Ghost writing paper

I worked as a professional ghostwriter, completing homework assignments, producing essays, and composing senior theses for alternately desperate, lazy, or disengaged college and graduate students. Worked as an independent contractor affiliated with various online paper mills and, between 2000 and 2010, spent nearly every day of my life immersed in academic research and compositional writing. Writing as many as 5,000 typewritten pages a year, i earned as much as many november of 2010, i announced my retirement in a tell-all article published in the chronicle of higher education. Platform at the huffington h each of these outlets, i’ve shared my experiences and drawn lessons for what these tell us about academic dishonesty, student cheating, the ghostwriting industry, and how we can collectively confront and redress these assaults on same purpose drives the present article, which gives a thorough state-of-the-art account of how ghostwritten papers may be detected and deterred. I offer this account as a resource to educators, administrators and schools who wish to better understand and more ably combat ghostwriting in their classrooms. The ghostwriting it is possible to prevent and police ghostwriting, one must understand the industry. Though many educators are well aware of ghostwriting, how it happens and that it most likely has occurred in their own classrooms, just as many others have a limited or nonexistent sense of its to the point, of the many reactions that greeted my original article in the chronicle, doubt and skepticism were among the most common. Too many educators were resistant to the idea (rather arrogantly, if i may editorialize) that a student could or would employ the services of a ghostwriter to complete a major assignment, a dissertation, or an entire course of i worked directly with students over the course of entire semesters to develop theses, respond to mentor feedback, make revisions, and ultimately produce final dissertations. Ghostwriting is legal, accessible and, with proper management, capable of driving a successful and sustainable company. Your ability to confront ghostwriting will depend on how well you understand the nature and norms of the business. Here, however, we begin with a brief overview of the ghostwriting ’s difficult to say for certain how many college paper mills are in operation today. But for a frame of reference, we look to the practice of medical ghostwriting, which is more readily allowed (read: overlooked) than standard academic ghostwriting, but which is nonetheless reviled by academics and their with graduate and undergraduate ghostwriting, medical ghostwriting is an industry that operates partially in plain view and partially in article on its impact in medicine notes that “it is difficult to determine the extent of ghostwriting owing to both secrecy and a lack of research. Flanagin et al (1998) found that of 809 articles published in peer-reviewed medical journals, for 156 (19 percent) there was evidence that guest authors had not substantially contributed to the article, 93 (11 percent) included ghost authors, and for 13 articles (two percent) there was evidence of both. Have no way of knowing what percentage of students in any given academic context have submitted ghostwritten works but the findings above highlight the relative commonality of ghostwriting in one academic context (and a context reserved for elite academic performers at that). These findings also underscore just how difficult it is to gain a full perspective on the prevalence of ghostwriting in colleges and grad , we may be able to deduce a great deal just from the accessibility and ease-of-use of ghostwriting services. Can say with great certainty that it is easier than ever to employ an academic ghostwriting service. If a student has the money, he or she has the vast majority of students locate these services simply by doing a google search for “custom paper writing,” “essay help,” “term papers,” “homework services,” “essay writing services,’” or any number of other pertinent word combinations. Each of these terms will ultimately return dozens of pages of relevant search results provide us a glancing view of the online ghostwriting business but they also conceal layers of syndication; they obscure countries of origin; and they intermingle paper mills with legitimate education websites on the internet the subject of legitimate sites, coastal carolina university provides us with a useful resource, though a relatively outdated one at this juncture. The site, last updated in 2009, offers a list of internet paper mills containing several hundred distinct entities and their associated links. I would therefore call attention to a useful fact elucidated by the ccu site regarding the syndication or networking of ghostwriting sites. One staff of writers and one set of umbrella policies may actually serve several dozen companies or instance, abc papers, amazing papers, bookreportsrus, paper campus, paperresearch, and paper tutors all fall under the paper experts inc. Ccu lists as many as 23 services affiliated with paper experts, though many appear to be defunct now. From this latter fact, we can also deduce that the shelf life varies considerably from ghostwriting service to the next. Admittedly though, this inference probably does not differentiate a ghostwriting startup company from any other web-based business. For instance, at the time of writing, crest essays claims a database of 26,981 writers, of which 743 are listed as ‘active. Essays claims a 94 percent customer satisfaction rate but introduces its ‘about us’ section by inquiring, “are looking for help with your term papers, essays, research papers, and other coursework? I would take that unsubstantiated 94 percent with a grain of we will explore in a separate and more exhaustive article about the paper mill business, the buyer must always be wary. The global nature of the business, the chosen anonymity of the customer base and the fact that at least some portion of vendors engages in only semi-legitimate business practices make it difficult to truly ascertain the reach of ghostwriting in what is immediately apparent though, we can conclude two things about the prevalence of ghostwriting:The inquiring student will find it easy to locate a desired service and begin using it; enterprising freelancer will find it easy to locate an employment opportunity and begin earning income from my experience, there are few freelance writing outlets where independent writers and unaffiliated clients are more readily, efficiently, and consistently paired with one another. In terms of prevalence, the qualitative takeaway for educators is basically this: it is extremely easy for students to cheat using ghostwriting services. Papers due in a week or more are typically bound to the low end of the pricing spectrum. A paper due in less than 24 hours will fall on the highest end of the cost-per-page r feature that each of my past employers has in common is the use of a writer-manager or, in the case of larger companies, multiple writer-managers. Writer-managers serve a key role in the structure of most paper-writing companies, though responsibilities will vary depending upon the company’s operational nearly all cases, the writer-manager will serve as a liaison between the company and the independently contracted writer; and as a mediator in conflicts, disagreements or confusion between writers and customers.

