Factors of teenage pregnancy

Licensee: aosis is an open access article distributed under the terms of ve commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution,And reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly s contributing to teenage pregnancy in the capricorn district of the limpopo this original research... Adolescents may lack knowledge of access to conventional methods ting pregnancy, as they may be afraid to seek such information. The study purpose was to identify factors contributing to teenage one village in the capricorn district of the limpopo province. Population consisted of all pregnant teenagers attending antenatal care during june 2007 at one clinic in the capricorn district of the limpopo province. Findings further revealed that 60% of the respondents started to engage in sex at 13–15 years; 48% of the teenagers’. The strategies focused on reproductive health services, male adult-teenager communication limpopo province is one of nine provinces of the republic of south africa and is situated in the far northern part of the country, its is polokwane. The study was the capricorn district which is central to the entire districts and it has urban, semi-urban and rural e the extensive attention given to adolescent sexuality and teenage pregnancy in the past 30 years, many teenagers were still nt (van eijk 2007). Teenage pregnancy has become a national epidemic, partly because more and more teenagers who give birth decide to raise their children. That teenage pregnancy is more common amongst young people who have been disadvantaged and have poor expectations of either ion or the job market. Premature sexual intercourse results in high rates of sexually transmitted diseases, hiv transmission, adolescent pregnancy ons (mkhwanazi 2006). Unprotected sexual intercourse can lead to an unwanted adolescent pregnancy which is often considered a serious social and public health ers have a high risk of unintended pregnancy (mestad et al. Richter and mlambo (2005) said teenage pregnancy appears to aged by lack of access to sex education. Some parents are reluctant to make sex education and contraceptives available to their teenagers,As they are afraid that their teenagers might interpret this as permission to engage in sexual activities. Morake (2011) revealed ers appear to be ignorant about issues such as puberty, pregnancy and contraception. Teenage pregnancy involves recognising the complexities surrounding teenagers’ attitudes and knowledge about the use ceptives (phipps et al. Knowledge on sexual and reproductive issues amongst teenagers in sekhukhune and waterberg districts o province is low morake (2011). There is also a lot of misinformation on sexual and reproductive issues that affect teenagers.

Social factors of teenage pregnancy

The study by kaufman, de wet and stadler (2001) indicated that there was a slightly of knowledge about modern methods of contraception amongst teenagers. It implies that supplying adequate information about sexual behaviours and contraceptives to teenagers should be of paramount importance. 2007) outlines that even though a large number of teenage girls aged between 15–19 reported knowledge about methods of family planning,Contraceptive use is low. Kaufman, de wet and stadler (2001) pointed out that amongst other barriers, clinic staff disapproves of teenagers ly active; ignorance about reproduction; misunderstanding by young people; and false assumptions and ignorance surrounding ers believe that pregnancy cannot result from the initial act of intercourse, but only by repeated sexual encounters. Teenagers are nded by sexual images and messages, which imply that sexual activity is the norm (mwaba 2000). High teenage pregnancy rates seem to exist capricorn district of the limpopo province and this was also mentioned by morake (2011) who indicated that statistics reflect that four out girls fall pregnant at least once before they reach the age of 20. This leads to the situation where it seems as is compulsory amongst teenagers without giving due consideration that they should reach maturity age before engaging in sexual is against this background that the study on factors that contribute to teenage pregnancies was conducted in one village of the ct in the limpopo purpose of this study was to identify factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy in one village of the capricorn district in the ce. The following research questions were used to guide the study:• which factors contribute to teenage pregnancy in one village of capricorn district in the limpopo province? Are there any pregnancy prevention strategies available within the community at this village of the capricorn district in limpopo province? Of the objectives and the specific aims of this study were to:• explore and describe the factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in the capricorn district of the limpopo province and• propose recommendations to strengthen pregnancy prevention strategies that are relevant to the needs of the community of this village capricorn district of the limpopo tion of er: a teenager is an individual in the transitional stage of development between childhood and full adulthood, representing the period during which a person is biologically adult but emotionally not fully matured (south african concise oxford dictionary 2005). In this study, er is a female person aged between 13–19 ncy: pregnancy is the state in which a foetus develops in the uterus of a woman of childbearing age, during the period from birth (south african concise oxford dictionary 2005). The context of this study, pregnancy refers to a period of gestation when a woman aged between 13–19 years has conceived an in her icance of is anticipated that the study would contribute to the prevention of teenage pregnancies. The guidelines could be used in health care educate teenagers how to avoid unwanted ch method and design. This approach has been used to objective facts about factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy that could be statistically analysed and interpreted. In this study t was made to obtain information from pregnant teenagers and to identify human behaviour that contributes to teenage pregnancy in e in the capricorn district of the limpopo descriptive design was selected as it is concerned with gathering more information about the phenomenon studied. This research design le to obtain relevant information and to describe and identify factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy in one village in the ct of the limpopo province (brink 2006). And study population consisted of 103 pregnant teenagers attending antenatal care during the last weeks of june, july and august 2007 at in the capricorn district of the limpopo province.

