Factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy

Licensee: aosis is an open access article distributed under the terms of ve commons attribution license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution,And reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly s contributing to teenage pregnancy in the capricorn district of the limpopo this original research... Adolescents may lack knowledge of access to conventional methods ting pregnancy, as they may be afraid to seek such information. The study purpose was to identify factors contributing to teenage one village in the capricorn district of the limpopo province. Population consisted of all pregnant teenagers attending antenatal care during june 2007 at one clinic in the capricorn district of the limpopo province. Findings further revealed that 60% of the respondents started to engage in sex at 13–15 years; 48% of the teenagers’. The strategies focused on reproductive health services, male adult-teenager communication limpopo province is one of nine provinces of the republic of south africa and is situated in the far northern part of the country, its is polokwane. The study was the capricorn district which is central to the entire districts and it has urban, semi-urban and rural e the extensive attention given to adolescent sexuality and teenage pregnancy in the past 30 years, many teenagers were still nt (van eijk 2007). Teenage pregnancy has become a national epidemic, partly because more and more teenagers who give birth decide to raise their children. That teenage pregnancy is more common amongst young people who have been disadvantaged and have poor expectations of either ion or the job market. Premature sexual intercourse results in high rates of sexually transmitted diseases, hiv transmission, adolescent pregnancy ons (mkhwanazi 2006). Unprotected sexual intercourse can lead to an unwanted adolescent pregnancy which is often considered a serious social and public health ers have a high risk of unintended pregnancy (mestad et al. Richter and mlambo (2005) said teenage pregnancy appears to aged by lack of access to sex education. Some parents are reluctant to make sex education and contraceptives available to their teenagers,As they are afraid that their teenagers might interpret this as permission to engage in sexual activities. They further pointed out that reluctant to visit clinics to obtain contraceptives and thus do not make use of available health services. Morake (2011) revealed ers appear to be ignorant about issues such as puberty, pregnancy and contraception. Whereas manlove, terry, gitelson, pappilo and russel (2000) said that the consistent reliance on effective forms of contraception . Teenage pregnancy involves recognising the complexities surrounding teenagers’ attitudes and knowledge about the use ceptives (phipps et al.

What factors contribute to teenage pregnancy

Knowledge on sexual and reproductive issues amongst teenagers in sekhukhune and waterberg districts o province is low morake (2011). There is also a lot of misinformation on sexual and reproductive issues that affect teenagers. Most adolescents lack information on sexuality and contraception, as most of the education that is presented on this matter is limited (arai 2003;. The study by kaufman, de wet and stadler (2001) indicated that there was a slightly of knowledge about modern methods of contraception amongst teenagers. The authors further reported that young mothers in soweto, south africa,Did not have knowledge of sexuality and information on contraception and contraceptive use. Morake (2011) indicated that in the reports of ment of health of the limpopo province, adolescents were reportedly not good contraceptive users, because they might not admit to ly active. Other studies reported that adolescents had inaccurate knowledge on the use of contraceptive (bankole et al. It implies that supplying adequate information about sexual behaviours and contraceptives to teenagers should be of paramount importance. 2007) outlines that even though a large number of teenage girls aged between 15–19 reported knowledge about methods of family planning,Contraceptive use is low. Kaufman, de wet and stadler (2001) pointed out that amongst other barriers, clinic staff disapproves of teenagers ly active; ignorance about reproduction; misunderstanding by young people; and false assumptions and ignorance surrounding ers believe that pregnancy cannot result from the initial act of intercourse, but only by repeated sexual encounters. Teenagers are nded by sexual images and messages, which imply that sexual activity is the norm (mwaba 2000). High teenage pregnancy rates seem to exist capricorn district of the limpopo province and this was also mentioned by morake (2011) who indicated that statistics reflect that four out girls fall pregnant at least once before they reach the age of 20. This leads to the situation where it seems as is compulsory amongst teenagers without giving due consideration that they should reach maturity age before engaging in sexual is against this background that the study on factors that contribute to teenage pregnancies was conducted in one village of the ct in the limpopo purpose of this study was to identify factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy in one village of the capricorn district in the ce. The following research questions were used to guide the study:• which factors contribute to teenage pregnancy in one village of capricorn district in the limpopo province? Are there any pregnancy prevention strategies available within the community at this village of the capricorn district in limpopo province? Of the objectives and the specific aims of this study were to:• explore and describe the factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in the capricorn district of the limpopo province and• propose recommendations to strengthen pregnancy prevention strategies that are relevant to the needs of the community of this village capricorn district of the limpopo tion of er: a teenager is an individual in the transitional stage of development between childhood and full adulthood, representing the period during which a person is biologically adult but emotionally not fully matured (south african concise oxford dictionary 2005). In this study, er is a female person aged between 13–19 ncy: pregnancy is the state in which a foetus develops in the uterus of a woman of childbearing age, during the period from birth (south african concise oxford dictionary 2005).

