Criminal justice careers
A program all criminal justice degreescriminology and forensics degreeslaw enforcement degreeslaw and paralegal studies criminal justice degree schools receives a marketing fee from companies working with colleges and universities that are presented with our "find schools" buttons. Close]sponsored ireview your schoolmore criminal justice careers and degreesvisit the criminal justice careers center to compare education requirements via a sortable table for our most popular agentbounty huntercorrectional case managercounter-terrorismcrime analystcrime prevention specialistcrime scene techniciancriminalistcustoms agentevidence technicianfederal protective servicegaming surveillance officergang investigatorhomeland security careersirs special agentk9 officerlegal nurse consultantloss prevention specialistnsa policepark rangerparole officerprison guardprison wardenus postal inspectorall criminal justice degreescomputer forensicscorrectionscounterterrorismcrime scene technician certificatecriminal investigationscriminal justice administrationcriminal psychologycriminologycybersecurityemergency managementfish and game wardenforensic accountingforensic nursingforensic psychologyforensic sciencehomeland securitylaw enforcementlegal nursinglegal studiesparalegal certificateparalegalpublic administrationsecurity criminal justice field spans a wide variety of jobs and interests. Criminal justice jobs may involve collecting evidence, analyzing crime scenes, performing investigations or arresting more law & criminal justice degree ate’s degree or’s degree ’s degree d articles & ibe & stay this field empty if you're human:Federal, state, and local government agencies as well as the private sector provide a wide array of criminal justice jobs. Jobs are found in areas such law enforcement, forensic science, corrections, legal services, homeland security and criminal justice careers require a college degree; colleges and universities offer a variety of degrees related to the criminal justice sector, including online degrees. Criminal justice degree jobs cover a wide range of huge list provides a wide variety of jobs including criminal justice entry-level jobs and criminal justice government jobs. The list includes criminal justice salaries and educational 100 best online colleges for best online colleges by best online of criminal justice jobs. They may also oversee a larger team and lead them in evaluation and monitoring of marketing and sales -money laundering operations analyst educational requirements: they typically need a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, fraud prevention, or homeland e 2014 anti-money laundering operations analyst salary: $58, aft (alcohol, tobacco, firearms and explosives) agent or officer is an adventurous person willing to take on huge responsibilities and dangerous missions. A background screening analyst ensures any interviewed job candidate has a clear history when it comes to criminal activity. A background screening agent is a detailed individual who is able to use critical thinking skills to make trusted evaluations of individuals considered for ound screening agent educational requirements: a background screening agents should earn a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice or e 2014 background screening agent salary: $63,000. A banking financial services fraud specialist needs a good sense for detail and an understanding of the latest internet banking g financial services card fraud specialist educational requirements: some employers may prefer a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, statistics or in another relevant area. Many agencies also require a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, environmental sciences, or e 2014 conservation officer salary: $42,000. He works as a liaison between the justice department and social services and creates a detailed plan of action. This is an emotionally challenging job which has potential for great reward as well as great tional services specialist educational requirements: a bachelor’s degree in any field in behavioral sciences or criminal e 2014 correctional services specialist salary: $63,000.
