Findings and conclusions of research
The purpose of this guide is to provide advice on how to develop and organize a research paper in the social of research flaws to ndent and dependent ry of research terms. Choosing a research ing a topic ning a topic ing the timeliness of a topic idea. An oral g with g someone else's to manage group of structured group project survival g a book le book review ing collected g a field informed g a policy g a research conclusion is intended to help the reader understand why your research should matter to them after they have finished reading the paper. A conclusion is not merely a summary of the main topics covered or a re-statement of your research problem, but a synthesis of key points and, if applicable, where you recommend new areas for future research. Well-written conclusion provides you with important opportunities to demonstrate to the reader your understanding of the research problem. Do this, for example, by highlighting key findings in your analysis or result section or by noting important or unexpected implications applied to izing your thoughts and conveying the larger significance of your study. Question by placing the study within the context of how your research advances past research about the fying how a gap in the literature has been addressed. The conclusion offers you the opportunity to elaborate on the impact and significance of your ucing possible new or expanded ways of thinking about the research problem. This does not refer to introducing new information [which should be avoided], but to offer new insight and creative approaches for framing or contextualizing the research problem based on the results of your , david.
Do this by stating clearly the context, background, and necessity of pursuing the research problem you investigated in relation to an issue, controversy, or a gap found in the literature. Make sure, however, that your conclusion is not simply a repetitive summary of the findings. This reduces the impact of the argument(s) you have developed in your writing the conclusion to your paper, follow these general rules:State your conclusions in clear, simple language. Re-state the purpose of your study then state how your findings differ or support those of other studies and why [i. What were the unique or new contributions your study made to the overall research about your topic? Provide a synthesis of arguments presented in the paper to show how these converge to address the research problem and the overall objectives of your te opportunities for future research if you haven't already done so in the discussion section of your paper. Highlighting the need for further research provides the reader with evidence that you have an in-depth awareness of the research er the following points to help ensure your conclusion is presented well:If the argument or purpose of your paper is complex, you may need to summarize the argument for your , prior to your conclusion, you have not yet explained the significance of your findings or if you are proceeding inductively, use the end of your paper to describe your main points and explain their from a detailed to a general level of consideration that returns the topic to the context provided by the introduction or within a new context that emerges from the conclusion also provides a place for you to persuasively and succinctly restate your research problem, given that the reader has now been presented with all the information about the topic. Depending on the discipline you are writing in, the concluding paragraph may contain your reflections on the evidence presented, or on the essay's central research problem. However, the nature of being introspective about the research you have done will depend on the topic and whether your professor wants you to express your observations in this : if asked to think introspectively about the topics, do not delve into idle speculation.
Strategies to help you move beyond merely summarizing the key points of your research paper may include any of the following strategies:If your essay deals with a contemporary problem, warn readers of the possible consequences of not attending to the end a specific course or courses of action that, if adopted, could address a specific problem in practice or in the development of new a relevant quotation or expert opinion already noted in your paper in order to lend authority to the conclusion you have reached [a good place to look is research from your literature review]. The consequences of your research in a way that elicits action or demonstrates urgency in seeking e a key statistic, fact, or visual image to emphasize the ultimate point of your your discipline encourages personal reflection, illustrate your concluding point with a relevant narrative drawn from your own life to an anecdote, an example, or a quotation that you presented in your introduction, but add further insight derived from the findings of your study; use your interpretation of results to recast it in new or important e a "take-home" message in the form of a strong, succinct statement that you want the reader to remember about your . Although you should give a summary of what was learned from your research, this summary should be relatively brief, since the emphasis in the conclusion is on the implications, evaluations, insights, and other forms of analysis that you make. Strategies for writing concisely can be found e to comment on larger, more significant the introduction, your task was to move from the general [the field of study] to the specific [the research problem]. However, in the conclusion, your task is to move from a specific discussion [your research problem] back to a general discussion [i. In short, the conclusion is where you should place your research within a larger context [visualize your paper as an hourglass--start with a broad introduction and review of the literature, move to the specific analysis and discussion, conclude with a broad summary of the study's implications and significance]. To reveal problems and negative ve aspects of the research process should never be ignored. Problems, drawbacks, and challenges encountered during your study should be summarized as a way of qualifying your overall conclusions. Findings that are validated outside the research context in which they were generated], you must report them in the results section and discuss their implications in the discussion section of your paper.
