of biochemistry and biotechnology 4 (2): 208-217, a. Jeffrey bradstreet, international child cal mitochondrial diseases occur in a subset of individuals with autism usually caused by genetic anomalies or mitochondrial respiratory ts. However, in many cases of autism, there is evidence of ction (mtd) without the classic features associated with e. This dysfunction then contributes to a diagnostic symptoms and comorbidities observed in autism including:Cognitive impairment, language deficits, abnormal energy metabolism,Chronic gastrointestinal problems, abnormalities in fatty acid oxidation,And increased oxidative stress. Mtd and oxidative stress may also high male to female ratio found in autism due to increased ability to these kers for mitochondrial dysfunction have been identified, but seem -utilized despite available therapeutic interventions. Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorder in portugal: prevalence, terization, and medical pmental medicine & child neurology, r oliveira md phd, centro de desenvolvimento da criança, átrico de coimbra; assunção ataíde bsc, direcção regional de educaçã marques msc, centro de desenvolvimento da criança, hospital pediá coimbra; teresa s miguel bsc, direcção regional de educação do centro,Ana margarida coutinho bsc, instituto gulbenkian de ciência, oeiras; luí-vieira phd, unidade de genética e patologia moleculares, hospital espírito santo, ponta delgada, açores; esmeralda gonçalves phd;. Referred children were directly assessed diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edn), the stic interview–revised, and the childhood autism rating scale. In parallel, a -source search of children known to have autism was carried out in cted region. Iology department, faculty of medicine (for girls), al azhar university,Cairo, egypt, psychiatry department, faculty of medicine, cairo university,Cairo, egypt and serology lab king fahad general hospital, jeddah, ct: autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that affect children their life. It ded that, autoimmune response to dietary proteins and response to measles, mumps and rubella vaccine antigens associated with autism, as a leading cause or a resulting event. Wakefield , thoughtful house center for children, austin, ound: macaques are commonly used in pre-clinical vaccine safety testing,But the combined childhood vaccine regimen, rather than individual vaccines, been studied. Childhood vaccines are a possible causal factor in autism, al behaviors and anomalous amygdala growth are potentially es of this ives: the objective of this study was to compare early infant cognition or with amygdala size and opioid binding in rhesus macaques recommended childhood vaccines (1994-1999), the majority of ned the bactericidal preservative ethylmercurithiosalicylic acid (thimerosal). Macaques were administered the recommended infant vaccines,Adjusted for age and thimerosal dose (exposed; n=13), or saline (unexposed;. Primate development, cognition and social behavior were assessed vaccinated and unvaccinated infants using standardized tests developed washington national primate research center. Consistent sed rate ratios were observed for autism, autism spectrum disorders,Tics, attention deficit disorder, and emotional disturbances with re from tcvs. Ood vaccination should be continued to help reduce the morbidity ity associated with infectious diseases, but efforts should be undertaken hg from vaccines. As a result of the present findings, in combination with the ogy observed in patients diagnosed with autism, the present to support the possible biological plausibility for how re to mercury from thimerosal-containing vaccines may ated with autism. Blood–brain barrier and intestinal epithelial barrier alterations in autism lar autismbrain, cognition and behavior, published: 29 november fiorentino, anna sapone, stefania senger, stephanie s. Influence of pediatric vaccines on amygdala growth and opioid ligand binding macaque infants: a pilot neurobiol exp 2010, 70: 147–164 polish neuroscience society - ptbun,Nencki institute of experimental hewitson1,2,*, brian j. This t, coupled with the similarity in clinical presentations of autism and metal toxicities, has led to the suggestion that heavy metal play a role in the etiology of autism in uniquely susceptible osal, an anti-microbial preservative previously added routinely ood multi-dose vaccines, is composed of 49. Potential triggering mechanism contributing to autism in susceptible potential risk factor in these individuals may be an inability to adequately up-. Obtained from the autism genetic resource exchange, agre) from en and non-autistic siblings were challenged with either 10 microm y, 150 microm zinc, or fresh media (control). Sorting out the spinning of autism: heavy metals and the question of neurobiol exp 2010, 70: 165– catherine desoto* and robert t. Hitlan, department of psychology,University of northern iowa, cedar falls, iowa, reasons for the rise in autism prevalence are a subject of sional debate. Featuring a critical appraisal of some research used on whether there is a rise in cases and if rising levels of autism are re to toxins (soden et al. In addition, ed the empirical research on the topic of autism and heavy metal l, the various causes that have led to the increase in autism diagnosis multi-faceted, and understanding the causes is one of the most topics today. We argue that scientific research does not support link between the neurodevelopmental disorder of autism and toxic exposures. In adults, and comparable increases have been attributed to re in children with autism (au). This study was designed to measure and compare rin concentrations in neurotypical (nt) children and same-age autism, and to examine the association between porphyrin levels and past t hg exposure in children with s: this exploratory study enrolled 278 children 2-12 years of age. No differences were found between nt and au in urinary or in past hg exposure as determined by fish consumption, number amalgam fillings, or vaccines received. Mitochondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review lar psychiatry advance online publication 25 january 2011;doi:D a rossignol and r e frye. Comprehensive literature search was performed to collate evidence ondrial dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders (asds) with two ives. Thiosalicylic acid (tsa), is widely used as a preservative in vaccines ic products and causes cutaneous reactions. 