Contributory factors of teenage pregnancy

Sample consisted of 100 pregnant teenagers who satisfied the inclusion criteria, their ages ranging between 13–19 years and who picked. The questionnaires consisted of 23 questions that were divided parts namely, demographic data, factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy and sexual behaviour. The researcher hand-delivered the questionnaires to those pregnant teenagers who consented to hout the time when the participants were completing the questionnaires, the researchers were present either to clarify misunderstanding answer any questions (de vos et al. Each score was listed separately which the results were subdivided into classes, collection of scores and percentages of those scores which were grouped together, aphic data, factors leading to sexual encounters and factors that contributed to teenage pregnancy (brink 2006). The quality of the research was ensured by adhering to the highest possible standards of research tability and the ability to execute the research sion to sample the pregnant teenagers was obtained from the clinic supervisor and primary health care district manager. Of hundred (n = 100) pregnant teenagers (between 13 and 19) who were attending antenatal care at one clinic in the capricorn district of o province participated voluntarily in the study. 2004) who found that amongst teenage girls interviewed in south africa, 35% were teenagers aged 19 years of which 53% pregnancies had either been unplanned at 36% or unwanted at 17%. As a result of the first sexual intercourse – was experienced by teenagers between the age of 13 years and 16 -eight per cent (48%) of the respondents had partners who were 21 years and above; 43% had partners between 19–20 years and 9% rs between 16–18 years. The vast majority of teenagers became pregnant by partners who were older than they were. Mwaba (2000) disagreed, indicating that the older boys and their refusal to use condoms during sexual intercourse, were the main reasons for teenage -economic -four per cent (44%) of participants depended on their single mother’s income, others worked as domestic workers; 20% depended on ’s income and 12% depended on the income of both parents. It was evident from the study findings that most pregnant teenagers depended on a single mother’s eijk (2007) indicated that teenagers from lower income families are more likely to report having sexual intercourse regardless of the ure or race. It is further pointed out that teenagers from single parent family homes are more likely to report having sexual less of the income of the support of the study findings van eijk (2007) indicated that the widespread belief that young women are having children specifically so access a grant is unfounded because the teenagers in this study who were pregnant and were receiving a child support grant were few s contributing to teenage l factors are strongly associated with and contribute to the increased risk of an early pregnancy. These factors include: lack of sex and how to use contraceptives; barriers to access contraceptives including negative attitudes of health staff; peer pressure; on; low self-esteem; low educational expectations; poverty; family breakdown; and heightened sex-based messages in the respondents in this study had knowledge about the use of contraceptives and other ways of preventing unwanted pregnancy apart from ence from sexual activity. Other reasons for ing the contraceptives were that teenagers were reluctant to take contraceptive precautions for fear of complications and ion, despite their knowledge about the importance of the use of those contraceptives (ritcher & mlambo 2005). The findings by mlambo (2005) outlined that teenage pregnancies resulted from lack of knowledge about contraception and many other misconceptions. 2000) teenage girls expressed a preference for receiving the injectable contraceptive and stated that condoms were not their birth of choice. Respondents further mentioned that teenage boys did not visit family planning clinics and were reluctant to use condoms as.

