Define anonymity in research

The research methods terrain, read definitions of key terminology, and discover content relevant to your research methods lists of key research methods and statistics resources created by all you need to know to plan your research an appropriate statistical method using this straightforward ity | encyclopedia of survey research by: paul j. Isbn: publication date: january 1, pology, business and management, communication and media studies, criminology and criminal justice, economics, education, geography, health, marketing, nursing, political science and international relations, psychology, social policy and public policy, social work, ity is denned somewhat differently in survey research than in its more general use. According to the american heritage dictionary, anonymity is the quality or state of being unknown or unacknowledged.

However, in survey research, the concept is more complex and open to interpretation by the various organizations that conduct the form closest to the standard definition, anonymity refers to data collected from respondents who are completely unknown to anyone associated with the survey. That is, only the respondent knows that he or she participated in the survey, and the survey researcher can not identify the participants. More often, anonymity refers to data collected in surveys in which the respondents are de-identified and all possible identifying characteristics are separated from the publicly available data.

Like you do not have access to this login or find out how to gain l issues in survey researchanonymitybeneficencecell suppressioncertificate of confidentialitycommon ruleconfidentialityconsent formdebriefingdeceptiondisclosuredisclosure limitationethical principlesfalsificationinformed consentinstitutional review board (irb)minimal riskperturbation methodsprivacyprotection of human subjectsrespondent debriefingsurvey ethicsvoluntary participationmeasurement - interviewerconversational interviewingdependent interviewinginterviewer effectsinterviewer neutralityinterviewer varianceinterviewer-related errornondirective probingprobingstandardized survey interviewingverbatim responsesmeasurement - modemode effectsmode-related errormeasurement - questionnaireaided recallaided recognitionattitude measurementattitude strengthattitudesaural communicationbalanced questionbehavioral questionbipolar scalebogus questionboundingbranchingcheck all that applyclosed-ended questioncodebookcognitive interviewingconstructconstruct validitycontext effectcontingency questiondemographic measuredependent variablediarydon't knows (dks)double negativedouble-barreled questiondrop-down menusevent history calendarexhaustivefactorial survey method (rossi's method)feeling thermometerforced choicegestalt psychologygraphical languageguttman scalehtml boxesitem order randomizationitem response theoryknowledge questionlanguage translationslikert scalelist-experiment techniquemail questionnairemutually exclusiveopen-ended questionpaired comparison techniqueprecoded questionprimingpsychographic measurequestion order effectsquestion stemquestionnairequestionnaire designquestionnaire lengthquestionnaire-related errorradio buttonsrandom orderrandom startrandomized responserankingratingreference periodresponse alternativesresponse order effectsself-administered questionnaireself-reported measuresemantic differential techniquesensitive topicsshow cardstep-ladder questiontrue valueunaided recallunbalanced questionunfolding questionvignette questionvisual communicationmeasurement - respondentacquiescence response biasbehavior codingcognitive aspects of survey methodology (casm)comprehensionencodingextreme response stylekey informantmisreportingnonattitudenondifferentiationoverreportingpanel conditioningpanel fatiguepositivity biasprimacy effectreactivityrecency effectrecord checkrespondentrespondent burdenrespondent fatiguerespondent-related errorresponseresponse biasresponse latencyretrievalreverse record checksatisficingsocial desirabilitytelescopingunderreportingmeasurement - miscellaneouscoder variancecodingcontent analysisfield codingfocus groupintercoder reliabilityinterrater reliabilityinterval measurelevel of measurementlitigation surveysmeasurement errornominal measureordinal measurepilot testratio measurereliabilityreplicationsplit-halfnonresponse - item-levelmissing datanonresponsenonresponse - outcome codes and ratesbusiescompleted interviewcompletion ratecontact ratecontactabilitycontactscooperation rateefast busyfinal dispositionshang-up during introduction (hudi)household refusalineligiblelanguage barriernoncontact