Criminal justice fields
Her expertise with computer systems, which play out statistical information, along with a strong understanding of criminal psychology make a crime analyst an important member of a law enforcement agency. This position requires excellent critical thinking skills as well as good communication and organizational analyst educational requirements: a crime analyst should have a bachelor’s degree with major coursework completed in administration of justice, criminal justice, criminology, statistical analysis, psychology, or e 2014 crime analyst salary: $51,000. A crime lab analyst produces hard evidence based on an understanding of dna or molecular lab analysts may testify in court or to produce reports which single out scientific results pointing to or away from a lab analyst educational requirements: crime laboratory analysts generally have a bachelor’s degree in forensic science, criminology, criminal justice, or physical sciences. They communicate with merchants or residents of a community in order to set up strategies to offset crime or note precursors to criminal activity. A crime prevention specialist enjoys working with others as well as creating presentations to help communities stay prevention specialist educational requirements: a crime prevention specialist may need a two-year or four-year degree in criminal justice, criminology, sociology, police science or in a related e 2014 crime prevention specialist salary: $52,000. Crime scene technicians keep custody of all evidence and secure it for the crime scene technicians need to withstand crime scenes where violent crimes have taken scene technician educational requirements: a crime scene technician typically needs at least an associate’s degree in law enforcement, police science, or an associate’s degree in criminal justice. They need a deep and sensitive understudying of how interventions and support groups victims service coordinator educational requirements: some employers may prefer a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, social work, psychology, sociology, or a related e 2014 crime victims service coordinator salary: $49,000. Criminal policy advisor works to assess and advise peers on the criminal justice policies at a city, state or federal level. They provide recommendations through writing proposals and al justice policy advisors need excellent oral and written skills along with an ability to see how systems al justice policy advisor educational requirements: some employers prefer a bachelor’s degree in business, public administration, organizational development, finance, criminal justice, or a related e 2014 criminal justice policy advisor salary: $70,000. Criminal watching a good detective show has you saying, “i can do that,” then perhaps you should look into becoming a criminal investigator. A criminal investigator tracks, finds, and incarcerates criminals through the analysis of interviews and crime scene clues. Some criminal investigators specialize in a particular sort of crime such as homicide or position is often associated with danger and requires an ability to confront dangerous individuals. Criminal investigators might work long and odd al investigator educational requirements: a criminal investigator should have at least a high school diploma or equivalent.
However, earning an associate’s or a bachelor’s degree, in criminal investigations or in criminal justice increases the opportunity for employment in this area. Courses centered on crime scene investigation, forensics, psychology, and sociology area also helpful in acquiring positions with federal e 2014 criminal investigator salary: $45,000. Criminal law paralegal, a highly organized person, assists an attorney in building cases and preparing paperwork. A criminal law paralegal must come prepared with a deep understanding of criminal law on the federal and state levels. Criminal law paralegals have a great deal of responsibilities and focused al law paralegals educational requirements: generally criminal law paralegals must have a two-year or a four-year degree in criminal justice or paralegal training with a criminal law specialization. The organization advises prospective criminal law paralegals to opt for a bachelor’s degree program instead of a two-year e 2014 criminal law paralegal salary: $38,000. A criminal profiler has the skills which can break down basic evidence to produce a portrait or psychological profile of a perpetrator and the method of committing a al profilers may conduct interviews with family members or explore evidence collected by the police department. This position requires the ability to solve complex problems while working with a wide variety of al profiler educational requirements: a criminal profiler may earn a degree in criminal justice or in psychology. Criminal research a criminal research specialist sits somewhere between being an investigator and a border patrol agent. A criminal research specialist often works with homeland security to establish safeguards when it comes to national borders. Criminal research specialist must have a comprehensive understanding of how to foresee and foil such activities. Excellent critical thinking and organizational skills are a must for criminal research al research specialist educational requirements: some employers may require a bachelor’s degree, but some specific jobs also require a master’s e 2014 criminal research specialist salary: $71,000. Criminalist relies on scientific training, not psychic powers, to solve the mystery of a crime.
A criminalist may claim a number of different science backgrounds ranging from degrees in forensics to chemistry or biology. A criminalist specializes in knowing how to interpret very special clues related to dna samples or trace clues left after a firearm has been discharged. Once a criminalist has assessed and noted the clues left at a crime scene, she then pieces together the evidence and makes a alists may testify about their findings in a court trial. A criminalist needs good communication and writing alist educational requirements: a criminalist should aim for a bachelor’s degree in one of the physical, biological, or forensic sciences in conjunction with credit hours of chemistry, biology, or math. A bachelor’s degree in criminology, criminal justice, or a related field may also be beneficial. Some criminalist positions require a master’s e 2014 criminalist salary: $61,gh this term sounds a great deal like “criminalist,” a criminologist has a decidedly different focus. A criminologist uses his understanding of psychology and human nature in combination with a knowledge of demographics and crime rates to untangle the root causes of criminal behavior. They must also know the rules and regulations which control what items people may or may not take into or out of the united s border and protection officer educational requirements: this job may require a relevant degree such as a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, international affairs, or law enforcement. In some circumstances, a customs import specialist may even be involved in criminal investigations which have international players. A law enforcement associate’s degree or a bachelors in criminal justice, police science, or a related field might help individuals obtain a e 2014 customs inspector salary: $67,000. Often, however, the tasks a deputy sheriff include: detaining and processing prisoners, serving as a bailiff, or engaging in criminal investigations. Also, a deputy sheriff (who is not an elected official) does a great deal to influence the voters who elect the sheriff to sheriff educational requirements: a deputy sheriff should have a two-year associate’s degree or a four-year bachelor’s degree or a certification from a vocational training school, especially in a field such as criminal justice. Digital forensics examiner knows better than anyone that dumping an incriminating document into the computer’s trash does not erase a criminal trail.