Ghost writing on paper

Given the linguistic challenges that so many ghostwriting clients face, the third of these occasions happens rather company has its own way of processing orders and delegating assignments. Once a writer clicks the “write it” button (or some equivalent), he or she becomes responsible for submitting the assignment by the ghostwriting industry enjoys a customer base comprised of three primary demographics. 5] many of these students will surmise, perhaps correctly, that they stand a far greater chance of getting away with cheating than mastering a new ational students comprise a ready-made source of revenue for the ghostwriting business. The viability of the ghostwriting industry shines a spotlight on the tragically overlooked prevalence of students at the undergraduate and even graduate levels who simply lack the skills or knowledge to produce university-level writing or research. 6] these students turn to ghostwriting services out of ghostwriting clients simply lack the motivation and interest to complete their own work, a condition that farnese et al. 7] in many cases, a perfectly capable student will utilize an academic ghostwriting service as a way to cut down effort or improve his or her chances of receiving a better grade. In other cases, the lazy student may, in addition to being unmotivated, lack the necessary writing and research skills to complete the task at hand. These students turn to ghostwriting services as the path of least we proceed with the discussion of detection and prevention, it will be useful to consider that different strategies may apply to different demographics. In the conversation on prevention, the motivation to cheat is of considerable importance and can help educators to target students with preventative we will find, removing the sense of pressure or dread that comes with academic deficiency or misplacement may be an important part of contending with ghostwriting and with academic cheating on a more general scale. The ghostwriting riting is hardly a new phenomenon nor is it one inherently dependent upon web proliferation. Even so, given the limitations inherent in plagiarism detection, even turnitin has no way to bring its extensive empirical data to bear on instance a turnitin (2012) white paper on the plagiarism spectrum identifies “10 types of unoriginal work. To the contrary, the company has shown itself quite open and dedicated to better understanding the impact of ghostwriting. Still, where ghostwriting is concerned, educators lack a streamlined, technology-driven detection method like that which drives turnitin’s originality detection many ghostwriting customers, this detection software actually provides a modicum of comfort, suggesting that the instructor may not be reading the work and simply be letting automated plagiarism checkers test for originality. Presuming the ghostwriter has created a wholly original piece, turnitin software will not detect any r, it is quite common for a customer to include a specification in their instructions that all completed work will be passed through turnitin or a similar program. This means that the ghostwriter can often make practical decisions that will ensure no irregularities are detected. The motivation to do so is simply sound business practice and helps to facilitate repeat ghostwriter’s goal is to produce an assignment that will pass the student’s (often admittedly low) personal standards. In addition to the implication that such repeat customers have clearly succeeded in passing ghostwritten work off as their own on multiple occasions, this repeat business denotes that ghostwriters are actively engaged in practices designed to evade practices are what keep customers turning to the paper mill for help again and these conditions in mind, we point to a handful of detection and deterrence challenges that are unique to ghostwriting:3. Original, non-plagiarized content:Most ghostwriting companies are faithful to this service guarantee and will terminate independent contractors for failure to comply. Though the optimistic educator may take some comfort in the view that paper mills are not legitimate enough to constitute a threat, there are rules for professional paper writers and the more successful companies will enforce among these rules is the responsibility to provide completely original, never-before-used material crafted to respond to a specific assignment inquiry. 2 low likelihood of raising suspicion:Ghostwriting places the onus on the educator to have initial cause for suspicion. When i began my ghostwriting career at rutgers, there was no mystery as to why the semi-coherent, fraternity-bound, budding alcoholics who used my services were able to pass my work off as their s are routinely taught in lecture halls containing hundreds of students; written assignments are often reviewed by teaching assistants; and any personal interaction between professor and student is strictly optional. Naturally, students who plan on defrauding the professor are distinctly less likely to pursue a personal relationship with him or challenges are compounded even further as a consequence of distance learning, online education and for-profit education (the last of which i mention here both because much of it is exclusively online and because ghostwritten cheating abounds in this context). Contexts like this demonstrate just how unlikely it really is that a professor will have cause to question the authorship of an assignment once it has passed through plagiarism detection said, ghostwriting is not confined to the web class or giant lecture hall. This suggests that some students are not dissuaded from employing ghostwriting services in more intimate settings, even as intimate as one-on-one interaction with an academic mentor. What differentiates ghostwriting is that, true to its name, it leaves a far less visible trail. But when it comes to ghostwriting, unless the student accidentally leaves the receipt attached to an assignment (which i wouldn’t completely rule out as a possibility), the likelihood of producing evidence is low. Part of the discussion of detection and deterrence must logically revolve around finding ways of accumulating concrete proof based on together, these challenges render many traditional methods of combating plagiarism even flimsier when applied to ghostwriting. This means that most professors have almost certainly graded ghostwritten material without ever realizing it. There are perhaps as many others who have graded ghostwritten materials with some level of suspicion but without the means, institutional support or emotional energy to translate this into challenges specific to ghostwriting call for an approach that is not merely reactive (i. That is to say that educators and institutions can take certain preemptive steps that both discourage cheating by way of ghostwriting and place educators in a more advantageous position to spot questionable work and acquire meaningful proof of its third-party authorship. The goal of the present account is to help educators create a campus atmosphere where cheating is neither as easy nor as calls for a combination of reactive and proactive measures, an encompassing approach that broadens and gives nuance to the fight against are far-reaching educational issues implicated by the viability of the ghostwriting industry. This underscores the 4 d’s strategy, which confronts ghostwriting and its underlying causes through design, deterrence, detection and refers to the way a professor constructs assignments, course materials, tests, classroom time and the semester-long curriculum.