2004 nov-dec;119(6):ses in the reported prevalence of autism and autistic spectrum disorders years have fueled concern over possible environmental causes. Incomplete ascertainment of autism cases in young tions is the largest source of predictable bias in prevalence surveys;. Comparison of autism rates by year of birth for phies provides the strongest basis for trend assessment. Isons show large recent increases in rates of autism and um disorders in both the u. Reported rates of autism in states increased from < 3 per 10,000 children in the 1970s to > 30 per. Tionary approach suggests that the rising incidence of autism should be of urgent public concern. Vaccines and tory medicine> september 2002> number 9> volume d rimland, phd, woody mcginnis, research institute, san diego, t: "vaccinations may be one of the triggers for autism. Ted to occur in 4 to 5 per 10,000 children, the incidence of autism is now 110 in the united states, and 1 per 64 in the united kingdom, with nces throughout the world. The inflammation could be caused by a ta, immature blood-brain barrier, the immune response of the infection while pregnant, a premature birth, encephalitis in the child , or a toxic m birth, vaccination and neurodevelopmental disorders: a of 6- to 12-year-old vaccinated and unvaccinated y r mawson, azad r bhuiyan, brian d ray, binu ment of epidemiology and biostatistics, school of public health, university, jackson, ms 39213, al home education research institute, po box 13939, salem, or 97309,J transl sci 3: doi: 10. S receive the same doses of the recommended vaccines and on the le as term infants. Clinical trials of pediatric vaccines have excluded ex-preterm paper explores the association between preterm birth, vaccination and ndd,Based on a secondary analysis of data from an anonymous survey of mothers,Comparing the birth history and health outcomes of vaccinated and hool children 6 to 12 years of age. Compared to children who were neither preterm nor results of this pilot study suggest clues to the epidemiology and causation but question the safety of current vaccination practices for preterm r research is needed to validate and investigate these associations to optimize the impact of vaccines on children’s health. Infants are at significantly increased risk for positive autistic m-chat follow-up interview is essential as screening for autism ers is especially confounded in preterm populations. However,Previous studies have been unable to rigorously examine whether s cause these associations rather than the harmful effects of being estimate the extent to which the associations between early gestational offspring mortality and morbidity are the result of confounding factors a quasi-experimental design, the sibling-comparison approach, and lling for statistical covariates that varied within , setting, and participants:A population-based cohort study, combining swedish registries to identify duals born in sweden from 1973 to 2008 (3,300,708 offspring of 1,736,s) and link them with multiple outcomes and measures:Offspring mortality (during infancy and throughout young adulthood) atric (psychotic or bipolar disorder, autism, attention-deficit/er, suicide attempts, substance use, and criminality), academic ( and educational attainment), and social (partnering, parenthood, , and social welfare benefits) outcomes through the population, there was a dose-response relationship between ion and the outcome measures. 2011 sep 15;74(18):ey k, austin rne autism bio-research initiative (sabri), brain and es research centre , swinburne university of technology , hawthorn ,Victoria , disease (infantile acrodynia) was especially prevalent in the first half of the. Subgroup of children diagnosed with autism experience sion featured by a loss of previously acquired abilities. Institute for brain research, massachusetts institute of technology,Cambridge, ma 02138, imbalance between excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmission has been a central characteristic of the neurobiology of autism [1], inspired in part by ng prevalence of seizures among individuals with the disorder [2].

Ting this hypothesis has specifically implicated the signaling pathway inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba), in this nce: gaba receptor genes have been associated with autism in copy number variation studies [3-7], fewer gaba receptor subunits observed in the post-mortem tissue of autistic individuals [8, 9], gic signaling is disrupted across heterogeneous mouse models of autism. Finally, we show that the link between gaba and y dynamics is completely and specifically absent in autism. We previously showed that stration to infant rats causes behavioral, neurochemical athological abnormalities similar to those present in autism. Since excessive accumulation ellular glutamate is linked with excitotoxicity, our data imply al exposure to thimerosal-containing vaccines might toxic brain injuries, leading to neurodevelopmental disorders. 1/3, 01-815 warsaw, osal added to some pediatric vaccines is suspected in pathogenesis l neurodevelopmental disorders. This study found 83 cases of acknowledged damage that include autism, a disorder that affects speech, ication and behavior. In 21 published cases of the court of , which administers the vicp, the court stated that the petitioners or described autism unambiguously. Children with vaccine-induced brain damage, who also have an autism spectrum s reported the existence of autism in telephone interviews and mental materials including medical diagnoses, school records, ted, standard autism screening questionnaires to verify their reports. In the 83 cases, or 47% of the cases of vaccine injury reviewed, there mation of autism or autism spectrum disorder beyond parental finding of autism in compensated cases of vaccine injury icant. Rea jg, faculty of health sciences, universidade de brasília, cp 04322,There is a need to interpret neurotoxic studies to help deal with nding pregnant mothers, newborns and young children who must ed doses of thimerosal-containing vaccines (tcvs). Since versy began in the late 1990's, much of the thimerosal has been vaccines administered to children in the united states. Studies concentrating on oxicity are limited, and exposure guidelines, such