A digital forensics examiner is also deeply interested in keeping up to speed with the latest technologies and computer l forensics examiner educational requirements: the job often requires education or certifications in computer science, criminal justice and or computer and digital forensics e 2014 digital forensics examiner salary: $115,000. They evaluate evidence and may also work internationally to stop dangerous criminals who infect the country with illicit drugs. Dea agents need good communication agent educational requirements: typically they need a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, criminology, sociology or in another e 2014 dea agent salary: gs federal pay scale. Federal air marshal must be able to recognize suspicious behavior while at the same time blending in with other passengers in order serve in the most effective way l air marshal educational requirements: applicants with master’s degrees in criminal justice, police science, aviation management, or similar specialties may improve their chances of obtaining a job as a federal air e 2014 federal air marshal salary: $39,358 to $60,982 (entry-level salary). Many agents have studied criminal justice, political science, engineering, computer science, or accounting, and some of them have completed a law e 2014 federal bureau of investigation agent salary: $63,021. Typical bachelor degree programs include: sociology, criminal justice, criminology, emergency management, homeland security, and police e 2014 federal protective service officer salary: federal pay scale. A fingerprint specialist is in her own way reconstructing the portrait of a criminal through using the latest technologies available to piece together bits of evidence accidentally left by a perpetrator of a skills include knowing how to lift prints from all types of surfaces and then examine and compare whatever fingerprint data she has with thousands of records stored in a computerized system. This is a job for a detailed and precision-loving print specialist educational requirements: some jobs may require a four year bachelor’s degree with a major sequence in forensic science or criminal e 2014 fingerprint specialist salary: $81,000. This position also requires an ability to ask the correct questions in a sensitive manner so a witness has time to think and reassemble the mental image of what may be a very quick encounter with a criminal. She then records and carefully files all her findings according to very strict protocols established by the company or government agency that employs asked to testify in a trial, a forensic dna analyst must be able to present their findings in an articulate and clear ic dna analyst educational requirements: individuals interested in a forensic dna analyst careers may obtain undergraduate degrees such as: bachelor of science in biology, dna analysis methods, bachelor of science in biological sciences, bachelor of science in forensic science, bachelor of science in molecular biology and te programs often pursued by individuals interested in careers as forensic dna analysts include: master of science in forensic science, master of science in forensic and conservation genetics, master of science in forensic analysis, master of science in molecular biology, master of science in human and molecular genetics and e 2014 forensic dna analyst salary: $59,000. Degree programs suitable for work in this field, include: criminal justice, forensic science, criminology, biology, biochemistry, chemistry, and r, many employers require study in quantitative analysis and general chemistry. Forensic scientist specializes in exploring criminal evidence which falls in the areas of chemistry, biology, and toxicology. Working in line with blood splatter investigations, semen or saliva analysis, a forensic serologist specializes in the study of bodily fluids linked to criminal ic serologists are experts in the field and in the lab and may determine if blood at a scene is human or animal or if a dna sample matches another sample.