The context of this study, pregnancy refers to a period of gestation when a woman aged between 13–19 years has conceived an in her icance of is anticipated that the study would contribute to the prevention of teenage pregnancies. The guidelines could be used in health care educate teenagers how to avoid unwanted ch method and design. This approach has been used to objective facts about factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy that could be statistically analysed and interpreted. In this study t was made to obtain information from pregnant teenagers and to identify human behaviour that contributes to teenage pregnancy in e in the capricorn district of the limpopo descriptive design was selected as it is concerned with gathering more information about the phenomenon studied. This research design le to obtain relevant information and to describe and identify factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy in one village in the ct of the limpopo province (brink 2006). And study population consisted of 103 pregnant teenagers attending antenatal care during the last weeks of june, july and august 2007 at in the capricorn district of the limpopo province. Probability, simple random sampling was used to ensure that all subjects had an of being included in the study. Sample consisted of 100 pregnant teenagers who satisfied the inclusion criteria, their ages ranging between 13–19 years and who picked. The questionnaires consisted of 23 questions that were divided parts namely, demographic data, factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy and sexual behaviour. The researcher hand-delivered the questionnaires to those pregnant teenagers who consented to hout the time when the participants were completing the questionnaires, the researchers were present either to clarify misunderstanding answer any questions (de vos et al. Each score was listed separately which the results were subdivided into classes, collection of scores and percentages of those scores which were grouped together, aphic data, factors leading to sexual encounters and factors that contributed to teenage pregnancy (brink 2006). The quality of the research was ensured by adhering to the highest possible standards of research tability and the ability to execute the research sion to sample the pregnant teenagers was obtained from the clinic supervisor and primary health care district manager. Confidentiality and anonymity were protecting the participants’ identity, privacy, self worth and dignity by not indicating the subjects’ names on the ty and ty was ensured through probability, simple random sampling and ensuring that every member of the population had an equal chance of the study. The researchers guaranteed that the sampling method could be applied repeatedly to the same respondents and would yield the s (brink 2006; de vos et al. Of hundred (n = 100) pregnant teenagers (between 13 and 19) who were attending antenatal care at one clinic in the capricorn district of o province participated voluntarily in the study. The study results reflected that 10% of the participants were married whilst 90% of the participants were single during their when they became of first engagement in sexual -two per cent (62%) of the respondents started engaging in sexual activities between the age of 13 years and 15 years; 54% engaged for time in sexual intercourse between the age of between 16 years 19 years whilst 4% started at the age of 10–12 years. 2004) who found that amongst teenage girls interviewed in south africa, 35% were teenagers aged 19 years of which 53% pregnancies had either been unplanned at 36% or unwanted at 17%.