as those set by the drug administration, are based on research with stingly, some in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that ethylmercury differently than methylmercury (aschner and aschner, 1990; harry et al. Other artifacts have be quantified, and as a result, the extent to which the continued ents a true increase in the occurrence of autism remains unclear. They concluded that the hypothesis was ble but that there was insufficient evidence to accept or reject a tion and recommended a comprehensive research program. In a recent review,Nelson and bauman argue that a link between the preservative thimerosal, of the mercury in childhood vaccines, is improbable. Autism spectrum disorders in relation to distribution of hazardous ants in the sf bay nmental health perspectives – vol. T risk compounds were mercury, cadmium, nickel, trichloroethylene, chloride, and the risk from heavy metals was almost twice as high t: “our results suggest a potential association between autism ted metal concentrations, and possibly solvents, in ambient air around the. 2006 jun;12(2): rf, blanchard s, stein z, mandell d, miller sity of texas health science center, san antonio department of community medicine, 7703 floyd curl drive, san antonio, association between environmentally released mercury, special autism rates in texas was investigated using data from the texas ment and the united states environmental protection agency. There was a significant increase in the rates l education students and autism rates associated with increases nmentally released mercury. On average, for each 1,000 lb nmentally released mercury, there was a 43% increase in the rate l education services and a 61% increase in the rate of autism. This ecological ts the need for further research regarding the association nmentally released mercury and developmental disorders such as results have implications for policy planning and cost analysis. Epidemiology/research design (berd) core, center for translational sciences (ccts), university of texas health science center n, houston, tx 77030, usa. Epidemiology/research design (berd) core, center for translational sciences (ccts), university of texas health science center n, houston, tx 77030, usa; division of epidemiology, human genetics,And environmental sciences (ehges), university of texas school of at houston, university of texas health science center at houston,Houston, tx 77030, usa. In addition, for research purposes,Vaccination has been used as a mild immune trigger to examine in matory responses in nonpregnant adults. However, further research is needed to confirm that the matory response elicited by vaccination is benign in pregnancy. Hence, we association between early gestational c-reactive protein (crp), ished inflammatory biomarker, prospectively assayed in maternal sera, ood autism in a large national birth cohort with an extensive k. Million) over the study period and atric registries consisting of virtually all treated autism cases in tion. Increasing maternal crp levels, classified as a continuous variable,Were significantly associated with autism in offspring. This finding suggests that maternal inflammation may have icant role in autism, with possible implications for identifying gies and pathogenic mechanisms in autism and other lar psychiatry advance online publication, 22 january 2013;. 2009 july; 1(2): 28–ue healthcare, nottingham united is a compelling argument that the occurrence of regressive autism utable to genetic and chromosomal abnormalities, arising from the vaccines, which subsequently affects the stability and function of mic nervous system and physiological systems. This article explores the issues and sensory dysfunction and systemic failure, manifested as autism, is able consequence arising from subtle dna alteration and the overuse of vaccines. We will various types of studies associating asd with the immune system, te the quality of these studies, and attempt to integrate them in a way ies the areas of immune and autoimmune phenomena in asd research be important indicators for future research. Identification of unique gene expression profile in children sive autism spectrum disorder (asd) and one 8(3): e58058. Sj, fortunato j, gonzalez lg, krigsman intestinal symptoms are common in children with autism er (asd) and are often associated with mucosal inflammatory infiltrates small and large intestine. 1982 nov;139(11):n a, weizman r, szekely ga, wijsenbeek h, livni -mediated immune response to human myelin basic protein was studied macrophage migration inhibition factor test in 17 autistic patients and l group of 11 patients suffering from other mental diseases included in ential diagnosis of the syndrome of autism. Additionally, a new syndrome has been reported en with autism who exhibited developmental regression and ms (autistic enterocolitis), in some cases soon after mmr vaccine. One of ts with crohn disease, one of three patients with ulcerative colitis, of nine children with autism, were positive. The sequences obtained from ts with ulcerative colitis and children with autism were being vaccine strains. Tomljenovic, ca dynamics research group, department of ophthalmology and es, university of british columbia, vancouver, bc, ments of ophthalmology and visual sciences and experimental the graduate program in neuroscience, university of british columbia,Vancouver, bc, tomljenovic, post-doctoral fellow, neural dynamics research group,Department of ophthalmology and visual sciences, university of challenges during early development, including those vaccine-induced,Can lead to permanent detrimental alterations of the brain and immune mental evidence also shows that simultaneous administration of as little to three immune adjuvants can overcome genetic resistance munity. According us food and drug administration, safety assessments for vaccines not included appropriate toxicity studies because vaccines have not as inherently toxic. Shaw, s sheth, d li, l sity of british columbia, vancouver, british columbia, far, most of the research on both neurodevelopmental egenerative disorders has been focused on finding the ying genetic causes, while much less emphasis has been put on nmental factors. While some forms of autism are clearly genetic, the s that heritability factors cannot adequately explain all reported cases drastic increase over the last few