This job is best suited for those who enjoy using their analytical ic serologist educational requirements: a forensic serologist needs at least an undergraduate degree in biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetics or a relevant natural science preferably with additional coursework in math and criminal investigation. Some law enforcement agencies may require advanced degrees as well, either in biology or in forensic science or criminal justice. Forensic toxicologist provides expert analysis of how environmental contaminants come into play during criminal investigations. This is a job for someone interested in exploring how poisons and other chemicals affect the human body and applying those findings to criminal ic toxicologist educational requirements: forensic toxicologists must complete, at a minimum, a bachelor’s degree in forensic science, toxicology, chemistry, clinical chemistry, or a related field. A fraud analyst may also act as an advisor to a company to help prevent the occurrence of such a is a very dynamic occupation as it hinges on knowing the most cutting edge tactics used by criminals who study how to invade systems in order to steal information. Fraud investigators obtain a bachelor degree in an area such as economic crime, fraud management, accounting, criminal justice, law, or business e 2014 fraud investigator salary: $42,000. Perhaps one of the few criminal justice jobs that lives true to its reputation, the homicide detective is a true sleuth who uses his analytical capabilities and courage to solve very serious crimes. Many agencies, however, require homicide detectives have at least a two-year or a four-year degree in criminal justice, forensic science, or a related field, and experience as a sworn law enforcement e 2014 homicide detective salary: $74,300. Ice agents are often the people apprehending criminals who bring illegal guns or drugs into the u. Internal revenue service criminal tax evasion moves from being an oversight and becomes a deliberate act, the internal revenue service or irs sends in a criminal investigator. The issues an irs criminal investigator evaluates usually fall into categories such as money laundering and fraud. Government, an irs criminal investigator needs to be familiar with the techniques used in forensic exploration of computer systems and internet banking irs criminal investigator has a great ability to analyze and interpret complex financial criminal investigator educational requirements: typical qualifications for an irs criminal investigator include: gs-4: an associate’s degree or two years of vocational training; gs-5: a bachelor’s degree or four years of pre-professional education; gs-7: completion of a year of graduate education, bachelor’s degrees with superior academic achievement, or five years of pre-professional education; gs-9: master’s degree or two years of graduate-level e 2014 irs criminal investigator salary: gs federal pay scale. Investigative are those guys sitting in the big black van doing while an undercover detective interacts with a gang of criminals?
This is a job which requires a combination of patience, technological savvy, and a clear understanding of how to interpret human igative specialist educational requirements: an investigative specialist should earn an associate’s degree in criminal justice or two years of college study with a major in criminal justice, criminology, or a related e 2014 investigative specialist salary: $67, a prison structure ages or as more inmates are moved into a facility, a jail inspector oversees any repairs or accommodation adjustments. Good analytical and financial skills are a must in this inspector educational requirements: a jail inspector needs to complete undergraduate core coursework in criminal justice or a related e 2014 jail inspector salary: $54,000. The person who takes on this career, understands human behavior patterns and must be able to predict how well a prisoner will take to being screener educational requirements: a jail screener may seek an associate’s degree with a focus in criminal justice, sociology, psychology, social work, or related e 2014 jail screener salary: $41,000. He may have late night phone calls when emergencies le probation officers should be emotionally ready to see the best and the worst in young people struggling to find a path in le probation officer educational requirements: they usually work for the state and most states require a minimum of a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, social work, psychology, education, or human services. Loss control specialist job often requires travel and frequent appearances at various facilities where the loss control specialist completes control specialist educational requirements: a loss control specialist may obtain a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice or a related field. An nsa police officer must pass drug testing and demonstrate a strong ethical character as well as commit to serving the nsa with police officer educational requirements: an nsa police officer needs at a minimum an associate’s degree (many nsa police officers hold degrees in criminal justice. They need to be comfortable working with potentially dangerous people who are tempted to break the officer educational requirements: a parole officer typically completes coursework for a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, psychology, social work, or related e 2014 parole officer salary: $43, from wearing the traditional police officer uniform, police detectives work to solve particular cases assigned to them. Police officers are excellent record keepers and do not flinch in the face of detective educational requirements: a high school diploma is the minimum education required for this job; though completing a degree program in criminal justice or a related field may have some career benefits. Most law enforcement agencies prefer candidates that have at least an associate’s degree in an area such as criminology, sociology, psychology, or criminal investigation. However, many departments around the country require at least a couple of years of college coursework, such as an associate’s degree in criminal e 2014 police officer salary: $55,270. A prison warden has an excellent understanding of psychology and is a good communicator with a strong sense of order and warden educational requirements: the job typically requires a bachelor’s degree in criminology, criminal justice, administration of justice, social work, or other in other relevant e 2014 prison warden salary: $83,000. A private investigator creates a business and keeps track of expenses as well as organizes information gathered for e investigator educational requirements: while there is no formal education process to becoming a private investigator, a degree in criminal justice might be e 2014 private investigator salary: $39,000. They usually must have a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, sociology, psychology, or a related field.