Ghost writing research papers

S i worked as a ghostwriter, lazy students helped me to make my living but it was the lazy professors that made my life easier. The task of pretending to be a student in somebody’s class is greatly simplified when the professor takes no special steps to differentiate the course, its content, or its assignments from the many millions of other courses that have been taught on the same exact subject from time other words, if i am assigned the same five page paper asking the same three or four general questions about plato’s republic that i’ve been assigned and asked four dozen times in the past, i can presume the professor is taking as much care to grade the assignment as he or she did to write it…that is to say, just 20 years ago, the risks of reusing the same basic assignment or exam were modest. This is not to suggest that the ghostwriter will struggle to complete an assignment that is otherwise unique and original in nature. In-class writing:Partial emphasis on in-class writing exercises, when supplemented by out-of-class assignments, is a powerful way of getting to know students’ writing capabilities and voices. Class time should be used to challenge students with unique and fun writing are a lot of ways to integrate this strategy into an existing curriculum. Assignments can be formal and woven into the grading structure or they can simply be loosely defined writing activities designed to promote critical thinking. The important thing is that these assignments will require students to write thoughtfully and uniquely on course-relevant subjects, providing the instructor with readily verifiable writing samples throughout a matter how convincingly a ghostwriter writes on a given subject, this approach provides a document whose authorship is not in question as a point of comparison. Multi-draft process:For assignments of greater depth, a balance between in-class and out-of-class draft-writing offers a measure of oversight even as the student pursues an assignment independently. Instead of the once-and-done security of getting away with a single ghostwritten assignment, each student knows that his or her work will be held up to sustained and ongoing inserting one-on-one conferences into this draft process, the instructor can heighten this scrutiny by requiring each student to defend the approach, argument, and decisions comprising the written is also an opportunity to challenge students to craft unique arguments based on course content. Personalization of subject matter:Assignments that incorporate personal experiences and interests not only offer students a welcome reprieve from the rote, repetitive, or regurgitation-based work that makes up so many courses, they also make it more difficult for the ghostwriter to assume a student’s identity. In other words, the assignment instructs the student to write about a life-changing experience and the customer leaves me, the ghostwriter, with the power to define this life-changing experience. But in many of the liberal arts subjects, where cheating is decidedly rampant, there is an opportunity to create assignments that correlate to the everyday lives, individual cultures, geographical backgrounds, ethnic makeups, personal histories, and extra-curricular interests of one’s ghostwriters have no problem with a little creative writing but, again, this approach gives an educator the chance to spot a mismatch between a student and the written work. Original course materials:Just as experienced ghostwriters become accustomed to seeing the exact same assignments over and over, they also get accustomed to seeing the same sources and course materials again and ctors can reduce the ease with which an outsider can replicate old assignments by updating course materials and creating new assignments on an annual basis. Ghostwriters rely on materials that are readily available online and prefer the efficiency of assignments that can be summoned from memory and ng challenging course material that is not drawn verbatim from standard texts can serve as a distinguishing feature when it comes time to read students’ work. Emphasis on class discussion:In addition to creating unique course materials, a course should be designed to distinguish the in-class experience from the experience of reading about something on ments that rely strictly on standard texts make the ghostwriter’s job very easy. Nobody’s saying every professor has to be robin williams in dead poets society, but every professor should give his or her students something they can’t get on the lly, if they can get it on the internet, so can any ghostwriter. But differentiating what happens in a classroom and calling for written work that reflects this differentiation do create a genuine challenge for the ghostwriter. Scantron) make it easier for students to bypass the writing portion of a course altogether. Multiple-choice, machine-graded exams help the student differentiate between reporting to class on test day and outsourcing take-home writing g essay-writing and test-taking removes this impression. This approach requires the student to demonstrate writing capacity during in-class again, this approach results in the creation of a written document that one can be certain originated from the student in question. This forms a good basis for comparison with suspicious take-home work and—insofar as it also might give the student pause before submitting ghostwritten work—also makes an excellent segue into our discussion on ence refers to ways of diminishing the inclination, motive, or desire to purchase a ghostwritten paper. The study identifies this as the best route to deterring the rationalized impulse to use a ghostwriting service. Article points out that this would serve as a beneficial way to help tas or graders identify writing inconsistencies even without their having the opportunity to know the students personally. Those who are already inclined to do so, specifically those who fall into the ‘lazy’ demographic of potential ghostwriting targets, may take the professor’s cue and decide to disengage as honor system is a useful way to ensure that students understand what is expected of their work in terms of originality. The customers who contact ghostwriting services out of laziness or a feeling of being overburdened by their various personal and academic responsibilities are generally not moved by the ethical quandary of they express concern to the ghostwriter about the process of purchasing and receiving a ghostwritten paper, all of this concern focuses on the fear of being caught. Strategies include greater research subject flexibility, more opportunities for independent study and the chance to complete work directly relevant to a chosen career ts will be less inclined to employ the services of a ghostwriter if they believe that what they are researching will actually lead to pertinent knowledge and skills with value beyond university thing that large universities and online courses have in common is that, if one desires, one can go an entire semester without ever once personally meeting a professor. The more intensive and exciting the in-class discussion, the harder it will be for students to divorce themselves from the ideas stated in a ghostwriter, i have completed countless assignments on controversial social issues like gun control, abortion, affirmative action, and the war on terror. Requirement for students to occasionally present research findings or other written work to the class or each instance, the student has added cause to be intimately familiar with his or her subject and is therefore deterred from handing the subject off to a ion is both a manual process driven by professorial experience and a technology-driven process with continued room for growth and either case, detecting ghostwritten materials requires familiarity with each student’s subject knowledge and writing style. These habits, such as paragraph length, use of indentation, and use of signature, can be strong authorial evidence of personal writing style. Denotes a detection strategy where a student’s portfolio of writing comprises a body of work to be used as a diagnostic tool. Only the critical eye of the professor will be capable of determining if academic dishonesty has goal is to find instructive and innovative ways of merging human analysis and technology-mediated assessment to detect a research article entitled “fifty ways to detect a ghostwriter” (which we wishfully presume was inspired by paul simon), the author assesses a wide range of potential methods for identifying ghostwritten work. The author notes that “the best way to catch a ghostwriter is to compare writing styles in all essays” and notes that most students offer up certain distinguishing characteristics in their writing.