ratenoncontactsnoncooperation ratenonresidentialnonresponse ratesnumber changedout of orderout of samplepartial completionrefusalrefusal raterespondent refusalresponse ratesstandard definitionstemporary dispositionsunable to participateunavailable respondentunknown eligibilityunlisted householdnonresponse - unit-leveladvance contactattritioncontingent incentivescontrolled accesscooperationdifferential attritiondifferential nonresponseeconomic exchange theoryfallback statementsgatekeeperignorable nonresponseincentivesintroductionleverage-saliency theorynoncontingent incentivesnonignorable nonresponsenonresponsenonresponse biasnonresponse errorrefusal avoidancerefusal avoidance training (rat)refusal conversionrefusal report form (rrf)response propensitysaliencysocial exchange theorysocial isolationtailoringtotal design method (tdm)unit nonresponseoperations - generaladvance letterbilingual interviewingcasedata managementdispositionsfield directorfield periodmode of data collectionmulti-level integrated database approach (mida)paper-and-pencil interviewing (papi)paradataquality controlrecontactreinterviewresearch managementsample managementsample replicatessupervisorsurvey coststechnology-based trainingvalidationverificationvideo computer-assisted self-interviewing (vcasi)operations - in-person surveysaudio computer-assisted self-interviewing (acasi)case-control studycomputer-assisted personal interviewing (capi)computer-assisted self-interviewing (casi)computerized self-administered questionnaires (csaq)control sheetface-to-face interviewingfield workresidence rulesoperations - interviewer-administered surveysinterviewerinterviewer characteristicsinterviewer debriefinginterviewer monitoringinterviewer monitoring form (imf)interviewer productivityinterviewer traininginterviewingnonverbal behaviorrespondent-interviewer rapportrole playingtraining packetusability testingoperations - mall surveyscover letterdisk by mailmail surveyoperations - telephone surveysaccess linesanswering machine messagescall forwardingcall screeningcall sheetcallbackscaller idcalling rulescold callcomputer-assisted telephone interviewing (cati)do-not-call (dnc) registriesfederal communications commission (fcc) regulationsfederal trade commission (ftc) regulationshit rateinbound callinginteractive voice response (ivr)listed numbermatched numbernontelephone householdnumber portabilitynumber verificationoutbound callingpredictive dialingprefixprivacy managerresearch call centerreverse directorysuffix bankssupervisor-to-interviewer ratiotelephone consumer protection act 1991telephone penetrationtelephone surveystouchtone data entryunmatched numberunpublished numbervideophone interviewingvoice over internet protocol (voip) and the virtual computer-assisted telephone interview (cati) facilitypolitical and election polling800 poll900 pollabc news/washington post pollapproval ratingsbandwagon and underdog effectscall-in pollscomputerized-response audience polling (crap)convention bouncedeliberative pollelection night projectionselection pollsexit pollsfavorability ratingsfruginghorse race journalismleaning voterslikely votermedia pollsmethods boxnational council on public polls (ncpp)national election pool (nep)national election studies (nes)new york times/cbs news pollpollpolling review board (prb)pollsterprecision journalismpre-election pollspre-primary pollsprior restraintprobable electoratepseudo-pollspush pollsrolling averagessample precinctself-selected listener opinion poll (slop)straw pollssubgroup analysissugingtracking pollstrend analysistrial heat questionundecided voterspublic opinionagenda settingconsumer sentiment indexissue definition (framing)knowledge gapmass beliefsopinion normsopinion questionopinionsperception questionpolitical knowledgepublic opinionpublic opinion researchquality of life indicatorsquestion wording as discourse indicatorssocial capitalspiral of silencethird-person effecttopic saliencytrust in governmentsampling, coverage, and weightingadaptive samplingadd-a-digit samplingaddress-based samplingarea framearea probability samplecapture-recapture samplingcell phone only householdcell phone samplingcensuscluster sampleclusteringcomplex sample surveysconvenience samplingcoveragecoverage errorcross-sectional survey designcutoff samplingdesignated respondentdirectory samplingdisproportionate allocation to stratadual-frame samplingduplicationelementseligibilityemail surveyepsem sampleequal probability of selectionerror of nonobservationerrors of commissionerrors of omissionestablishment surveyexternal validityfield surveyfinite populationframegeographic screeninghagan and collier selection