A related post-secondary education in the natural sciences or criminal justice fields is desirable as is one to three years of property room experience and/or experience working in a laboratory e 2014 property room technician salary: $40,000. Comparable qualifications include degrees in accounting, banking, insurance, real estate, economics, taxation, criminal justice, law enforcement, criminology, law, legal assistant studies, paralegal studies. Security coordinators may also be involved with organizing efforts with police departments or other agencies in the event of disasters or other events which threaten the assets they keep ty coordinator educational requirements: a security coordinator should earn an associate’s degree in criminal justice or security. They need to learn the protocols which involve protection of individuals or government properties at the highest service agent educational requirements: a secret service agent typically has a bachelor’s degree or three years of criminal investigation or police e 2014 secret service agent salary: gl federal pay tors of local highways and byways, state troopers have a great responsibility to ensure drivers stick to the rules of the road. Attention to detail and an ability to clearly document and write reports is central to this trooper educational requirements: some positions require an associate’s degree in criminal justice or in a relevant field. However, many departments around the country require at least a couple of years of college coursework, such as an associate’s degree in criminal e 2014 transit and railroad police officer salary: $52,000. Good understanding of cultural beliefs and habits and excellent computer skills are helpful to a truancy case y case manager educational requirements: employers typically prefer a bachelor’s degree in criminal justice or one of the behavioral sciences (social work, psychology, sociology) from an accredited college or e 2014 truancy case manager salary $33,ing to the u. Marshal educational requirements: most candidates typically need a bachelor’s degree in a field such as criminal justice, criminology, or law e 2014 u. This job requires being comfortable handling numerous cases and dealing with a great deal of times, being a youth correctional counselor can be emotionally draining as topics of drug and sexual abuse correctional counselor educational requirements: candidates typically need a relevant bachelor’s degree in criminal justice, social work, or counseling. The stark realities of the american economy have students flocking to stem and business programs as a fast track to lucrative careers in silicon valley or on wall street. Many degree programs in the humanities and social sciences, the bachelor’s in criminal justice is a course of study that focuses on real-world applications and is therefore in demand by employers in both the public and private sectors. Students in criminal justice programs study theory at the same time as they acquire practical skills that allow them to hit the ground running when they land that first crucial the hallmarks of today’s criminal justice college studies is the opportunity to participate in internship programs that give students a taste of the work world. For-credit experiences in law enforcement, social services, security, state and federal agencies and with the justice system have become commonplace and are even graduation requirements at many colleges.
Concern shared by many criminal justice students is how to achieve a satisfying and reasonably paid career without the necessity of attending graduate school and thereby going more deeply into debt. Although many criminal justice majors ultimately decide to attend law school to become licensed attorneys or go on to pursue a master’s degree to teach college-level courses, there are plenty of opportunities in the field for those with a bachelor’s , is it difficult for a college graduate with a newly minted bachelor’s degree in criminal justice to find a job? More than three million people are employed in the field of criminal justice in the united states today. And that doesn’t count the many adjunct and related professions to which criminal justice graduates lend their terms of demand and compensation, the following are the best bachelor level criminal justice jobs available year, the u. The bureau of justice statistics reports that starting salaries for police officers typically range between $26,600 and $49,500 annually (compare to the $45,327 average starting salary for all graduates last year). With the increasingly competitive job market, however, applicants with a bachelor’s in criminal justice may have a significant edge in landing that first job over their peers with only a high school diploma. Over the years, this can represent a huge advantage over employment in the private sector, where annual salary increases and even cost of living allowances may be tiny or college graduates with a criminal justice degree are finding satisfying work in diverse areas of law enforcement that go far beyond the ubiquitous patrol officer. A bachelor’s in criminal justice can open the door to employment with federal law enforcement agencies such as the federal bureau of investigation (fbi) and the u. If you are excited by the prospect of working to fight terrorism, cybercrime, human trafficking, public corruption and organized crime, then a career with our federal government may be for tions officer or probation criminal justice graduates choose employment in the specialized branch of law enforcement that staffs our prisons, jails and federal, state and county probation agencies. In colleges across the country, criminal justice classes study patterns of deviance, shifting community norms and legal theory. Whether you believe that our laws established criminal penalties primarily for deterrence, retribution or correction and reintegration of offenders into society, corrections staff and probation officers are on the front lines of the criminal justice system every corrections system is at a crossroads today. While some states are revisiting criminal penalties for increasingly acceptable social behaviors such as possession of marijuana, our state and federal prison populations have never been higher. A career as a corrections officer or probation officer offers unparalleled variety and can represent the culmination of your years of college study in the field of criminal unities for entry level correction and probation officers have been increasing in recent years due to the construction of new prisons and as a result of hiring by private companies that are taking over facility contracts from municipal governments.