The researchers suggest that the work of specific professional ghostwriters could itself be stamped with distinguishing features. State university also identifies a study that is currently underway entitled “challenges and possible solutions to using statistics to detect ghostwriting: a preliminary investigation. Goal of the study is to determine how to adapt these analyses to smaller writing sample sizes. According to the proposal, “this study takes a preliminary look at how short text length and limited writing samples affect the attribution process. It is hoped that even as a precursor to a full-scale study, this project will be able to suggest steps that maximize the reliability of ascription of ghostwritten works. S differentiates customers of ghostwriting services from other cheaters is that they are willing to go the extra mile to avoid detection. But educators do have a resource at their disposal that absolutely ts who use ghostwriting services know this quite well. The ghostwriter will compose an assignment with every intention of evading this of course, the ghostwriter can only control what goes on outside of the classroom. Assignment exit interviews:Standardizing one-on-one conferencing with each student following assignment-submission requires each student to defend his or her writing. Manual literary fingerprinting:Of the many strategies outlined in this account, this may well be the most readily adaptable to any context where writing forms a portion of the , the orientation process for any writing-intensive course will begin with an in-class writing assignment. This sample will serve as a literary fingerprint for each student to be used for the purpose of matching against voice, diction, and other distinguishing features when evaluating future assignments for signs of addition to being adaptable to any number of learning contexts, this is a strategy that could also produce meaningful evidence of cheating or, at the very least, shift the burden of proof to the to be overlooked is the opportunity that this strategy also offers to identify students who struggle with writing and to provide them with access to the support they need. File properties:One way to improve the chances of detecting ghostwritten work is to simply be a savvier user of technology than the average cheating student. This is an approach that could also be readily standardized as part of the assignment submission process, as is already the case with turnitin’s detection would add a layer of detection against ghostwriting that does not yet exist. The instructor must be dedicated to the education of his or her students, not just to punching an academic time riter’s is the professor’s job to take a group of finely tuned intellects, honed through years of painstaking secondary school training, and stimulate them to think critically, to plumb the depths of their own assumptions and to emerge with new and nuanced … if only it were that too many students show up in the classroom or lecture hall without even the basic fundamental writing skills needed to compose a tweet let alone plumb the depths of anything. But we should take a moment to acknowledge that their privilege doesn’t necessarily preclude them from the same challenges facing so many other struggling in, day out, my work as a ghostwriter brought me into contact with students who truly and completely lacked the capacity to communicate through the written medium. The writing deficiencies that students carry into college and beyond are nothing short of of them were wealthy students in reputable universities. To deter them from hiring ghostwriters, it is necessary to do more than scare them. Identify struggling students and see that they get help:These are the students who are by far the most likely to employ a ghostwriter. In order to reduce the presence of the ghostwriter in the classroom, educators must take preemptive steps to identify those who are most likely to need his sing their struggles reduces the single biggest motive for academic dishonesty. Finding that suitable alternative could be a game-changer for many would-be ghostwriting atives may include the following:English language learner (ell) al/mental health strategies i outline here are not one-size-fits-all. It falls upon each educator to synthesize the strategies outlined here with their own ideas to create an approach that best suits a given educational ’s approach will be determined by class size, content, subject matter, level of education, feasibility, institutional support, and one’s own personal discretion and the many things that distinguish ghostwriting from other methods of cheating, there is no magic bullet that can be used to kill it. Instead, this resource aims to promote an educational strategy that weakens the ability of ghostwriters to do their job, that diminishes the appeal of ghostwriting services for students, that creates a more keenly aware educator and that takes a curative rather than punitive approach to students who are in need of is an impetus here throughout to promote learning strategies that are more varied, distinctive, creative, and enriching and which also foster a more familiar working relationship between students and combination of these strategies will heighten the ability of educators to discourage and detect ghostwriting while also minimizing the factors that motivate students to use such of these strategies are demand that the instructor spend more time working on course materials, interacting with students, and becoming familiar with students as writers and as these strategies come with their own if the motive in taking any of these steps is to detect or deter ghostwriting in the classroom, the outcome will be a more positive and engaging educational experience for educators and students o, j. 1); jan-dec s:article | pubreader | epub (beta) | printer friendly | wikipedia, the free to: navigation, other uses, see ghostwriter (disambiguation). Ghostwriter is a writer who is hired to author literary or journalistic works, speeches or other texts that are officially credited to another person. Celebrities, executives, participants in timely news stories, and political leaders often hire ghostwriters to draft or edit autobiographies, memoirs, magazine articles, or other written material. Screenplay authors can also use ghostwriters to either edit or rewrite their scripts to improve y, there is a confidentiality clause in the contract between the ghostwriter and the credited author that obligates the former to remain anonymous. Sometimes the ghostwriter is acknowledged by the author or publisher for his or her writing services, euphemistically called a "researcher" or "research assistant", but often the ghostwriter is not riting (or simply "ghosting") also occurs in other creative fields. Composers have long hired ghostwriters to help them to write musical pieces and songs; wolfgang amadeus mozart is an example of a well-known composer who was paid to ghostwrite music for wealthy patrons. A pop music ghostwriter writes lyrics and a melody in the style of the credited musician. In hip hop music, the increasing use of ghostwriters by high-profile hip-hop stars has led to controversy. However, when credit is established for the writer, the acknowledgement of their contribution is public domain and the writer in question would not be considered a ghostwriter. Consultant or career-switcher may pay a ghostwriter to write a book on a topic in their professional area, to establish or enhance her credibility as an 'expert' in their field.

A controversial and scientifically unethical practice is medical ghostwriting, where biotech or pharmaceutical companies pay professional writers to produce papers and then recruit (via a payment or as a perk) other scientists or physicians to attach their names to these articles before they are published in medical or scientific journals. Some university and college students hire ghostwriters from essay mills to write entrance essays, term papers, theses, and dissertations. This is largely considered unethical unless the actual ghostwriting work is just light riters are hired for numerous reasons. In many cases, celebrities or public figures do not have the time, discipline, or writing skills to write and research a several-hundred page autobiography or "how-to" book. Even if a celebrity or public figure has the writing skills to pen a short article, they may not know how to structure and edit a several-hundred page book so that it is captivating and well-paced. In other cases, publishers use ghostwriters to increase the number of books that can be published each year under the name of well-known, highly marketable authors, or to quickly release a topical book that ties in with a recent or upcoming newsworthy event. Some ghostwriters are hired to edit and clean up a rough draft or partially completed work, while others are hired to do most of the writing based on an outline provided by the credited author. For some projects, such as creating an autobiography for a celebrity, ghostwriters will do a substantial amount of research. Ghostwriters are also hired to write fiction in the style of an existing author, often as a way of increasing the number of books that can be published by a popular riters will often spend a period from several months to a full year researching, writing, and editing nonfiction and fiction works for a client. Ghostwriters are paid either per page, per each word or via total word count, with a flat fee, with a percentage of the royalties of the sales, or by using some combination division of work between the ghostwriter and the credited author varies a great deal. In some cases, the ghostwriter is hired to edit a rough draft of a mostly completed manuscript. If it is agreed upon, for example in a signed contract, the ghostwriter will sign over all the rights to everything he or she adds into the work that is not otherwise copyrighted to someone else. In many cases, a ghostwriter handles most of the writing, using concepts and stories provided by the credited author. In this case, a ghostwriter will do extensive research on the credited author or their subject area of expertise. It is rare for a ghostwriter to prepare a book or article with no input from the credited