decades. In particular, studies on now shown that common environmental factors account for 55% of for developing autism while genetic susceptibility explains only 37% of e the prenatal environment and early postnatal environment are n twins and because overt symptoms of autism emerge around the end first year of life, it is likely that at least some of the environmental buting to the risk of autism exert their deleterious during this early period of life. Indeed, evidence has now emerged autism may in part result from early-life immune insults induced nmental xenobiotics. Review we discuss the mechanisms by which al can induce ogical and immunological effects and how these may provide of al’s putative role in autism. Given that vaccines are the only medical intervention that we deliver to every living human on earth and that by far the largest tion for vaccination are healthy children, a better appreciation tanding of vaccine adjuvant risks appears warranted. 2008 feb;21(2): x, liang h, o'hara ka, yalowich jc, hasinoff y of pharmacy, university of manitoba, 50 sifton road, winnipeg,Manitoba, r3t 2n2, osal is an organic mercury compound that is widely used as vative in vaccines and other solution formulations. Philpot & mark omerases are expressed throughout the developing and adult brain mutated in some individuals with autism spectrum disorder (asd). In young children, a highly significant between the number of pediatric aluminum-adjuvanted stered and the rate of autism spectrum disorders. 2014 apr x1, qu f, xie w, wang f, liu h, song s, chen t, zhang y, zhu s, wang y,Thimerosal is a vaccine antimicrobial preservative which has long ted an iatrogenic factor possibly contributing to ers including autism. Ng research suggests that the timing of environmental factors in ce of genetic predispositions has influenced the increase in um disorders over the past several decades. A review of the ture suggests that autism may be impacted by environmental toxicants,Breastfeeding duration, gut flora composition, nutritional status, , vaccine practices and use of antibiotics and/or frequency of infections. Advocates for children), which shows a modest trend toward lower autism than her previous pediatric practice or recent cdc data. Given the prevalence of autism for that cohort of 1 in en in the united states, it is important to consider implementing primary care practice that could potentially modify environmental factors the timing of environmental triggers contributing to autism. Ewing, montague healthcare, nottingham, united is a compelling argument that the occurrence of regressive autism utable to genetic and chromosomal abnormalities, arising from the vaccines, which subsequently affects the stability and function of mic nervous system and physiological systems. Becomes the third child to be described as autistic by leo kanner in er defining paper, the first paper published on ended documentsdocuments similar to 142 research papers supporting the vaccine/autism linkskip carouselcarousel previouscarousel nextfda meeting. Human tumors for vaccine manufacturevaccinated people can infect the immune compromisedcdc mmr, mmr+v, mmrv seizure ratesshedding - vaccines - occupy prohibitionvaccine research saadroosendaal study of vaccinated vs. Unvaccinated children in the netherlandscdc mmrv vaccine data safety link slidesvaccination roulettemerck vitamin k package insert - aquamephyton pipolio dr suzanne humphries clear slidesdo aluminum vaccine adjuvants contribute to rising prevalence of autism? Pharma's influence on medical literature - behind the scenes (2007)vsd mmrv seizures slidesflupcv13vaccine mythhuman virus (hpv) vaccine policy and evidence-based medicine at oddsca sb277 correctionsoppose ca sb277 fred simulation analminum toxicity in mitochondrial dysfunction and asdsimpsonwood transcript%20searchablemeasles 1940 to 2008 england - graphsaoa ca slides05 smallpox and the first vaccinevirus mania30 scientific studies that demonstrate vaccines can cause autismdr.

Amy's simplified road map to healthhidden no longervatican response to vaccinesamended levaquin complaint documents about autismskip carouselcarousel previouscarousel next2006-10-04the daily tar heel for april 25, 2012ut dallas syllabus for comd7v91. 10u taught by pamela rollins (rollins)the daily tar heel for april 23, 2014autismaluminum toxicity in mitochondrial dysfunction and asdbankruptcy judge forgives student loan debt because of debtor's autismroadmap to health (excerpt)the dyslexic reader - 2016 - issue 70why educate2008 putin study20121113 sfari newsletterchapter 1 (excerpt from feel good nutrigenomicsautismthe dyslexic reader 2008 - issue 47newsletter 111220times leader 07-05-2011tmpb87bautism ica-dnea draft legislationasian journal april 13-19, 2012 editionnewsletter 120313my mature times - april 201120121106 sfari newsletterhouse hearing, 108th congress - autism spectrum disordersthe simons foundation 2009 annual reportspring 2011 issue of a distinctive style magazinetmp8de7december 5, 2012 issuenewsletter 120515newsletter 120724documents about autism spectrumskip carouselcarousel previouscarousel next121030 sfari newslettersb92&93&ism ica-dnea draft se hearing, 112th congress - 1 in 88 children20121113 sfari newsletterhouse hearing, 108th congress - autism spectrum disordersut dallas syllabus for comd7362. 08u taught by michelle aldridge (aldridge)ism physiciaautism canadaneurotribes by steve ticide exposure in pregnancy tied to autism riskut dallas syllabus for comd7v91. Dialogthis title now requires a credituse one of your book credits to continue reading from where you left off, or restart the t vaccine wikipedia, the free is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 6 november to: navigation, article is part of a series ative and pseudo‑y of alternative of modern medicine and posophic -fluoridation -vaccine es causing conspiracy ative medical –body ically-based mmr vaccine controversy started with the 1998 publication of a fraudulent research paper in the lancet linking the combined measles, mumps, and rubella (mmr) vaccine to colitis and autism spectrum disorders. 