Such a prospect may seem about as far as one can get from a criminal justice degree. And yet, each year many undergraduates studying criminal justice also complete their state teaching credential. Among skills gained by criminal justice majors that are valuable to teachers are the ability to make coherent presentations, decision making skills, appreciation of diversity and multiculturalism, an understanding of ethics and moral values, and computer gh teaching in a public school district or a private school has the geographical advantage of being available almost anywhere you choose to call home, today’s opportunities in the field of education extend far beyond the teaching of children. The field of adult learning is booming in both the public and private sectors, making a career as a trainer or instructional designer among the best jobs for a college graduate with a bachelor’s in criminal unities to combine teaching with law enforcement exist in many state and federal government agencies. For example, among the careers listed by the federal transportation security administration (tsa) on its website are instructor, curriculum specialist and program analyst. He tells you in a al justice graduates are in a unique position to help our friends and neighbors who may be angry, confused and upset over their entanglements with the legal system. And indeed, many who complete college with a bachelor’s in criminal justice want to be right where the action is — in the courthouse. Among the available roles for criminal justice majors are bailiff, courtroom assistant, court clerk, criminal law supervisor, court manager, case administrator, court operations specialist, pretrial services officer and family law mediator. You can check it out for yourself at http:///careers/rized by such prime time tv shows as “csi: miami” and “the first 48,” jobs in forensic science are among the more “sexy” options available to graduates with a bachelor’s in criminal justice. Here’s a brief list of just a few of the job titles available today at the intersection of law and science:Ballistics spatter scene ic logical a bachelor’s in criminal justice serves as excellent training for these types of positions, most of them also require extensive coursework in the sciences, particularly biology, chemistry and physics. Forensics is one part of the criminal justice system in which the scientific method is as important as proper police procedure. Expertise in forensics can easily lead to six-figure salaries and is likely some of the most fascinating work available to criminal justice graduates. In fact, the undergraduate coursework in sociology, criminology and psychology completed by criminal justice majors is ideal preparation for private security ment agencies and private businesses alike depend on their security forces to handle emergencies and prevent crime and economic loss.
Per hour or $27,240 annually, with salaries in some areas of the country trending below $20,al justice majors spend much of their college careers studying the social forces at work in our communities and the causes of crime. This serves as wonderful preparation for such careers in public service as social worker, guidance counselor, public benefits interviewer, human services assistant, family law mediator and child custody recommending counselor. Whether serving as an ombudsman for poor families seeking cash aid or food assistance, presenting drug abuse prevention programs in the schools or counseling minors incarcerated in juvenile detention facilities, employment in the social services can be a rewarding career path for those with a criminal justice addition, criminal justice graduates should not overlook the many staff services and policy analyst positions available with state agencies such as the department of children and family services and the department of health and human gal / legal bureau of labor statistics projects an 18% increase in paralegal and legal assistant jobs by 2020. This has become an increasingly popular career path for criminal justice majors who choose to avoid the time and expense of attending law school. While this may improve earnings capacity, many law firms do not require it of those with a bachelor’s in criminal justice. A compliance manager with a bachelor’s in criminal justice can serve as a counterbalance to these forces and may ultimately save the company millions of dollars in unnecessary fines and litigation duties of a compliance manager may include writing standard operating procedures and job hazard analyses that meet federal and state standards, conducting safety studies, performing legal research, examining contracts and other legal documents, engaging in policy development and conducting staff training. College graduates with a bachelor’s in criminal justice tend to be well suited to this type of work due to their ability to understand and interpret federal and state law as well as due to their familiarity with modern social problems and ethical resources generalists are typically involved in the processes of recruitment, hiring, promotion, discipline and termination, all of which require careful compliance with contract and anti-discrimination laws.