As a result of the first sexual intercourse – was experienced by teenagers between the age of 13 years and 16 -eight per cent (48%) of the respondents had partners who were 21 years and above; 43% had partners between 19–20 years and 9% rs between 16–18 years. The vast majority of teenagers became pregnant by partners who were older than they were. Mwaba (2000) disagreed, indicating that the older boys and their refusal to use condoms during sexual intercourse, were the main reasons for teenage -economic -four per cent (44%) of participants depended on their single mother’s income, others worked as domestic workers; 20% depended on ’s income and 12% depended on the income of both parents. It was evident from the study findings that most pregnant teenagers depended on a single mother’s eijk (2007) indicated that teenagers from lower income families are more likely to report having sexual intercourse regardless of the ure or race. It is further pointed out that teenagers from single parent family homes are more likely to report having sexual less of the income of the support of the study findings van eijk (2007) indicated that the widespread belief that young women are having children specifically so access a grant is unfounded because the teenagers in this study who were pregnant and were receiving a child support grant were few s contributing to teenage l factors are strongly associated with and contribute to the increased risk of an early pregnancy. These factors include: lack of sex and how to use contraceptives; barriers to access contraceptives including negative attitudes of health staff; peer pressure; on; low self-esteem; low educational expectations; poverty; family breakdown; and heightened sex-based messages in the respondents in this study had knowledge about the use of contraceptives and other ways of preventing unwanted pregnancy apart from ence from sexual activity. The results revealed that 88% of participants were knowledgeable about the use of contraceptives and 12% who were knowledgeable about contraceptives chose not to use them or keep the use of any contraceptives a secret. Other reasons for ing the contraceptives were that teenagers were reluctant to take contraceptive precautions for fear of complications and ion, despite their knowledge about the importance of the use of those contraceptives (ritcher & mlambo 2005). The findings by mlambo (2005) outlined that teenage pregnancies resulted from lack of knowledge about contraception and many other misconceptions. It ted that injectable contraceptives cause weight gain and watery discharges, whilst contraceptive pills were only taken when they intercourse or only after the engagement because it could prevent them from becoming pregnant when used in that way. 2000) teenage girls expressed a preference for receiving the injectable contraceptive and stated that condoms were not their birth of choice. Respondents further mentioned that teenage boys did not visit family planning clinics and were reluctant to use condoms as. The teenage boys refused to use condoms because they commented that sex with a s leading to sexual usage: the study findings pointed out that 96% of the respondents didn’t use drugs, 4% did smoke, and 92% didn’t l whereas 8% drank alcohol. In support of the study findings van eijk (2007) indicated that substance abuse was long recognised as one greatest health and social problems in south africa which resulted in teenage pregnancies because teenagers engaged in sexual t making calculated decisions due to the influence of alcohol. Additionally it was outlined that drinking became more common as moved through their teenage years rising to 45% amongst 15 year olds and this was proven to be a cause of teenage tions of the study results are limited to one village in the capricorn district and will not be generalised to all villages in the district. It ted that the same study be conducted in other villages in order to determine the factors which contribute to teenage pregnancies teenagers who attend the clinics for antenatal factors driving teenage pregnancy are complex and varied and therefore require multifaceted intervention strategies. There is a wide variety gies aimed at preventing adolescent pregnancy including education programmes, family planning services, school-based health centres,Youth-friendly clinics and youth development programmes.

The following pregnancy prevention strategies are recommended based on the results study:• develop more effective preventive measures for teenage pregnancy and have solutions that might prevent unplanned teenage pregnancy. Pregnancy prevention programmes with guidelines should be available and utilised appropriately in all areas where teenagers are found. Increase awareness and knowledge about and availability of emergency hormonal contraception; since this safe, effective and reliable post-coital contraception is paramount to tackle the unplanned pregnancy rates. Facilitate the establishment of adult-teenage communication programmes with guidelines to give adults information and communicate effectively with young people about reducing risky behaviour. Facilitate the establishment of male involvement programmes for prevention efforts that specifically target boys and . Young men have information needs and anxieties about sex and increase in the number of teenage pregnancies is causing great concern and is becoming a critical issue. This situation requires the ion of every section of society in order to prevent family life from disintegrating researchers would like to acknowledge the clinic supervisor and the district manager for having allowed them to conduct the research in authors of this article declare that they had no financial or personal relationship(s) which had inappropriately influenced them in s’ contributions. 