1] the claims in the paper were widely reported,[2] leading to a sharp drop in vaccination rates in the uk and ireland and increases in the incidence of measles and mumps, resulting in deaths and serious permanent injuries. Reviews of the evidence by the centers for disease control and prevention,[5] the american academy of pediatrics, the institute of medicine of the us national academy of sciences,[6] the uk national health service,[7] and the cochrane library[8] all found no link between the mmr vaccine and investigation by journalist brian deer found that andrew wakefield, the author of the original research paper linking the vaccine to autism, had multiple undeclared conflicts of interest,[9][10] had manipulated evidence,[11] and had broken other ethical codes. The lancet paper was partially retracted in 2004, and fully retracted in 2010, when lancet's editor-in-chief richard horton described it as "utterly false" and said that the journal had been "deceived". 13] in 2011, deer provided further information on wakefield's improper research practices to the british medical journal, which in a signed editorial described the original paper as fraudulent. 14][15] the scientific consensus is the mmr vaccine has no link to the development of autism, and that this vaccine's benefits greatly outweigh its eld's paper was described as "perhaps, the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years". 1 impact on r information: mmr vaccine § the autism-related controversy started in 1998, some concern had already arisen about the safety of the mmr vaccine due to side effects associated with the urabe mumps strain, including rare adverse events of aseptic meningitis, a transient mild form of viral meningitis. 27] with no such risk seen in vaccines using the jeryl lynn mumps strain,[27][28] the uk nhs withdrew two of the three mmr vaccines then available (immravax, made by merieux uk, and pluserix, made by smithkline beecham) in favor of merck sharp and dohme's mmr ii brand, based on the jeryl lynn strain. April 1994, richard barr,[34] a solicitor, succeeded in winning legal aid for the pursuit of a class action lawsuit against the manufacturers of mmr vaccines under the uk consumer protection act 1987. 38] the legal services commission halted proceedings in september 2003, citing a high probability of failure based on the medical evidence, bringing an end to the first case of research funding by the lsc. February 1998, a group led by andrew wakefield published a fraudulent paper in the respected british medical journal the lancet, supported by a press conference at the royal free hospital in london. 40][41] this paper reported on twelve children with developmental disorders referred to the royal free hospital. The paper described a collection of bowel symptoms, endoscopy findings and biopsy findings that were said to be evidence of a possible novel syndrome that wakefield would later call autistic enterocolitis, and recommended further study into the possible link between the condition and the mmr vaccine. The paper suggested that the connection between autism and the gastrointestinal pathologies was real, but said it did not prove an association between the mmr vaccine and autism. The press conference before the paper's publication, later criticized as "science by press conference",[40] wakefield said that he thought it prudent to use single vaccines instead of the mmr triple vaccine until this could be ruled out as an environmental trigger; parents of eight of the twelve children studied were said to have blamed the mmr vaccine, saying that symptoms of autism had set in within days of vaccination at approximately 14 months. Wakefield said, "i can't support the continued use of these three vaccines given in combination until this issue has been resolved. 42] in a video news release issued by the hospital to broadcasters in advance of the press conference, he called for mmr to be "suspended in favour of the single vaccines". The guardian and the independent reported it on their front pages, while the daily mail only gave the story a minor mention in the middle of the paper, and the sun did not cover it. Controversy began to gain momentum in 2001 and 2002, after wakefield published papers suggesting that the immunisation programme was not safe. These were a review paper with no new evidence, published in a minor journal, and two papers on laboratory work that he said showed that measles virus had been found in tissue samples taken from children who had autism and bowel problems. 2] the paper, press conference and video sparked a major health scare in the united kingdom. As a result of the scare, full confidence in mmr fell from 59% to 41% after publication of the wakefield research. In 2001, 26% of family doctors felt the government had failed to prove there was no link between mmr and autism and bowel disease. 46] in his book bad science, ben goldacre describes the mmr vaccine scare as one of the "three all-time classic bogus science stories" by the british newspapers (the other two are the arpad pusztai affair about genetically modified crops, and chris malyszewicz and the mrsa hoax). A 2003 survey of 366 family doctors in the uk reported that 77% of them would advise giving the mmr vaccine to a child with a close family history of autism, and that 3% of them thought that autism could sometimes be caused by the mmr vaccine. As of 2010 there are no single vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella licensed for use in the uk. Of the combined vaccine instead of separate vaccines decreases the risk of children catching the disease while waiting for full immunisation coverage. 54] the combined vaccine's two injections results in less pain and distress to the child than the six injections required by separate vaccines, and the extra clinic visits required by separate vaccinations increases the likelihood of some being delayed or missed altogether;[54][55] vaccination uptake significantly increased in the uk when mmr was introduced in 1988. 56] there is no scientific basis for preferring separate vaccines, or for using any particular interval between separate vaccines. Walker-smith, a coauthor of wakefield's report and a supporter of the mmr vaccine, wrote in 2002 that epidemiology has shown that mmr is safe in most children, but observed that epidemiology is a blunt tool and studies can miss at-risk groups that have a real link between mmr and autism. 58] however, if a rare subtype of autism were reliably identified by clinical or pathological characteristics, epidemiological research could address the question whether mmr causes that autism subtype. 