In the conclusion, use your summary of the negative results as an opportunity to explain their possible significance and/or how they may form the basis for future e to provide a clear summary of what was order to be able to discuss how your research fits back into your field of study [and possibly the world at large], you need to summarize briefly and succinctly how it contributes to new knowledge or a new understanding about the research problem. This element of your conclusion may be only a few sentences e to match the objectives of your research objectives in the social sciences change while the research is being carried out. As these changes emerge they must be documented so that they accurately reflect what you were trying to accomplish in your research [not what you thought you might accomplish when you began]. The urge to you've immersed yourself in studying the research problem, you presumably should know a good deal about it, perhaps even more than your professor! Note that, although no actual new information is introduced, the conclusion is where you offer your most "original" contributions in the paper; it's where you describe the value of your research, demonstrate that you understand the material that you’ve presented, and locate your findings within the larger context of scholarship on the topic, including describing how your research contributes new insights or value to that sions. University of southern ed research instrumentation and r: 5 overview of conclusions, findings, and /10766 to get more information about this book, to buy it in print, or to download it as a free pdf. Previous: 4 federal agancy and interagency programs and ted citation:"5 overview of conclusions, findings, and recommendations. Of conclusions, findings, and this chapter, the committee summarizes its responses to the questions in its charge on the basis of the findings and recommendations presented in earlier mentation is essential to research in that it enables scientists to observe and measure the world in ways far beyond the capabilities of our senses. It is a major pacing factor for research; the productivity of researchers is only as great as the tools they have available to observe, measure, and make sense of recent years, the instrumentation needs of the nation’s research communities have changed.
Instruments that were once of interest only to specialists are required by a wide array of scientists to solve critical research problems. Researchers are increasingly dependent on advanced instruments that require highly specialized knowledge and training for their proper ted citation:"5 overview of conclusions, findings, and recommendations. Committee developed the following definition for the instrumentation and facilities that are the subject of this study—advanced research instrumentation and facilities (arif)—which encompasses instrumentation used for research, including collections of closely related or interacting instruments, networks of sensors, databases, and is distinguished from other types of instrumentation by the capital cost and in that it is commonly acquired by large-scale centers or research programs rather than individual investigators. The acquisition of arif by scientists often requires a substantial institutional commitment, depends on high-level decision-making at both institutions and federal agencies, and is often managed by rmore, the advanced nature of arif often requires an expert technical staff for its operation and following sections provide the committee’s response to its ss requested the study in the following language in section 13(b) of the national science foundation (nsf) authorization act of 2002:National academy of sciences assessment on interdisciplinary research and advanced instrumentation ment—not later than 3 months after the date of enactment of this act, the director shall enter into an arrangement with the national academy of sciences to assess the need for an interagency program to establish and support fully equipped, state-of-the-art university-based centers for interdisciplinary research and advanced instrumentation ittal to congress. Assessing the question of interagency activity, the committee found that the acquisition of arif often requires support from multiple funding sources, and this poses a substantial burden on the researchers and institutions seeking federal funding for such instruments and facilities. The committee recommends that the white house office of science and technology policy (ostp), as part of its national science and technology council (nstc) activities, enhance ted citation:"5 overview of conclusions, findings, and recommendations. Agency coordination and cooperation with respect to arif to reduce the burden on these researchers and institutions and enable agencies to leverage their resources whenever possible and learn from each other. The proceedings of such discussion could become part of the regular ostp-office of management and budget budget as a clearinghouse for agencies to discuss best practices for the support of researchers in diverse disciplines to present their case for arif that would be used in many fields to multiple agencies age the federal research agencies to work together to develop joint solicitations for committee does not see a need for “an interagency program to establish and support fully equipped, state-of-the-art university-based centers for interdisciplinary research and advanced instrumentation development. The establishment of a mandatory interagency program also is not necessary because research agencies already cooperate to some extent by cofunding se to charge section presents the committee’s response to the specific questions that were part of its are the current programs and policies of the major federal research agencies for advanced research instrumentation?
Nsf major research instrumentation (mri) program and the national institutes of health (nih) high end instrumentation (hei) program each support instrumentation with capital costs of up to $2 million, although award amounts are frequently far less in nsf’s case. In fy 2004, the last year for which there are data, the success rate for proposals was 39%, and the average award amount was $344,’s major research equipment and facilities construction (mrefc) account funds research equipment whose capital costs are in the ten to hundreds of ted citation:"5 overview of conclusions, findings, and recommendations. Between those two cost ranges, several nsf division programs support instrumentation with capital costs over $2 million in particular research fields and programs that are capable of partial funding and less formal mechanisms for support. There is no mrefc program at nih for major equipment and facilities, but nih supports biomedical technology resource centers (p41), which focus on the development of new technologies and department of defense, through its defense university research instrumentation program, funds projects whose capital costs are up to $1 million. The average grant size in the national aeronautics and space administration’s research opportunities in space and earth science program is about $100,000, with instrumentation development awards as high as $2 million. The department of homeland security and the us department of agriculture support relevant instrumentation development projects through formal and informal proposal department of energy (doe) and the national oceanic and atmospheric administration (noaa) focus their instrumentation funds on their national research facilities, which include a number of instruments categorized as major research equipment. Doe and, to a lesser extent, noaa support research in universities in support of agency missions and is the current status of advanced midsized research instrumentation on university campuses? Committee performed a preliminary survey of academic research institutions, requesting information on recently acquired arif and any issues and concerns regarding arif. The committee was surprised by a low response rate from the nation’s largest research universities, which may not have had sufficient time to complete the survey or perhaps receive the funding for their instruments from nonfederal sources because of a lack of appropriate federal funding.