2003, ‘low expectations, sexual attitudes and knowledge: explaining teenage pregnancy and fertility in english ts from qualitative research’, the sociological review 51, 199– adolescents in four countries in sub-saharan africa. 2006, ‘teenage pregnancy and gender identities in the making in a post apartheid south african township’, tation, department of anthropology, university of , a. 1995, ‘factors associated with adolescent pregnancy in rural nigeria’, journal of youth and adolescence 24(4),Phipps, m. 2005, ‘perceptions of rural teenagers on teenage pregnancy’, health sa gesondheid 10(2),61– african oxford school dictionary, 2007, oxford university press southern africa, cape africa, studies in family planning 32(2), 147– eijk, r. 2007, factors contributing to teenage pregnancies in rarotonga, united nations population fund (unfpa), ncy and what to e pregnancy is defined as an unintended pregnancy during adolescence. Approximately 750,000 of 15- to 19-year-olds become pregnant each year, according to the american college of obstetricians and gynecologists, though many teenagers do not believe that they will get pregnant if they engage in sexual adolescence, teenagers often feel pressure to make friends and fit in with their peers. Teenagers have sex as a way to appear cool and sophisticated, but in some cases the end result is an unplanned teen pregnancy. The kaiser family foundation states that more than 29 percent of pregnant teens reported that they felt pressured to have sex, and 33 percent of pregnant teens stated that they felt that they were not ready for a sexual relationship, but proceeded anyway because they feared ridicule or girls are more likely to get pregnant if the have limited or no guidance from their parents. Many parents have busy lives that prevent them from providing the guidance and support that their young teenagers need to make good decisions on issues such as sex, according to the website parent dish. When a teen does not feel that she can talk to her parents about sex either because they forbid sex talk or because they are not around, she will more than likely turn to friends for direction on whether or not to have sex, resulting in misinformation and possible teen movie industry and the media contribute to teenage pregnancy by glamorizing teen pregnancy in news stories and movies.

Movies that depict teen pregnancy as something to be desired encourage teens to engage in reckless sexual activity, according to abc's "good morning america. They want to be seen as part of the group, so if teen pregnancy is viewed as acceptable in their school or amongst their friends, they may seek to become pregnant as a way to gain social ers who are uneducated about sex are more likely to have an unintended pregnancy. Many times, teens do not have the knowledge needed to make informed and responsible decisions about whether or not to engage in sexual activity that can alter their can become pregnant as a result of sexual abuse or rape. The guttmacher institute states that between 43 and 62 percent of teens acknowledge that they were impregnated by an adult male, and two-thirds report that their babies' fathers are as old as 27. Approximately 5 percent of all teen births are the result of a drinking can cause an unexpected pregnancy, according to the website love to know. Drinking lowers a teen’s ability to control her impulses, contributing to 75 percent of pregnancies that occur between the ages 14 and 21. Approximately 91 percent of pregnant teens reported that although they were drinking at the time, they did not originally plan to have sex when they weight. Pounds per 2 pounds per e signs of antages of teenage are the risks of teenage pregnancy? In adolescent problems faced by teen of preventing teenage of safe fish to eat while it safe to use steam therapy when pregnant? Eating strategies/caloric e signs of antages of teenage are the risks of teenage pregnancy? It is necessary to understand the associated risk and protective factors in order to appropriately implement prevention efforts. Risk factors encourage, or increase, behaviors that increase the likelihood of teen pregnancy, while protective factors decrease these behaviors. These factors can occur in multiple domains, such as individual (teen’s attitude), family (poverty status), and community (available resources). Risk factors include living in poverty, limited maternal educational achievement, and having a mother who gave birth before the age of 20. Additional risk factors include being from a single-parent home, living in a home with frequent family conflict, early sexual activity, early use of alcohol and drugs, and low self-esteem. Lastly, a teen’s race and ethnicity can be a risk factor for teen protective factors include open communication with parents and/or adults about accurate contraception use, parental support and healthy family dynamics, and peer use of condoms. Protective factors also include positive attitudes towards condom use, intent to abstain from sex or limit one’s number of partners, and accurate knowledge of sexual health, hiv infection, sexually transmitted infections, the importance of abstinence, and pregnancy.