author; at a minimum, the credited author usually jots down a basic framework of ideas at the outset or provides comments on the ghostwriter's final an autobiography, a ghostwriter will typically interview the credited author, their colleagues, and family members, and find interviews, articles, and video footage about the credited author or their work. For other types of nonfiction books or articles, a ghostwriter will interview the credited author and review previous speeches, articles, and interviews with the credited author, to assimilate his or her arguments and points of view. Most of this work can be done over email via the internet, through postal mail, phone or video calls, and other methods of instant , ghostwriters may work on accompanying documents, such as treatments for screenplays. Often, ghostwriters will work on related projects beyond the scope of professional ghostwriting, such as marketing, promotions, sales, publishing or other related services for pay, in order to procure more clients and increase the total amount of their ration and credit[edit]. Ghostwriter for hillary clinton's memoirs received a $500,000 fee for collaborating with riters will often spend from several months to a full year researching, writing, and editing nonfiction and fiction works for a client, and they are paid based on a price per hour, per word or per page, with a flat fee, or a percentage of the royalties of the sales, or some combination thereof. Some ghostwriters charge for articles "$4 per word and more depending on the complexity" of the article. 3] literary agent madeleine morel states that the average ghostwriter's advance for work for major book publishers is "between $40,000 and $70,000". The recent shift into the digital age (15–20% world market share of books by 2015) has brought some changes, by opening newer markets that bring their own opportunities for authors and writers[6]—especially on the more affordable side of the ghostwriting business. Manhattan literary, a ghostwriting company, states that "book projects on the shorter side, tailored to new markets like the kindle singles imprint and others (30,000–42,000 words) start at a cost of $15,000". In 2001, the new york times stated that the fee that the ghostwriter for hillary clinton's memoirs will receive is probably about $500,000 of her book's $8 million advance, which "is near the top of flat fees paid to collaborators". In canada, the writers' union has established a minimum fee schedule for ghostwriting, starting at $40,000 for a 200–300 page book, paid at various stages of the drafting of the book. Recent availability also exists, of outsourcing many kinds of jobs, including ghostwriting, to offshore locations like india, china and the philippines where the customer can save money. 14] outsourced ghostwriters, whose quality levels vary widely, complete 200-page books for fees ranging between $3000 and $5000, or $12–$18 per page. Citation needed] the true tests of credibility—the writer's track record, and samples of his or her craft—become even more important in these instances, when the writer comes from a culture and first-language that are entirely different from the client' some cases, ghostwriters are allowed to share credit. For example, a common method is to put the client/author's name on a book cover as the main byline (by author's name) and then to put the ghostwriter's name underneath it (as told to ghostwriter's name). Sometimes this is done in lieu of pay or in order to decrease the amount of payment to the book ghostwriter for whom the credit has its own intrinsic value. Also, the ghostwriter can be cited as a coauthor of a book, or listed in the movie or film credits when having ghostwritten the script or screenplay for a film nonfiction books, the ghostwriter may be credited as a "contributor" or a "research assistant". In other cases, the ghostwriter receives no official credit for writing a book or article; in cases where the credited author or the publisher or both wish to conceal the ghostwriter's role, the ghostwriter may be asked to sign a nondisclosure contract that legally forbids any mention of the writer's role in a project.

Some have made the distinction between 'author' and 'writer,' as ghostwriter kevin anderson explains in a washington post interview: "a ghostwriter is an interpreter and a translator, not an author, which is why our clients deserve full credit for authoring their books. The degree of involvement of the ghostwriter in nonfiction writing projects ranges from minor to substantial. Various sources explain the role of the ghostwriter and how competent writers can get this kind of work. In some cases, a ghostwriter may be called in just to clean up, edit, and polish a rough draft of an autobiography or a "how-to" book. In other cases, the ghostwriter will write an entire book or article based on information, stories, notes, and an outline, interview sessions with the celebrity or public figure. The credited author also indicates to the ghostwriter what type of style, tone, or "voice" they want in the some cases, such as with some "how-to" books, diet guides, or cookbooks, a book will be entirely written by a ghostwriter, and the celebrity (e. In several countries before elections, candidates commission ghostwriters to produce autobiographies for them so as to gain visibility and exposure. Consultant or career-switcher may pay to have a book ghostwritten on a topic in their professional area, to establish or enhance their credibility as an 'expert' in their field. For example, a successful salesperson hoping to become a motivational speaker on selling may pay a ghostwriter to write a book on sales techniques. In some cases, publishers use ghostwriters to increase the number of books that can be published each year by a well-known, highly marketable author. Ghostwriters are mostly used to pen fiction works for well-known, "name" authors in genres such as detective fiction, mysteries, and teen of the revised edition of the tower treasure, the first hardy boys onally, publishers use ghostwriters to write new books for established series where the 'author' is a pseudonym. Dixon", respectively, are actually pseudonyms for a series of ghostwriters who write books in the same style using a template of basic information about the book's characters and their fictional universe (names, dates, speech patterns), and about the tone and style that are expected in the book (for more information, see the articles on pseudonyms or pen names). In addition, ghostwriters are often given copies of several of the previous books in the series to help them match the well-known web publicist keith acton rose to underground notoriety and disdain when it was discovered he had paid a ghostwriter to write most of his work. Andrews hired ghostwriter andrew neiderman to continue writing novels after her death, under her name and in a similar style to her original works. The first two books in the tom clancy's splinter cell franchise were written by raymond benson under the pseudonym david mes famous authors will ghostwrite for other celebrities as well, such as when h. Lovecraft ghostwrote "imprisoned with the pharaohs" (also known as "under the pyramids") for harry houdini in weird tales in the 1920s. 19] sebastian tromp, a dutch jesuit, a solid thomist theologian and close to pope pius xii, is considered to be the main ghostwriter of mystici corporis. Are ghostwriting companies[22][23] and freelancers[24] that sell entrance essays, term papers, theses and dissertations to students. 25] despite being considered unethical and leading to repercussions if detected by universities,[26] academic ghostwriting does not represent illegal activity in the united states and united kingdom. Academic ghostwriting involves the sale of academic texts that are written on demand, it cannot be equated with plagiarism, since it does not involve an undisclosed appropriation of existing texts. As opposed to cases of plagiarism that stem from a copy-and-paste reuse of previous work, essays and assignments that are obtained through ghostwriting services as a rule have the originality of their text confirmed by plagiarism detection software packages or online services that are widely used by universities. Some universities allow professors to give students oral examinations on papers which a professor believes to be 'ghostwritten. However, academic ghostwriting per se does not lead to plagiarism, as is demonstrated by the widely accepted and applied practice of legal ghostwriting. Article: medical medical ghostwriting, pharmaceutical companies pay professional writers to produce papers and then pay other scientists or physicians to attach their names to these papers before they are published in medical or scientific journals. Medical ghostwriting has been criticized by a variety of professional organizations[31][32] representing the drug industry, publishers, and medical societies, and it may violate american laws prohibiting off-label promotion by drug manufacturers as well as anti-kickback provisions within the statutes governing medicare. Medical writers can write papers without being listed as authors of the paper and without being considered ghostwriters, provided their role is acknowledged. 40] moreover, professional medical writers' expertise in presenting scientific data may be of benefit in producing better quality papers. Websites, including blogs, are ghostwritten, because not all authors have the information technology skills or the time to dedicate to running a website. Many website ghostwriters are freelance but some are freelancers who work under contract, as with radio presenters and television presenters. However, since these individuals are typically too busy to write their blog posts, they hire discreet ghostwriters to post to the blog under the celebrity or ceo's name. As with nonfiction ghostwriting, the blog ghostwriter models their writing style, content and tone on that of the credited cal music and film scores[edit]. Classical era composer mozart was paid to ghostwrite music for wealthy patrons who wished to give the impression that they were gifted ng amadeus mozart is an example of a well-known composer who was paid to ghostwrite music for wealthy patrons.