2001, berelowitz, one of the co-authors of the paper, said "i am certainly not aware of any convincing evidence for the hypothesis of a link between mmr and autism". 60] the canadian paediatric society,[61] the centers for disease control and prevention,[5] the institute of medicine of the national academy of sciences, [6] and the uk national health service[7] have all concluded that there is no evidence of a link between the mmr vaccine and autism, and a 2011 journal article described the vaccine–autism connection as "the most damaging medical hoax of the last 100 years". February 2004, after a four-month investigation, reporter brian deer wrote in the sunday times of london that, prior to submitting his paper to the lancet, wakefield had received £55,000 from legal aid board solicitors seeking evidence to use against vaccine manufacturers, that several of the parents quoted as saying that mmr had damaged their children were also litigants, and that wakefield did not inform colleagues or medical authorities of the conflict of interest. When the editors of the lancet learned about this, they said that based on deer's evidence, wakefield's paper should have never been published because its findings were "entirely flawed". 63] richard horton, the editor-in-chief, wrote, "it seems obvious now that had we appreciated the full context in which the work reported in the 1998 lancet paper by wakefield and colleagues was done, publication would not have taken place in the way that it did. 10] wakefield's patent application was also noted in paul offit's 2008 book, autism's false january 2005, wakefield sued channel 4, 20/20 productions, and the investigative reporter brian deer, who presented the dispatches programme. However, after two years of litigation, and the revelation of more than £400,000 in undisclosed payments by lawyers to wakefield, he discontinued his action and paid all the defendants' 2006, deer reported in the sunday times that wakefield had been paid £435,643, plus expenses, by british trial lawyers attempting to prove that the vaccine was dangerous, with the undisclosed payments beginning two years before the lancet paper's publication. Lancet and many other medical journals require papers to include the authors' conclusions about their research, known as the "interpretation". The summary of the 1998 lancet paper ended as follows:Interpretation we identified associated gastrointestinal disease and developmental regression in a group of previously normal children, which was generally associated in time with possible environmental triggers. March 2004, immediately following the news of the conflict of interest allegations, ten of wakefield's 12 coauthors retracted this interpretation,[66] while insisting that the possibility of a distinctive gastrointestinal condition in children with autism merited further investigation. 39] however, a separate study of children with gastrointestinal disturbances found no difference between those with autism spectrum disorders and those without, with respect to the presence of measles virus rna in the bowel; it also found that gastrointestinal symptoms and the onset of autism were unrelated in time to the administration of mmr vaccine. 8 february 2009, brian deer reported in the sunday times that wakefield had "fixed" results and "manipulated" patient data in his 1998 paper, creating the appearance of a link with autism. 79] the gmc stressed that it would not be assessing the validity of competing scientific theories on mmr and autism. The general medical council alleged that the trio acted unethically and dishonestly in preparing the research into the mmr vaccine. Response to the gmc investigation and findings, the editors of the lancet announced on 2 february 2010 that they "fully retract this paper from the published record". 90] john walker-smith was also found guilty of serious professional misconduct and struck off the medical register, but that decision was reversed on appeal to the high court in 2012, because the gmc panel had failed to decide whether walker-smith actually thought he was doing research in the guise of clinical investigation and treatment. 94] webmd reported on deer's bmj report, saying that the $43 million predicted yearly profits would come from marketing kits for "diagnosing patients with autism" and "the initial market for the diagnostic will be litigation-driven testing of patients with ae [autistic enterocolitis, an unproven condition concocted by wakefield] from both the uk and the usa". A march 2007 paper in bmc public health by shona hilton, mark petticrew, and kate hunt postulated that media reports on wakefield's study had "created the misleading impression that the evidence for the link with autism was as substantial as the evidence against". 97] earlier papers in communication in medicine and british medical journal concluded that media reports provided a misleading picture of the level of support for wakefield's hypothesis. New england journal of medicine article examining the history of antivaccinationists said that opposition to vaccines has existed since the 19th century, but "now the antivaccinationists' media of choice are typically television and the internet, including its social media outlets, which are used to sway public opinion and distract attention from scientific evidence". Godlee, editor of the bmj, said in january 2011:The original paper has received so much media attention, with such potential to damage public health, that it is hard to find a parallel in the history of medical science. Have also been raised over the journal peer review system, which largely relies on trust among researchers,[17] and the role of journalists reporting on scientific theories that they "are hardly in a position to question and comprehend". Medical experts are going to have to work hard to try to undo the damage inflicted by what is apparently a rogue medical researcher whose work was inadequately vetted by a top-ranked international journal. The 1980s and 1990s, a number of lawsuits were brought against manufacturers of vaccines, alleging the vaccines had caused physical and mental disorders in children. In 1993, merck kgaa became the only company willing to sell mmr vaccines in the united states and the united june 2012, a local court in rimini, italy, ruled that the mmr vaccination had caused autism in a 15-month-old boy.