Fying these factors is important because it can help effectively guide teen pregnancy prevention program planning and implementation by focusing on the specific and varied needs of the youth in the community. Learn more about teen pregnancy prevention efforts being supported by the federal s for disease control and prevention (cdc): overview of web page from the cdc goes over the different types of contraception that are available, how they work, and the effectiveness of each : overview of birth web page from gives an overview of possible questions young women may have regarding birth control and birth control options. Washington state health department, 20072 centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), national center for chronic disease prevention and health, 20113 cdc, national center for chronic disease prevention and health, 2011; kirby, lepore, & ryan, 20054 cdc, 2011c; martinez, copen, & abma, resources on this awards teen pregnancy prevention program : estimates of contraceptive need among currently sexually active, uninsured s: teen pregnancy prevention program evaluation findings (fy 2010-2014). Teen pregnancy prevention (tpp) replication study: study overview, baseline profiles, and design ce: teen pregnancy prevention evidence ce: updated findings from the hhs teen pregnancy prevention evidence oration 's your future project. Forum on emphasizing evidence-based a’s young adults, releases 2013 youth risk behavior surveillance system hhs event in recognition of teen pregnancy prevention awards teen pregnancy prevention program al teen pregnancy prevention month, cdc web page responds to teens’ need for positive messages and complete information to prevent teen teen pregnancy prevention funding ing strategies and existing gaps in supporting pregnant and parenting on well-being of nation’s children pregnancy prevention & social media web pregnancy prevention e pregnancy prevention and youth services al academies board on children, youth, and es in state teen birth rates by race and hispanic groups of teens who need pregnancy prevention more than some might leaders charge communities to continue critical efforts to prevent teen ns of health insurance coverage around the time of pregnancy among women with live-born infants — pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system (prams), 29 states, activity, contraceptive use, and childbearing of teenagers aged 15–19 in the united -picture teen pregnancy prevention: four things to do when teen birth rates don’t personal responsibility education program (prep): launching a nationwide adolescent pregnancy prevention : preliminary data for igating how to help urban minority teens 'co-parent'. Births in the united : family and youth services bureau highlights in 2014 & : reduced disparities in birth rates among teens aged 15–19 years — united states, 2006–2007 and 2013–s: oah teen pregnancy prevention program evaluation ch: does sexual orientation affect teen pregnancy risk? Apps help prevent teen pregnancy and promote youth sexual ce: how does talking to extended family influence teens' decisions about sex? Integrating medical and mental health care for teen ce: pregnancy assistance fund (paf) successful ce: six subjects to prepare youth for ce: supporting pregnant and parenting with youth: apps promote youth sexual 's teen pregnancy and social t to incorporate adolescent relationship abuse prevention into existing adolescent pregnancy prevention orating relationship abuse prevention into your adolescent pregnancy prevention iew with director of the union city sustained youth development t: teen pregnancy prevention for lgbtq from the field: lgbt-friendly teen pregnancy t archive: make the connection: how positive youth development offers promise for teen health and teen pregnancy speak out: approaching difficult subjects through pregnancy prevention web page for show your love ’s teen pregnancy prevention month teen pregnancy prevention resource ting pregnancies in younger ce: teen pregnancy prevention online ncy preventionfederal data sourcesrisk and protective factorsadverse effectsfederal a youth topic shared ce: teen pregnancy prevention evidence : estimates of contraceptive need among currently sexually active, uninsured oration 's your future awards teen pregnancy prevention program al teen pregnancy prevention month, ibe to opportunities and resources for youth! Rn sudan medical s contributing to, and effects of, teenage pregnancy in (s): gwido vincent and fekadu mazengia college of nursing and pondence to: gwido vincent [email protected]. To explore the factors contributing to, and effecting, pregnancy among teenagers in s: this descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in juba teaching hospital among 50 randomly sampled pregnant teenagers in s: the factors contributing to teenage pregnancy included: lack of school fees, lack of parental care, communication and supervision, poverty, peer pressure, non-use of contraceptives, desire for a child, forced marriage, low educational level and need for dowries. The effects of pregnancy on the teenagers included: school drop-out, health risk during and after childbirth, divorce, rejection by parents, stigmatism, and, sometimes if the baby is unwanted, sions and recommendations: the factors driving teenage pregnancy are complex and varied and therefore require multifaceted interventions. We recommend improvements related to education, family planning, school-based health centres, youth-friendly clinics and youth development words: forced marriage, juba, poverty, school drop-out, teenage e pregnancy is a public health concern in both developed and developing countries. The highest teenage pregnancy rates, which are often associated with early marriage, are in sub-saharan africa, where one in every four girls has given birth by the age of 18 years [2]. Sudan is among the top ten countries with highest prevalence of teenage pregnancy, the others being burkina faso, central african republic, chad, guinea, malawi, mali, mozambique, niger and bangladesh [4]. The south sudan constitution, that defines a child as anybody below 18 years, prohibits forced marriage but does not specify a minimum age for marriage [6]. Factors contributing to teenage pregnancy include: dowry payment, poverty, low educational status, poor quality, and access to, reproductive health services, peer pressure, tradition and culture [8]. The aim of our study was to explore the factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in juba, and its effects on the young mothers, in order to gain an insight on how to reduce teenage pregnancy in south descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at juba teaching hospital (jth) between september 1 and october 30, 2015.