More recently, composers such as the uk-based patric standford (born in 1939) have ghostwritten for symphonic recordings and films such as the rod mckuen cello concerto. 42] in the film industry, a music ghostwriter is a "person who composes music for another composer but is not credited on the cue sheet or in the final product in any way. In the early years of film, david raksin worked as music ghostwriter and orchestrator for charlie chaplin; even though chaplin was credited as the score writer, he was considered to be a "hummer" (pejorative film industry slang for a person who purports to be a film score composer but who in fact only gives a general idea of the melodies to a ghostwriter). 44] several composers later filed a multimillion-dollar lawsuit against saban entertainment president haim saban, for allegedly taking ownership and credit for their musical l ghostwriting also occurs in popular music. Citation needed] in other cases, a ghostwriter writes lyrics and a melody in the style of the credited musician, with little or no input from the credited musician. A ghostwriter providing this type of service may be thanked, without reference to the service provided, in the album credits, or they may be a true 'ghost', with no acknowledgement in the disputes have arisen when musical ghostwriters have tried to claim royalties, when an allegedly ghostwritten song becomes a money-making hit. In 1993, he filed a lawsuit against mclachlan and her label, nettwerk, alleging that he had made a significant and uncredited contribution to the songwriting on touch, and alleging that he wasn't paid properly for work done on solace. The judge in this suit eventually ruled in mclachlan's favor on the songs; though neudorf may have contributed to the songwriting, neither regarded each other as joint authors. The judge ruled in neudorf's favour on the payment d of public enemy has offered a more positive view of ghostwriting in hip hip hop music, the increasing use of ghostwriters by high-profile hip hop stars has led to controversy. Critics view the increasing use of hip hop ghostwriters as the "perversion of hip-hop by commerce. Frank ocean started his career as a ghostwriter for artists such as justin bieber, damienn jones, john legend and practice of ghostwriting is one of rap's biggest taboos, and yet many of its greatest hits were ghostwritten. So who are hip hop's ghostwriters and what place do they have in a style of music built on speaking from the heart? In hip-hop, the credit given to ghostwriters varies: "silent pens might sign confidentiality clauses, appear obliquely in the liner notes, or discuss their participation freely. In some cases, liner notes credit individuals for "vocal arrangement", which may be a euphemism for ghostwriting. In the late 2000s (decade), hip-hop ghostwriting services like rap rebirth,[47] have appeared online, which provide recording artists who wish to purchase ghostwritten rhymes a greater degree of -authorship also applies to the visual arts, most commonly paintings. Forbidden from having their works published), the blacklisted authors or composers may ghostwrite material for other authors or composers who are in the good graces of the regime. And novels about ghostwriters include:Philip roth's 1979 novel the ghost buarque's 2003 novel "budapeste"[48] about the tribulations of josé costa, its protagonist, between rio de janeiro and erdal's 2004 memoirs ghosting: a memoir about working as ghostwriter of naim attallah for 20 lelouch's 2006 film roman de harris's 2007 novel the ghost and its 2010 film adaptation the ghost writer by roman cumming's 2007 horror film ghost writer, formerly suffering man's reitman's 2011 comedy-drama film young of the main characters in the series bojack horseman, diane nguyen, is a ghostwriter hired by the titular character to write his mitchell's first novel ghostwritten (1999) plays on the notion of characters ghostwriting their own up ghostwriter in wiktionary, the free dictionary. Ries: writing occupationscheatingdeceptionoccupations in musicfilm musicghostwritingmusic controversieshidden categories: cs1 spanish-language sources (es)cs1 german-language sources (de)cs1 maint: extra text: authors listarticles that may contain original research from december 2014all articles that may contain original researchall articles with unsourced statementsarticles with unsourced statements from september 2012articles with unsourced statements from march 2010articles to be expanded from december 2010all articles to be expandedarticles using small message boxesarticles with unsourced statements from february 2013articles with unsourced statements from january 2010wikipedia articles with gnd logged intalkcontributionscreate accountlog pagecontentsfeatured contentcurrent eventsrandom articledonate to wikipediawikipedia out wikipediacommunity portalrecent changescontact links hererelated changesupload filespecial pagespermanent linkpage informationwikidata itemcite this a bookdownload as pdfprintable ansالعربيةcatalàčeštinadanskdeutschespañolesperantoفارسیfrançaisfryskgaelg한국어bahasa indonesiaitalianoעבריתlëtzebuergeschnederlands日本語norskpolskiportuguêsрусскийsimple englishslovenčinasuomisvenskaไทยtürkçe中文. A non-profit ng retractions as a window into the scientific it ethical to ghost-write a paper? Installment of ask retraction watch:I am a postdoc and looking to supplement my income with medical writing (our lab recently didn’t get it’s funding renewed, so now on part-time to minimise costs). A quick internet search of the person who contacted me shows they are in science and are genuinely wanting papers written (a number are already in print from a variety of peer reviewed journals). I should note that not only have i been asked to write it, but also to analyse the data and write something that mirrors a paper from 2007. The person in question has openly stated they don’t have all the data/conclusions yet, but they “like” a particular personal feeling is this is unethical and dishonest – authorship disputes on papers can turn nasty in even the most civilised of labs. It appears this is not the first time such proposals have been made, which begs the question, are any of the papers already in print ghost-written? 21, 2014 at 9:35 , it’s never ethical to ghostwrite a r, that doesn’t necessarily mean the postdoc should turn the job down, just that he or she should insist on certain conditions before taking it of those conditions should be that the paper is not ghostwritten: the postdoc’s role must be clearly described in the paper. If the paper’s authors can’t agree to that, then the paper would be ghostwritten, which is unethical, and the postdoc should turn the job down. The postdoc should also insist that the paper be written in a way which accurately and honestly reflects the , if the authors can’t agree to that, that should be a n (@drstelling). They pay pretty badly for the fees they charge, and developmental editing that both of these entities offer (as do other professional editing services), is a form of ghost-writing because the post-doc editors anonymously edit and return the corrected papers back to their paymasters. Of course, if a freelance post-doc editor does 25 papers a month, that could earn them like $1000 – $1500 or more per ry 9, 2014 at 4:04 ion program manager, y 21, 2014 at 9:52 am. Do not think it is ethical to ghost write a paper because a written paper is one way of testing one’s intellectual capacity and worth but if one did not write the paper himself it is fraudulent judging one based on such papers. It is an interesting read on the field of medical writing and other issues surrounding medical research. The book has raised more questions for me than answers but i think that is exactly what it is intended to do, especially for those of us working in the y 21, 2014 at 9:59 hing research also includes the ability to write about it and to communicate it – even if only in technical y 21, 2014 at 10:09 the need for ghostwriting at all?