The teenage boys refused to use condoms because they commented that sex with a s leading to sexual usage: the study findings pointed out that 96% of the respondents didn’t use drugs, 4% did smoke, and 92% didn’t l whereas 8% drank alcohol. In support of the study findings van eijk (2007) indicated that substance abuse was long recognised as one greatest health and social problems in south africa which resulted in teenage pregnancies because teenagers engaged in sexual t making calculated decisions due to the influence of alcohol. Additionally it was outlined that drinking became more common as moved through their teenage years rising to 45% amongst 15 year olds and this was proven to be a cause of teenage tions of the study results are limited to one village in the capricorn district and will not be generalised to all villages in the district. It ted that the same study be conducted in other villages in order to determine the factors which contribute to teenage pregnancies teenagers who attend the clinics for antenatal factors driving teenage pregnancy are complex and varied and therefore require multifaceted intervention strategies. There is a wide variety gies aimed at preventing adolescent pregnancy including education programmes, family planning services, school-based health centres,Youth-friendly clinics and youth development programmes. The following pregnancy prevention strategies are recommended based on the results study:• develop more effective preventive measures for teenage pregnancy and have solutions that might prevent unplanned teenage pregnancy. Pregnancy prevention programmes with guidelines should be available and utilised appropriately in all areas where teenagers are found. Increase awareness and knowledge about and availability of emergency hormonal contraception; since this safe, effective and reliable post-coital contraception is paramount to tackle the unplanned pregnancy rates. Facilitate the establishment of adult-teenage communication programmes with guidelines to give adults information and communicate effectively with young people about reducing risky behaviour. Young men have information needs and anxieties about sex and increase in the number of teenage pregnancies is causing great concern and is becoming a critical issue. 2003, ‘low expectations, sexual attitudes and knowledge: explaining teenage pregnancy and fertility in english ts from qualitative research’, the sociological review 51, 199– adolescents in four countries in sub-saharan africa. 2006, ‘teenage pregnancy and gender identities in the making in a post apartheid south african township’, tation, department of anthropology, university of , a. 1995, ‘factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in rural nigeria’, journal of youth and adolescence 24(4),Phipps, m. 2005, ‘perceptions of rural teenagers on teenage pregnancy’, health sa gesondheid 10(2),61– african oxford school dictionary, 2007, oxford university press southern africa, cape africa, studies in family planning 32(2), 147– eijk, r. 2007, factors contributing to teenage pregnancies in rarotonga, united nations population fund (unfpa), ed grant colleges and universities program (funding opportunities). It is necessary to understand the associated risk and protective factors in order to appropriately implement prevention efforts. Risk factors encourage, or increase, behaviors that increase the likelihood of teen pregnancy, while protective factors decrease these behaviors.