More than three-fourths of institutions with arif have only one or two such instruments or facilities, and none has more than e of the high number of responses from smaller institutions and some incomplete surveys from institutions with which the committee is familiar, the committee has no reason to believe that the statistical results of this survey ted citation:"5 overview of conclusions, findings, and recommendations. Almost all arif require phd-level technical support staff to achieve consistent high-level performance and facilitate use by researchers. Following are the chief challenges identified by institutions in response to the committee’s survey (in decreasing order by number of institutions indicating the issue):Suggested citation:"5 overview of conclusions, findings, and recommendations. Some institutions reported that an instrument itself was difficult to run and keep at peak presentations and interviews with federal agencies, the following major challenges were identified:Balancing the need for instrumentation and research grants in a budget that is stagnant while instrumentation costs are increasing icient financial resources to meet demand. Key bone of contention between federal agencies and universities is that federal agencies believe that operation and maintenance costs should be paid by institutions and researchers and academic institutions believe that federal agencies should pay the operation and maintenance costs (including support for staff who operate and maintain an instrument) for a least a few years as part of the initial an interagency program to fund midsized advanced research instruments that are used by researchers funded by many agencies help respond to these challenges? The committee does, however, believe that that nstc should elevate arif as a topic for particular interagency attention to enhance agency coordination and sufficient federal programs available to provide the intellectual and financial resources necessary to develop new midsized instruments that respond to research community needs? Although federal agency instrumentation programs exist, only rarely are researchers able to ted citation:"5 overview of conclusions, findings, and recommendations. The shortfalls for instrumentation have built up, are met by spasmodic programs that address short-term issues but rarely the long-term problem, and are poorly integrated between or even within ng ad hoc arif programs are neither well organized nor visible to most investigators, and they do not adequately match the research community’s increasing need for l agencies need to pay more attention to arif than they do now. When a program does not exist for a major need of the research community, the result can be two activities that do not always lead to the best investment of federal research—direct congressional allocations (otherwise known as earmarking) and backroom politics (those who are well known to agency officials are able to lobby individually or as a group).
Those outcomes stand in opposition to a well-thought-out program that takes into consideration balance among different fields of research, among different types of tools, and between support for tools and research grants and that affords all proposals an equal chance through a peer-review federal policies could be put into place to enhance the design, building, funding, sharing, operations, and maintenance of midsized advanced research instruments? Committee believes that mechanisms to enhance federal policies are in three categories:Program establishment and al processing and -level technical support staff career development and support the case of program establishment and centralization, the committee believes that each federal research agency ish centralized, transparent, and peer-reviewed programs for arif that publicly solicit the operation and maintenance costs associated with approved proposals that demonstrate sufficient ted citation:"5 overview of conclusions, findings, and recommendations. Joint solicitations and reviews will increase the cost effectiveness of the support and reduce the burden on should expand its mri program so that it includes arif instrumentation whose capital costs are greater than $2 million but less than the amount that makes it eligible for the mrefc should eliminate the capital cost limit of the hei program, re-evaluate its balance between support for the arif and research grants, and substantially increase its instrumentation investment. The ostp and nstc should enhance federal research agency coordination and cooperation with respect to considering and evaluating proposals, each federal research agency e that proposals from institutions for arif contain a business and management plan that includes information on space, technical staffing, and the source of funding for operation and maintenance costs for the instrument. Develop a set of selection criteria that respond to agency goals, such as effectively sharing instrumentation and supporting research field, geographic, institution, and research it possible for researchers to present proposals to multiple agencies ish career development and support programs for phd-level technical research support staff so that instrumentation is optimized and gh this question is directed toward federal policies, the committee also believes that university policy regarding arif can be enhanced, specifically, ing an institution’s financial support, in addition to its planning and budgeting processes for arif, to ensure that funds are identified to support existing instrumentation uring the funding and management of arif so that they have institution-wide or even user community-wide characteristics and are reviewed regularly on the basis of ted citation:"5 overview of conclusions, findings, and recommendations. The career paths of the technical research support staff essential for arif by establishing long-term and stable staff positions for the lifetime of an uing to discuss the issue of federal agency support for operation and maintenance costs for instruments with the research business models subcommittee of ostp’s health and progress of the science and technology research enterprise depend on many types of instrumentation, including the advanced instrumentation and facilities discussed in this report. The committee believes that by taking the steps recommended here, the nation will optimize its investment in research and thus the benefits that research provides to ted citation:"5 overview of conclusions, findings, and recommendations. 5, findings, conclusions, and version of this title (780k)in this pageoverview of the committee's approach and findingsconclusionsrecommendationreferencesrelated informationpubmedlinks to pubmedrecent activityclearturn offturn onfindings, conclusions, and recommendations - the air force health study assets r... Conclusions, and recommendations - the air force health study assets research programyour browsing activity is ty recording is turned recording back onsee more...