If you submit a paper that is 75% correctly cited quotations, you can’t be charged with plagiarism. Thought that is partially relevant to the original post: some of the comments above suggest that in some disciplines, writing the paper doesn’t count as important enough for joint authorship. Is writing it up an intellectual contribution to the work and thus merits clear declaration? Have seen a pi, physician-scientist whose first language is english, employ an english/writing major to help write papers. This assistance was acknowledged in the paper but it still beats me why the writing/english ‘expert’ was needed to write the papers. However, there are a few things that could be commented:1) he/she is being paid to write the paper and he/she has been provided with results and some instructions to do that job. Do not see any problem in doing that, as it is an usual approach in writing patents, for instance. True that is less usual in scientific papers, but you are being paid for that job. Also, the participation in the writing process should be properly recognized in the acknowledgment section. He/she does not feel comfortable with the data (or lack off) supporting the hypothesis that should be defended in the is obvious that nobody should ever accept being co-author in a paper including results and/or conclusions he/she does not agree with. So, whether this person decides just to do the writing for money, or refuse to do it because of its disagreement with the results, would depends entirely on his/her ethics on the issue. He/she has been asked to analyze y who analyzes data for a paper, is contributing intellectual property and is granting his/her right to be y 21, 2014 at 11:19 riting (for example, writing the first draft for the authors, substantially revising the manuscript with varying degrees of participation by the named authors, but not being named anywhere in the article as the person responsible for this) is unacceptable. Postdoc”, try searching the net with the terms [research article ghost writing ghost author medical writer]. Professional associations for medical writers (amwa, american medical writers association and emwa, european medical writers association) have also developed guidelines that advise members to avoid ghost authorship. Pubmed search with [author ghost ethics] will locate articles in the biomed literature on the instructions to authors or guidelines for manuscript preparation for most reputable journals will contain information about the journal’s or publisher’s policies on who is allowed (or required) to be named as an author. If your involvement in writing the manuscript meets the journal’s definition of authorship, you should be named in the list of authors together with the other authors. Such companies and/or individuals receive financial remuneration for basically “authoring”, “writing” or “re-writing” substantial parts of the manuscript. In many if not most instances, without those professional services, papers would never make it past the submission step, let alone reach the acceptance phase. Argue that such cases are clear cases of ghost authorship since one almost never sees such companies or individuals being acknowledged in the acknowledgements section. Thus, unless this mega-slice of the scientific literature starts to be acknowledged, there is no doubt that the rest of the discussion about ghost authorship is never going to be resolved. Only reason why these “ethics” societies want to talk about ghost authorship is because they have no choice, but the issue is discussed in vague and inconclusive ways, specifically to protect the financial interests of the companies conducting such services. I see no problem with the less effective employing the more to lend their skill… but it should always be a few occasions, i have lent my editing skills to friends/random people helping them to rewrite papers. Unfortunately, i’m the only person who could possibly call them on this and the downside for me would be far worse than for e of this experience, i will now explicitly state that i expect to be acknowledged if any of my edits end up in a paper. I will not that this experience was, not surprisingly, with a medical research paper… the basic scientists i’ve dealt with seem more than willing to acknowledge anyone who could have possibly contributed anything). 21, 2014 at 12:23 qaq, you would have the moral and ethical responsibility to go back to the original authors and indicate that you will be declaring this lack of declaration to the journal in which such a paper was published? By staying silent on a paper that was submitted with a false declaration, i am of the opinion that you are assisting in the erosion of publishing ethics. Much to my surprise when i discovered that the paper had been published without my name even been acknowledged, i did three things: 1) i contacted the author and gave him three opportunities to explain the situation; 2) after the 3rd request, which was followed by silence, i contacted the indian research institute; 3) following legal threats by the pi and his university, despite my call for a peaceful and logical resolution, i decided to contact the journal editors to indicate that a paper had been submitted to, and published in their journal, with either authorship conflicts and/or false declarations upon submission and final publication (i. The failure to declare assistance in the acknowledgements, or, in publish-speak, the existence of ghost authorship). Anyone who reads those papers that you assisted with will never know that the effort in those lines were not entirely because of the efforts made by them alone. The paper was rearranged several times after my edits and a few made the final form. M not sure if this instance cuts the threshold of bad ethics: had i felt an author was left off a paper, or had i made a substantial enough contribution that the paper would have been materially different had i not gotten involved… beyond just a few sentences rearranged… sure, i’d say something. There is no explicit acknowledgement requirement and i didn’t (come anywhere close to) merit(ing) authorship and i did not ghostwrite the paper.