The court relied heavily on the discredited lancet paper and largely ignored the scientific evidence presented to it. Rates continued to rise in japan after the discontinuation of the mmr vaccine, which disproves any large-scale effect of vaccination,[113] and means that the withdrawal of mmr in other countries is unlikely to cause a reduction in autism cases. Was later discovered that some of the vaccines were administered after their expiry date and that the mmr compulsory vaccination was only retracted after the death of three children and more than 2000 reports of adverse effects. Article: vaccine omnibus autism proceeding (oap)[122] is a coordinated proceeding before the office of special masters of the u. It is structured to facilitate the handling of nearly 5000 vaccine petitions involving claims that children who have received certain vaccinations have developed autism. The petitioners' steering committee have claimed that mmr vaccines can cause autism, possibly in combination with thiomersal-containing vaccines. The vaccine court ruled against the plaintiffs in all three cases, stating that the evidence presented did not validate their claims that vaccinations caused autism in these specific patients or in general. Some cases, the plaintiffs' attorneys opted out of the omnibus autism proceedings, which were concerned solely with autism, and issues concerned with bowel disorders; they argued their cases in the regular vaccine 30 july 2007, the family of bailey banks, a child with pervasive developmental delay, won its case versus the department of health and human services. He reached this conclusion because of two vaccine cases in 1994 and 2001, which had concluded, "adem can be caused by natural measles, mumps, and rubella infections, as well as by measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines. Other cases, attorneys did not claim that vaccines caused autism; they sought compensation for encephalopathy, encephalitis, or seizure disorders. This increase is largely attributable to changes in diagnostic practices; it is not known how much, if any, growth came from real changes in autism's prevalence, and no causal connection to the mmr vaccine has been demonstrated. 2004, a meta review financed by the european union assessed the evidence given in 120 other studies and considered unintended effects of the mmr vaccine, concluding that although the vaccine is associated with positive and negative side effects, a connection between mmr and autism was "unlikely". 129] also in 2004, a review article was published that concluded, "the evidence now is convincing that the measles–mumps–rubella vaccine does not cause autism or any particular subtypes of autistic spectrum disorder. 130] a 2006 review of the literature regarding vaccines and autism found "[t]he bulk of the evidence suggests no causal relationship between the mmr vaccine and autism. 131] a 2007 case study used the figure in wakefield's 1999 letter to the lancet alleging a temporal association between mmr vaccination and autism[132] to illustrate how a graph can misrepresent its data, and gave advice to authors and publishers to avoid similar misrepresentations in the future. S original report found that the studies provided compelling evidence against the hypothesis that mmr is associated with autism. 121] a 2009 review of studies on links between vaccines and autism discussed the mmr vaccine controversy as one of three main hypotheses that epidemiological and biological studies failed to support. 2012, the cochrane library published a review of dozens of scientific studies involving about 14,700,000 children, which found no credible evidence of an involvement of mmr with either autism or crohn's disease. Million children found "vaccinations are not associated with the development of autism or autism spectrum disorder. Furthermore, the components of the vaccines (thimerosal or mercury) or multiple vaccines (mmr) are not associated with the development of autism or autism spectrum disorder. 136] in july 2014, a systematic review found "strong evidence that mmr vaccine is not associated with autism". 138] by 2006 coverage for mmr in the uk at 24 months was 85%, lower than the about 94% coverage for other vaccines. 140] the age group affected was too old to have received the routine mmr immunisations around the time the paper by wakefield et al. The january 2011 bmj statements about wakefield's fraud, paul offit, a pediatrician at children's hospital of philadelphia and a "long-time critic of the dangers of the anti-vaccine movement", said, "that paper killed children",[146][147][148] and michael smith of the university of louisville, an "infectious diseases expert who has studied the autism controversy's effect on immunization rates", said "clearly, the results of this (wakefield) study have had repercussions. New england journal of medicine said that antivaccinationist activities resulted in a high cost to society, "including damage to individual and community well-being from outbreaks of previously controlled diseases, withdrawal of vaccine manufacturers from the market, compromising of national security (in the case of anthrax and smallpox vaccines), and lost productivity". The vaccine-autism connection: a public health crisis caused by unethical medical practices and fraudulent science". Bmj declares vaccine-autism study 'an elaborate fraud', 1998 lancet study not bad science but deliberate fraud, claims journal". Antibodies to measles, mumps and rubella in uk children 4 years after vaccination with different mmr vaccines". Bocci, michele (1 march 2015), "autismo, i giudici assolvono il vaccino ("autism, the judges acquit the vaccine")", la repubblica, retrieved 4 march 2015. Three died in ireland, one died in england, died from a disease that was perfectly and safely prevented by a vaccine, died because of that paper. Media coverage of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and autism controversy and its relationship to mmr immunization rates in the united states". 