Processing of materials: scientific opportunities and technological r: 1 summary, findings, conclusions, and /10766 to get more information about this book, to buy it in print, or to download it as a free pdf. Findings, conclusions, and study focuses on the plasma processing of materials, a technology that impacts and is of vital importance to several of the largest manufacturing industries in the world. For example, graduate programs specifically focused on plasma processing are rare because of insufficient funding of university research programs in this field. By contrast, both japan and france have national initiatives that support education and research in plasma gs, conclusions, and g and conclusion: in recent years, the number of applications requiring plasmas in the processing of materials has increased dramatically. Laboratories have made many excellent contributions to plasma processing research—making fundamental discoveries, developing numerical algorithms, and inventing new diagnostic techniques. However, poor coordination and inefficient transfer of insights gained from this research have inhibited its use in the design of new plasma reactors and g: the panel on plasma processing of materials finds that plasma processing of materials is a critical technology that is necessary to implement key recommendations contained in the national research council report materials science and engineering for the 1990s (national academy press, washington, d. Specifically, plasma processing is an essential element in the synthesis and processing arsenal for manufacturing electronic, photonic, ceramic, composite, high-performance metal, and alloy ted citation:"1 summary, findings, conclusions, and recommendations. The panel recommends:Plasma processing should be identified as a component program of the federal initiative on advanced materials synthesis and processing that currently is being developed by the office of science and technology h such a plasma processing program, federal funds should be allocated specifically to stimulate focused research in plasma processing, both basic and applied, consistent with the long-term economic and defense goals of the plasma processing program should not only provide focus on common goals and promote coordination of the research performed by the national laboratories, universities, and industrial laboratories, but also integrate plasma equipment suppliers into the g and conclusion: currently, computer-based modeling and plasma simulation are inadequate for developing plasma reactors. Program to extend current algorithms for plasma reactor simulation should be included among the activities funded under the umbrella of the federal ted citation:"1 summary, findings, conclusions, and recommendations.
Although it is unlikely that detailed, quantitative, first-principles-based simulation tools will be available for process design in the near future, design aids such as expert systems, which can be used to guide engineers in selecting initial conditions from which the final process is derived, could be developed if gaps in our fundamental understanding of plasma chemistry were g and conclusion: three areas are recognized by the panel as needing concerted, coordinated experimental and theoretical research: surface processes, plasma generation and transport, and plasma-surface interactions. Program should be supported that focuses on development of new instrumentation for real-time, in situ monitoring for control and g: research resources in low-energy plasma science in the united states are eroding at an alarming rate. Research and development program, supplement to the president's fiscal year 1992 budget, ted citation:"1 summary, findings, conclusions, and recommendations. These deficiencies are a direct result of low-level funding for graduate research in plasma processing and low-energy g and conclusion: the most serious need in undergraduate education is adequate, modern teaching laboratories. The instrumentation and laboratory improvement program sponsored by the national science foundation has been partly successful in fulfilling these needs, but it is not g and conclusion: research experiences for undergraduates made available through industrial cooperative programs or internships are essential for high-quality technical education. Industrial-university links can also help to impart a much needed, longer-term view to industrial research ingly, the panel recommends:As part of the plasma processing program, government and industry together should support cooperative programs specific to plasma processing with universities and national laboratories. Program should be established to provide industrial internships for teachers and professors in the area of plasma ted citation:"1 summary, findings, conclusions, and recommendations. This book describes the relationship between plasma processes and the many industrial applications, examines in detail plasma processing in the electronics industry, highlights the scientific foundation underlying this technology, and discusses education issues in this multidisciplinary committee recommends a coordinated, focused, and well-funded research program in this area that involves the university, federal laboratory, and industrial sectors of the community.