Fifty pregnant teenagers were randomly selected from the antenatal clinic register book using systematic random sampling. The recommendations were given to jth, and the girls were counselled about the effects and risks of teenage pregnancy after their study was approved by the ethical review committee of the juba college of nursing and midwifery and permission obtained from juba teaching 1 shows the proportion of girls in each age, religion, education, and occupation group. Girls were asked what they felt about teenage pregnancy and associated stigma, its prevalence in juba and cultural norms on sex before marriage – see table 3. 1 shows the relative importance of the factors contributing to teenage pregnancy and early marriage as reported by each respondent. Respondents’ responses on factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in respondents mentioned several effects that pregnancy can have on teenage girls – see figure 2. Respondents’ responses on effects of pregnancy on teenage girls in of the respondents were aged 17 years or over, the majority were married, and just over half said the baby was wanted. Some admitted that getting pregnant was planned as it enabled them to avoid further sex - in south sudan sexual abstinence is a common cultural practice during pregnancy and up to 2 years postpartum. Even so for 44% respondents the pregnancy was unwanted, and 20% were young teenagers (aged 14-16 years) for whom the risks of pregnancy are was insufficient data to do regression analysis but the results do suggest that poverty was an important factor contributing to pregnancy. The fact that only 4 respondents had used contraceptives probably reflects their low use in south sudan [5]. Can also contribute to early marriage as girls’ families benefit from dowries (provided by the partner’s family often as cattle). It is interesting that only 12% of respondents felt that forced marriage, and 4% felt rape were factors contributing to teenage pregnancy. Teenage’ is a time when boys and girls may undertake irresponsible activities and end up being unexpected mothers and fathers and most of the respondents realized that teenage pregnancy was ‘risky’ – and could lead to stigma and family rejection and abuse, and, most importantly, having to drop out of school. Several respondents were aware of the health risks of pregnancy to teenage mothers and their babies – maternal mortality and anaemia rates are higher, and teenagers often get poor prenatal care [5]. High rates of preterm delivery, small-for-gestational age babies and neonatal mortality are common among teenage pregnancies in south sudan [9]. We were unable to follow up our respondents and so do not know the outcome of their sions and factors driving teenage pregnancy are complex and varied, as are the effects on the teenage girls - and therefore require multifaceted interventions. To policy makers:Provide stable funding for comprehensive educational and support services to pregnant and parenting e laws that prohibit early marriage, rape and p programmes that empower teenagers to cope with the challenges that they face during adolescent relationships and pregnancy, and how to avoid unwanted ent culturally-appropriate school-based and out-of-school health and sex education starting before the age of 14 years. Into the curricula for students and out-of-school youths: life orientation, teenage pregnancy, hiv/aids, sexually transmitted infections and family planning.

As it does not involve regression analysis some confounders may obscure or mask the significant factors. However, the findings can provide insight into how teenage pregnancy can be prevented in similar area settings.