methodhalf-open intervalinformantinternet pop-up pollsinternet surveysinterpenetrated designinverse samplingkish selection methodlast-birthday selectionlist samplinglist-assisted samplinglog-in pollslongitudinal studiesmail surveymall intercept surveymitofsky-waksberg samplingmixed-modemulti-mode surveysmultiple-frame samplingmultiplicity samplingmulti-stage samplennnetwork samplingneyman allocationnoncoveragenonprobability samplingnonsampling erroroptimal allocationovercoveragepanelpanel surveypopulationpopulation of inferencepopulation of interestpost-stratificationprimary sampling unit (psu)probability of selectionprobability proportional to size (pps) samplingprobability samplepropensity scorespropensity-weighted web surveyproportional allocation to strataproxy respondentpurposive samplequota samplingrandomrandom samplingrandom-digit dialing (rdd)ranked-set sampling (rss)rare populationsregistration-based sampling (rbs)repeated cross-sectional designreplacementrepresentative sampleresearch designrespondent-driven sampling (rds)reverse directory samplingrotating panel designsamplesample designsample sizesamplingsampling fractionsampling framesampling intervalsampling poolsampling without replacementscreeningsegmentsself-selected sampleself-selection biassequential samplingsimple random samplesmall area estimationsnowball samplingstratastratified samplingsuperpopulationsurveysystematic samplingtarget populationtelephone householdstelephone surveystroldahl-carter-bryant respondent selection methodundercoverageunitunit coverageunit of observationuniversewaveweb surveyweightingwithin-unit coveragewithin-unit coverage errorwithin-unit selectionzero-number bankssurvey industryamerican association for public opinion research (aapor)american community survey (acs)american statistical association section on survey research methods (asa-srms)behavioral risk factor surveillance system (brfss)bureau of labor statistics (bls)cochran, w. L for marketing and opinion research (cmor)council of american survey research organizations (casro)crossley, archibaldcurrent population survey (cps)gallup pollgallup, georgegeneral social survey (gss)hansen, morrisinstitute for social research (isr)international field directors and technologies conference (ifd&tc)international journal of public opinion research (ijpor)international social survey programme (issp)joint program in survey methodology (jpsm)journal of official statistics (jos)kish, leslienational health and nutrition examination survey (nhanes)national health interview survey (nhis)national household education surveys (nhes) programnational opinion research center (norc)pew research centerpublic opinion quarterly (poq)roper center for public opinion researchroper, elmosheatsley, paulstatistics canadasurvey methodologysurvey sponsortelemarketingu. Bureau of the censusworld association for public opinion research (wapor)survey statisticsalgorithmalpha, significance level of testalternative hypothesisanalysis of variance (anova)attenuationauxiliary variablebalanced repeated replication (brr)biasbootstrappingchi-squarecomposite estimationconfidence intervalconfidence levelconstantcontingency tablecontrol groupcorrelationcovariancecronbach's alphacross-sectional datadata swappingdesign effects (deff)design-based estimationecological fallacyeffective sample sizeexperimental designfactorial designfinite population correction (fpc) factorfrequency distributionf-testhot-deck imputationimputationindependent variableinferenceinteraction effectinternal validityinterval estimateintracluster homogeneityjackknife variance estimationlevel of analysismain effectmargin of error (moe)marginalsmeanmean square errormedianmetadatamodemodel-based estimationmultiple imputationnoncausal covariationnull hypothesisoutlierspanel data analysisparameterpercentage frequency distributionpercentilepoint estimatepopulation parameterpost-survey adjustmentsprecisionprobabilityp-valuerakingrandom assignmentrandom errorraw datarecoded variableregression analysisrelative frequencyreplicate methods for variance estimationresearch hypothesisresearch questionrhosampling biassampling errorsampling variancesasseam effectsignificance levelsolomon four-group designstandard errorstandard error of the meanstatastatisticstatistical package for the social sciences (spss)statistical powersudaansystematic errortaylor series linearizationtest-retest reliabilitytotal survey error (tse)t-testtype i errortype ii errorunbiased statisticvalidityvariablevariancevariance e the methods e the methods to your note that some file types are incompatible with some mobile and tablet devices.