It seems that outsourcing article writing and grant writing is the only logical next step in this enterprise. On the other hand, by legitimizing the business, we may actually have a chance of some accountability and of reducing the number of retracted papers through the invisible hands of the market. Ghost-writing is usually indicated as you not being recognized as having contributed, so that would be unethical. Once you appear as an author, it is no longer ghost-writing, even if you joined the project quite late in the game. Think the kind of fee-for-service scientific writing contemplated here, provided that the clients are on the up-and-up, is very different from the kind of “ghostwriting” that cope and others discourage, where a commercial interest writes and develops a paper and then has shills in academe submit long as the terms of payment and acknowledgement are clearly decided in advance and mutually agreeable i’m not sure i see potential authorship disputes as a reason not to take the y 22, 2014 at 12:31 tely not! I think the idea noted by others that a ghost writer has to be acknowledged really is the minimum. It raises the difficult question regarding the development of argument in the paper, which is an intellectual contribution. The corresponding and first authors will have taken the lead experimentally, from design through implementation to analysis and the onto writing. If they haven’t engaged in the writing (part of analysis, after all), then the person who did should really be on the paper. Don’t know how the services provided to those with poor english writing skills operate. We should consider ghost writers or english revision services no different to chemicals or reagents. In fact, english revision services are extremely important, because without them, many papers would most likely be rejected. Can we confidently say that the authors of most papers that have in fact been improved by such english revision services have made a submission with a false declaration? False declaration because not all entities involved with the submission of a paper were declared. But, we are gradually discovering these gaping holes in publishers’ ethics for one very simple reason: were authors who used such revision and editing services be forced to declare them, there would be possible conflicts of interest, and papers would start to serve as advertisement. And papers with actual conflicts of interest, even if declared, are already on shaky ground. On the other hand, if publishers would now start to retract papers based on the fact that the authors had made false or incomplete declarations, then their businesses would quickly shut down because not only are chinese, japanese, many middle eastern, european, african and south american scientists an excellent revenue source, they are a massive swathe of the authorship base. I see some really silly comparisons between ghost authors in politics, in business, in journalism and in science. Let this be absolutely clear those who seek to take advantage of the naivety of scientists and the loop-holes in science ethics and publishers’ purposefully gap-filled ethical guidelines: ghost authorship is totally unethical if undeclared. M getting in late here, but i don’t see what is unethical about ghost-writing. There are two provisos: 1) the ghost writer does not get credit for the work, and 2) the ghost writer is not responsible for the may be a grey area when it comes to ‘analysis’ but the ethical issues apply to the official authors and not to the ghost writer. Each official author must satisfy two basic criteria: 1) have contributed something tangible and significant to the manuscript, and 2) take responsibility for the whole of the paper. If those are satisfied, it hardly matters who actually wrote the obvious corollary is that scientific authors could never ethically blame the ghost writer if the paper is challenged. Certainly in the areas of science i work in, writing a paper demands a lot of intellectual input and i cannot see why it should be different in other areas. As @jatds puts it, if the ‘ghost” is acknowledged,then there is no longer a ghost, simply an admission that someone else did most of the writing, for whatever reason. Dan, the logic that you use is that ghost writers do not get credit for their work. The second premise upon which you base your claims is also odd: in your perception, the ghost writer is not responsible. To be honest, not being a ghost writer myself, even though i have had the opportunity and have been made the offer, which i resisted precisely because i opposed the (lack of) ethics of it, i am not sure what the contracts to such works entail. Perhaps there is some clause in such a contract that states that responsibility is fully transferred from the ghost writer to the actual authors upon completion of a job. Masked, or not, the true source of the intellectual achievement is that of party b, the ghost writer. For these two reasons, i believe, we should push ghost-writing to the wrong side of the ethical fence. Ghost writers enter this dark world of shady deals behind concealed identities for two reasons: 1) money; 2) fame.

Imagine a young ghost writer were to write the words for a famous politician, for example, then perhaps the incentive would be to boost their curriculum, rather than their bank balance. Of all of the comments i have read, and all of the literature i have read, i cannot find a single convincing or solid argument that ghost writing is ethically acceptable. Money is the product of the process of ghost-writing, not its ethical y 23, 2014 at 12:03 t policies are strongly in favor of naming the person who provided the writing, editing or language assistance in the y 23, 2014 at 2:12 , this is exactly what i have been saying all along, but always criticized for saying! If from now on, authors are caught lying, or making incomplete or false declarations about the existence of such entities (ghost writers, editing firms, or others that have in any way lent support to the existence of a scientific paper, or its content), then they must be accused of, pure and simple, making false (or incomplete) declaration, i. The second thing that should happen, once we have reached the implementation phase of consensus, is to make sure that authors within a reasonable amount of time, for example, the past 10 years, are given an opportunity to retrospectively correct the acknowledgements sections of their papers to reflect these instances of undisclosed, or incomplete acknowledgements. I don’t see how we can be calling for the correction of the literature because authors lied about their data, or about the source of their text (plagiarism) or the originality of their figures (duplication or manipulation), if we also fail to address the issue of faked, manipulated, or false declarations upon the submission of a scientific paper to a scientific journal. But i am stating that we should have a phase of reconciliation and repair, allowing authors a fair chance to add an erratum or corrigendum to past papers. I know that current ghost authors who may be doing this as a source of income (basal or additional) will want to dig their teeth into me, but we really have to resolve this serious issue. As for other issues related to publishing ethics that are the subject of retractions, we cannot stand on the ethical fence when it comes to ghost writers and ghost authors (at least in science publishing). In other fields such as sports, political or other journalism-based writing, i guess there could be other arguments, but that is not of interest to us here in a. Available at:Tim albert and elizabeth wager, in reference 1 that elsevier uses to solidify its official stance, state: “ghost authors: this phrase is used in two ways. Statement or any other part of the instructions for authors does not mention any thing about guest or ghost authors. Manuscripts submitted for publication must list all authors, including the person who drafted the original manuscript and including paid or unpaid medical writers (‘ghost writers’). Lawyers in japan are now beginning to question the legality of services offered by companies that offer “ghost author” services, particularly when writing phd theses. But if cases actually emerge of companies or individuals that ghost wrote phd theses (and by extension scientific papers), without due mention anywhere in the final product (thesis or paper), or during the publishing process (e. I “feel” that there are likely many who have profited, either though positions, salaries, grants, or otherwise, including obtaining a thesis, based on their ability to pay massive fees for ghost-writers’ efforts. The crack-down must thus be dual: on the authors and universities that have permitted this unethical (and now possibly illegal) activity to have taken place and on the ghost-authors or companies offering such services, who have failed their moral/ethical (and now possibly legal) responsibilities in ensuring that due credit should have been mentioned, and 25, 2014 at 4:15 me of follow-up comments by email. Hhs office of research integrity temporarily removed from postfernando pessoa on harvard diabetes researcher retracts third paperot on caught our notice: when authors go mia, the article may followwe’re on retraction watch in another languagearchives tion posts by author, country, journal, subject, and typeretraction posts by author, country, journal, subject, and retraction watch  (44). Check failed, please try , your blog cannot share posts by art of relieving students' free:  writing writing write quality essays and other types of papers from 's why we'll be able to write your paper perfectly as ic ghostwriting ic ghostwriting services are very popular with students. Often don't have time to provide serious study of the issue and look for a helpful writing s their writing skills may not be that good to provide a perfect paper. Story essay writing is a marvelous way out for students who take their first steps in help make academic writing effective! 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