These factors can occur in multiple domains, such as individual (teen’s attitude), family (poverty status), and community (available resources). Risk factors include living in poverty, limited maternal educational achievement, and having a mother who gave birth before the age of 20. Additional risk factors include being from a single-parent home, living in a home with frequent family conflict, early sexual activity, early use of alcohol and drugs, and low self-esteem. Lastly, a teen’s race and ethnicity can be a risk factor for teen protective factors include open communication with parents and/or adults about accurate contraception use, parental support and healthy family dynamics, and peer use of condoms. Protective factors also include positive attitudes towards condom use, intent to abstain from sex or limit one’s number of partners, and accurate knowledge of sexual health, hiv infection, sexually transmitted infections, the importance of abstinence, and pregnancy. Fying these factors is important because it can help effectively guide teen pregnancy prevention program planning and implementation by focusing on the specific and varied needs of the youth in the community. Learn more about teen pregnancy prevention efforts being supported by the federal s for disease control and prevention (cdc): overview of web page from the cdc goes over the different types of contraception that are available, how they work, and the effectiveness of each : overview of birth web page from gives an overview of possible questions young women may have regarding birth control and birth control options. Washington state health department, 20072 centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), national center for chronic disease prevention and health, 20113 cdc, national center for chronic disease prevention and health, 2011; kirby, lepore, & ryan, 20054 cdc, 2011c; martinez, copen, & abma, resources on this awards teen pregnancy prevention program : estimates of contraceptive need among currently sexually active, uninsured s: teen pregnancy prevention program evaluation findings (fy 2010-2014). Teen pregnancy prevention (tpp) replication study: study overview, baseline profiles, and design ce: teen pregnancy prevention evidence ce: updated findings from the hhs teen pregnancy prevention evidence oration 's your future project. Forum on emphasizing evidence-based a’s young adults, releases 2013 youth risk behavior surveillance system hhs event in recognition of teen pregnancy prevention awards teen pregnancy prevention program al teen pregnancy prevention month, cdc web page responds to teens’ need for positive messages and complete information to prevent teen teen pregnancy prevention funding ing strategies and existing gaps in supporting pregnant and parenting on well-being of nation’s children pregnancy prevention & social media web pregnancy prevention e pregnancy prevention and youth services al academies board on children, youth, and es in state teen birth rates by race and hispanic groups of teens who need pregnancy prevention more than some might leaders charge communities to continue critical efforts to prevent teen ns of health insurance coverage around the time of pregnancy among women with live-born infants — pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system (prams), 29 states, activity, contraceptive use, and childbearing of teenagers aged 15–19 in the united -picture teen pregnancy prevention: four things to do when teen birth rates don’t personal responsibility education program (prep): launching a nationwide adolescent pregnancy prevention : preliminary data for igating how to help urban minority teens 'co-parent'. Births in the united : family and youth services bureau highlights in 2014 & : reduced disparities in birth rates among teens aged 15–19 years — united states, 2006–2007 and 2013–s: oah teen pregnancy prevention program evaluation ch: does sexual orientation affect teen pregnancy risk? Apps help prevent teen pregnancy and promote youth sexual ce: how does talking to extended family influence teens' decisions about sex? Integrating medical and mental health care for teen ce: pregnancy assistance fund (paf) successful ce: six subjects to prepare youth for ce: supporting pregnant and parenting with youth: apps promote youth sexual 's teen pregnancy and social t to incorporate adolescent relationship abuse prevention into existing adolescent pregnancy prevention orating relationship abuse prevention into your adolescent pregnancy prevention iew with director of the union city sustained youth development t: teen pregnancy prevention for lgbtq from the field: lgbt-friendly teen pregnancy t archive: make the connection: how positive youth development offers promise for teen health and teen pregnancy speak out: approaching difficult subjects through pregnancy prevention web page for show your love ’s teen pregnancy prevention month teen pregnancy prevention resource ting pregnancies in younger ce: teen pregnancy prevention online ncy preventionfederal data sourcesrisk and protective factorsadverse effectsfederal a youth topic shared ce: teen pregnancy prevention evidence : estimates of contraceptive need among currently sexually active, uninsured oration 's your future awards teen pregnancy prevention program al teen pregnancy prevention month, ibe to opportunities and resources for youth! Ncy and what to e pregnancy is defined as an unintended pregnancy during adolescence. Approximately 750,000 of 15- to 19-year-olds become pregnant each year, according to the american college of obstetricians and gynecologists, though many teenagers do not believe that they will get pregnant if they engage in sexual adolescence, teenagers often feel pressure to make friends and fit in with their peers. Teenagers have sex as a way to appear cool and sophisticated, but in some cases the end result is an unplanned teen pregnancy. Many parents have busy lives that prevent them from providing the guidance and support that their young teenagers need to make good decisions on issues such as sex, according to the website parent dish.