Or create a profile so that you can save clips, playlists, and log in from an authenticated institution or log into your member profile to access the email content related to this to main to skip menu your search your search to skip menu main ch phi data security plan policies & to skip menu main ting confidentiality & for the retention, storage and transfer of human subjects research records [view/download policy]. Questionnaire answers), researchers must do their best and may need to be creative to provide the utmost confidentiality of subject data. Store data documents within locked locations; and/ security codes to computerized entiality vs ining confidentiality of information collected from research participants means that only the investigator(s) or individuals of the research team can identify the responses of individual subjects; however, the researchers must make every effort to prevent anyone outside of the project from connecting individual subjects with their ing anonymity of information collected from research participants means that either the project does not collect identifying information of individual subjects (e.

A study should not collect identifying information of research participants unless it is essential to the study collection es of data collection instruments include:Data collection instruments must not contain information that could readily identify participants (i. Security / account face photos & comparable use of study codes is an effective method for protecting the confidentiality of research participants. This will allow researchers to match survey instruments for longitudinal tion of subjects' date-of-birth (policy no.

However, if the researcher can provide scientific justification as to why that personally identifiable information (pii) is required/necessary to complete the research aims, and the explanation is satisfactory to the irb, approval may be granted by the irb to collect that information. To main to skip menu your search your search to skip menu main ch phi data security plan policies & to skip menu main ting confidentiality & for the retention, storage and transfer of human subjects research records [view/download policy]. Are going through a time of profound change in our understanding of the ethics d social research.

There was a gradually developing consensus about the key ethical principles underlie the research endeavor. Cancer patients and persons fought publicly with the medical research establishment about the long time needed approval for and complete research into potential cures for fatal diseases. But now, those who were threatened illness were saying to the research establishment that they wanted to be ts, even under experimental conditions of considerable risk.

You had several and articulate patient groups who wanted to be experimented on coming up against l review system that was designed to protect them from being experimented gh the last few years in the ethics of research have been tumultuous ones, it ing to appear that a new consensus is evolving that involves the stakeholder affected by a problem participating more actively in the formulation of research. Allowing anyone who is willing to be are a number of key phrases that describe the system of ethical protections contemporary social and medical research establishment have created to try to the rights of their research participants. The principle of ipation requires that people not be coerced into participating in is especially relevant where researchers had previously relied on 'captive audiences'.

Closely related to of voluntary participation is the requirement of informed ially, this means that prospective research participants must be fully the procedures and risks involved in research and must give their consent ipate. Ethical standards also require that researchers not put participants in ion where they might be at risk of harm as a result of ipation. There are rds that are applied in order to help protect the privacy of research all research guarantees the participants confidentiality -- they d that identifying information will not be made available to anyone who is ly involved in the study.

Clearly, the anonymity standard is a tee of privacy, but it is sometimes difficult to accomplish, especially ions where participants have to be measured at multiple time points (e. Increasingly, researchers have had to deal with the ethical issue of 's right to service. But when that treatment or program may cial effects, persons assigned to the no-treatment control may feel their rights access to services are being when clear ethical standards and principles exist, there will be times when to do accurate research runs up against the rights of potential participants.

Furthermore, there be a procedure that assures that researchers will consider all relevant ethical formulating research plans. Ing proposals for research, irbs also help to protect both the organization and cher against potential legal implications of neglecting to address important of ght 2006, william m. Trochim, all rights se a printed copy of the research methods revised: 10/20/ble of contentsnavigatingfoundationslanguage of researchphilosophy of researchethics in researchconceptualizingevaluation re browser does not support javascript.

You should still be able to navigate through these materials but selftest questions will not a literature ce on research ethics for research involving human nce of ethics in nce of ethics within the research and principles of ethical practice. The more pieces of information that are presented together, the easier it is to identify sations, units, and groups may also need their anonymity protected. Take as many precautions as you can to protect anonymity, and only promise the level of anonymity that you can realistically provide.

Where the aim of your research is specifically to access private feelings, stories, and concerns, you will need to be clear about how the confidentiality of that data will be respected. Notion that anonymity should be the default position is challenged in a useful article by grinyer (2002). She suggests that in some research contexts, for example in oral history, it is possible that participants may be keen for their own voices to be acknowledged, and be happy to have their identity made known alongside their contribution to the research.