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November 7, 2017having to draw from high school musical for inspiration for an english essay is hardly a good sign #stuck #school #leaving # on different types of environmental pollution maps java programming coursework wiki dissertation proposal methods section ch paper on autism and vaccines ready for the 2016-17 season. Of interest statement, vaccines and powered by ng a better of grace/gratitude ion: independent and private ion: public ion: therapeutic and proprietary ncy ay heroes. No, they don' list of papers pictured to the left -- an ever growing number -- has been circulating for some time. Back in the summer of 2013, a group of people addressed the papers in the list (then numbering 86) and showed how the papers did not support the claim. You can read that series beginning here: those lists of papers claiming that vaccines cause autism: they don't show what they the woman compiling the papers, ginger taylor, likes to reshuffle the list and add papers -- seemingly at is a loud voice in the "vaccines do too cause autism" movement, and has been since 2004. Nonetheless, this list keeps being cited, mostly by the scientifically naive, as "proof" that vaccines can be causal in autism, and latterly, that the cdc is covering something up. Had been meaning to reconvene the paper study team since last summer, but the project just did not ully, two other people took up the baton. The blog's mission:Teach critical n how science works and why it is critical thinking to defend science against the numerous logically flawed attacks that are hurled at the blog post vaccines and autism: a thorough review of the evidence fallacy man evaluated two lists of "vaccines don't cause autism" papers and three lists of papers intended to show that vaccines can cause autism:Vaccines don't cause autism lists:107 studies that show no link between vaccines and autism catherina just the vax march 11 es and autism – science says they are unrelated the original skeptical raptor march 24 es do cause autism lists:22 medical studies that show vaccines can cause autism arjun walia activist post september 12, 2013. Solid scientific studies that prove vaccines cause autism sean adl-tabatabai your news wire december 9, y man's goal of the exercise of going through these papers ( enumeration & paragraph breaks added for ease of reading; ). Have three key target audiences , to any parents who are concerned about vaccines and are truly and sincerely looking for good information rather than just trying to find evidence to support their preconceptions, i hope that this post will be a helpful tool for you and will dispel much of the nonsense on the internet. So i have done my best to thoroughly cover all of the evidence, and i hope that you will carefully consider , for those who have already reviewed the evidence, but are tired of explaining it over and over again in debates, i hope that this post will provide a resource that will save you some , for those who are not particularly interested in the autism/vaccine debate, i hope that this post will provide a nice worked example of how to critically analyze a large body of literature. There are, sadly, a lot of bad scientific publications out there, and it is important that you know how to sift through them and separate the high quality studies from the statistical y, to those who are already convinced that vaccines cause autism, although you are not my target audience, i do hope that you will read this, but i have one simple request to make of you. If you aren’t willing to do that, then there is really no point in you continuing to a long and detailed discussion of the papers presented in both sets of lists, fallacy man concludes:It should now be clear to you that the evidence really is overwhelmingly supportive of vaccines. Even though anti-vaccers claim to have lengthy lists of papers supporting their position, most of those papers are irrelevant, used weak designs, and had small sample sizes. So there really is no good scientific evidence to suggest that vaccines cause you want to use either set of lists, you owe it to yourself to at least glance over the logic of science post; it is exceptionally thorough and detailed. The second post, 124 papers that do not prove vaccines cause autism, the author wrote:However none of them goes over each of the 124 papers individually. Despite the fact that many of ginger's links were broken, the titles here are all clickable and go to the original abstract (or the full paper for some of them). As i was going through every single paper in this list, it became increasingly clear that ginger simply went to pubmed, typed in her search terms (thimerosal, mercury, oxidative stress, autism, heavy metals), and copied the links without bothering to read or understand what the hell she was reading. Of the 124 papers presented, exactly -0- of them proves any link between vaccines and autism, and a few even disprove any link. I sincerely doubt that any antivaxxer who sprays this list around the twitterverse (or anywhere else) has read any of these papers, let alone all of them. Well, i feel exactly the are no reputable studies that indicate vaccines can cause autism. Her post, the great myth of vaccines and autism, addresses a few of the papers in taylor's list,Tuesday, may 03, 2016 at 01:13 pm in autism, skepticism and quackery, vaccination | done!

Fear that the people who are fully invested in believing these anti-vaccine delusions don't bother to investigate these papers-- but posts with evidence like this might open the eyes of a few people who might otherwise be swayed by their y, may 03, 2016 at 07:17 ful. Great adventure 2017 (1) -- san francisco to those "homeschooled, unvaccinated children are healthier" dwoskin and the children's medical safety research institute (cmsri). Papers 31-60 daniels on about those "homeschooled, unvaccinated children are healthier" saw bc indianapolis web marketing on myths about tetanus and vaccinating against on about those "homeschooled, unvaccinated children are healthier" r. Papers 1-30 chair on useful word new to me: silent wave - laina on in 2017, autism awareness is so outdated: demand autism acceptance fancher on hr 354 defund planned fancher on hjr 69 repeal rule protecting t bennett on hjr 69 repeal rule protecting ber 24, 2017 - september 30, ber 17, 2017 - september 23, 28, 2017 - june 3, 21, 2017 - may 27, 7, 2017 - may 13, 9, 2017 - april 15, 2, 2017 - april 8, 19, 2017 - march 25, 12, 2017 - march 18, 5, 2017 - march 11, 2017.