When a teen does not feel that she can talk to her parents about sex either because they forbid sex talk or because they are not around, she will more than likely turn to friends for direction on whether or not to have sex, resulting in misinformation and possible teen movie industry and the media contribute to teenage pregnancy by glamorizing teen pregnancy in news stories and movies. Movies that depict teen pregnancy as something to be desired encourage teens to engage in reckless sexual activity, according to abc's "good morning america. They want to be seen as part of the group, so if teen pregnancy is viewed as acceptable in their school or amongst their friends, they may seek to become pregnant as a way to gain social ers who are uneducated about sex are more likely to have an unintended pregnancy. Approximately 5 percent of all teen births are the result of a drinking can cause an unexpected pregnancy, according to the website love to know. Pounds per 2 pounds per e signs of antages of teenage are the risks of teenage pregnancy? In adolescent problems faced by teen of preventing teenage of safe fish to eat while it safe to use steam therapy when pregnant? Trimester pregnancy indications of some yoga poses while e signs of antages of teenage are the risks of teenage pregnancy? Evidence-based programs and clinical services to prevent teen pregnancy through individual behavior change are important, but research is also shedding light on the role social determinants of health play in the overall distribution of disease and health, including teen ities by race and 2014–2015, teen birth rates decreased 10% for asian/pacific islanders, 9% for non-hispanic blacks, 8% for hispanics and non-hispanic whites, and 6% for american indian/alaska natives (ai/an. Examples of these factors include the following:Low education and low income levels of a teen’s opportunities in a teen’s community for positive youth orhood racial orhood physical disorder (e. Level income in child welfare systems are at increased risk of teen pregnancy and birth than other groups. For example, young women living in foster care are more than twice as likely to become pregnant than those not in foster action to eliminate disparities and address social determinants of teen ating disparities in teen pregnancy and birth rates would do the following:Help achieve health e the life opportunities and health outcomes of young the economic costs of teen s that focus on social health determinants in teen pregnancy prevention efforts, particularly at the community level, play a critical role in addressing racial/ethnic and geographical disparities observed in teen births in the united is supporting three organizations from 2015 to 2020 to enhance youth-friendly sexual and reproductive health services in publicly funded health centers and increase the number of young people accessing sexual and reproductive health services. Us department of health and human services’ office of adolescent health (oah) and cdc are partnering to fund the evaluation of innovative interventions designed for young men aged 15 to24 years to reduce their risk of fathering a teen pregnancy. Interventions focus on young men at high risk of fathering a teen pregnancy, such as young men at risk of health disparities due to low socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, or exposure to other social determinants negatively affecting health. The organizations funded to conduct this work are columbia university, new york university, and part of the president’s teen pregnancy prevention initiative, cdc partnered with oah and the hhs office of population affairs from 2010 to 2015 to fund nine state- and community-based organizations and five national organizations to implement communitywide initiatives to reduce teenage pregnancy and address disparities in teen pregnancy and birth rates. For tools and resources related to addressing social determinants of teen pregnancy, please see the working with diverse communities webpage. Examples of this work from the nine state- and community-based organizations include the following:Analyzing community-level data to identify specific social determinants associated with teen pregnancy in mobile ng program staff, youth leadership team, and community partners on the social determinants of health and teen ng faith-based leaders in teen pregnancy prevention and partnering with richmond county juvenile court and kids restart, inc. To implement evidence-based programs with young people in detention and in the child welfare rd, connecticut’s health equity index—a community-based assessment tool for identifying social, political, economic, and environmental conditions associated with specific health outcomes—to highlight the associations between teen pregnancy and select social determinants (e.

The data to inform the selection of program and clinical partners located in communities most in need of teen pregnancy prevention ring with capital workforce partners to improve youth employment opportunities and enhance knowledge and skill sets in various areas, including reproductive health, among young people aged 14 to 17 g community conversations for action sessions with community members and leaders in holyoke and springfield to determine their roles in reducing teen pregnancy among latinos, faith communities, court-involved youth, foster youth, and homeless ring with the tlc: building healthy relationships program to implement ¡cuidate! Young latino males involved with the massachusetts department of youth services/department of children and sing teen pregnancy specifically among urban, lower income, underrepresented racial and ethnic groups in the south g public awareness in gaston county of the link between teen pregnancy and social health determinants through documentaries and presentations to community groups; reaching young people of color and males with evidence-based programs; and partnering with faith institutions on teen pregnancy elphia, ing the provision of high-quality evidence-based teen pregnancy prevention programs for underserved populations by training youth-serving organizations to work with underserved populations; holding focus groups with underserved populations to identify factors affecting teen pregnancy; and partnering with organizations to implement evidence-based programs with detained or incarcerated youths, males, youths in foster care, young west african immigrants, and pregnant and parenting g with the youth of bexar county juvenile probation; young people in foster care with the baptist children and family services and st. Pj’s children’s home; out-of-school teen parents in the adult detention center; pregnant and parenting teens through the nurse family partnership and children’s shelter iparent; and pregnant and parenting teen coordinators in ring with spartanburg county department of social services to improve counseling of foster care youth on reproductive health, referring young people for clinical services as appropriate, and educating foster parents on teen pregnancy ing social determinants of teen pregnancy specific to the spartanburg community, such as by engaging spartanburg youth action board members in a reproductive justice timeline activity to examine how being a member of a minority group may affect access to reproductive health services and decision ces from cdc and other public health entities for addressing social determinants of d disparities in birth rates among teens aged 15–19 years — united states, 2006–2007 and 2013–2014, mmwr health reports: “socioeconomic disadvantage as a social determinant of teen childbearing in the united states”. Healthy communities program attaining health equity : social determinants of health y people 2020: social determinants of health health organization: social determinants of health uctive health equity for youth: information, tools and resources to address social determinants and disparities in teen pregnancy website(from national partner john snow, inc.