History of paper
Wikipedia, the free to: navigation, seminal steps in ancient chinese papermaking outlined in a is a white material primarily used for writing, first invented in ancient china. 1] although contemporary precursors such as papyrus and amate existed in the mediterranean world and pre-columbian americas, respectively, these materials are not defined as true paper. The first papermaking process was documented in china during the eastern han period (25-220 c. During the 8th century, chinese papermaking spread to the islamic world, where pulp mills and paper mills were used for money making. By the 11th century, papermaking was brought to medieval europe, where it was refined with the earliest known paper mills utilizing waterwheels. Later western improvements to the papermaking process came in the 19th century with the invention of wood-based papers. Determining sors: papyrus and portraiture fresco of a young man with a papyrus scroll, from herculaneum, 1st century word "paper" is etymologically derived from papyrus, ancient greek for the cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the cyperus papyrus plant which was used in ancient egypt and other mediterranean societies for writing long before paper was used in china. 2] papyrus however are plants pressed and dried, while paper is made from fibers whose properties have been changed by maceration or disintegration. Is lucky chance that the date of ce 105 was recorded, because cai lun, the official involved, who seems to have introduced some improvements in paper manufacture, worked at the palace as a eunuch. But thereafter the advantage swung the other way, since papyrus, which is composed of organic material not as highly processed as paper, was prone to splitting and deterioration at a much greater rate; this may be why vellum eventually came to dominate, especially in the harsher climate of northern europe. Paper, by contrast, gave a good, uniform writing surface that could be smoothly rolled and unrolled without damage, while remaining relatively durable. The pre-columbian americas, a type of early bark paper known as amate was used as a folded writing material for codices. Known extant paper fragment unearthed at wrapping paper, western han period of china, circa 100 paper book, dating to ad world's earliest known printed book (using woodblock printing), the diamond sutra of 868, shows the widespread availability and practicality of paper in article: r information: cai lun § invention of paper, and science and technology of the han ological evidence of papermaking predates the traditional attribution given to cai lun,[6] an imperial eunuch official of the han dynasty (202 bc-ad 220), thus the exact date or inventor of paper can not be deduced. The earliest extant paper fragment was unearthed at fangmatan in gansu province, and was likely part of a map, dated to 179-41 bc. 7] fragments of paper have also been found at dunhuang dated to 65 bc and at yumen pass, dated to 8 bc. The innovation is a type of paper made of mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishing nets, old rags, and hemp waste which reduced the cost of paper production, which prior to this, and later, in the west, depended solely on rags. 50–121) is credited as the inventor of a method of papermaking (inspired by wasps and bees) using rags and other plant fibers in 105 ce. 4] however, the discovery of specimens bearing written chinese characters in 2006 at fangmatan in north-east china's gansu province suggests that paper was in use by the ancient chinese military more than 100 years before cai, in 8 bc, and possibly much earlier as the map fragment found at the fangmatan tomb site dates from the early 2nd century bc. 7] it therefore would appear that "cai lun's contribution was to improve this skill systematically and scientifically, fix a recipe for papermaking". Tshai lun then initiated the idea of making paper from the bark of trees, remnants of hemp, rags of cloth and fishing nets. From this time, paper has been in use everywhere and is universally called the paper of marquis production process may have originated from the practice of pounding and stirring rags in water, after which the matted fibres were collected on a mat. The bark of paper mulberry was particularly valued and high quality paper was developed in the late han period using the bark of tan (檀; sandalwood). In the eastern jin period a fine bamboo screen-mould treated with insecticidal dye for permanence was used in papermaking. The earliest known uses of paper was padding and wrapping delicate bronze mirrors according to archaeological evidence dating to the reign of emperor wu of han from the 2nd century bc. 12] padding doubled as both protection for the object as well as the user in cases where poisonous "medicine" were involved, as mentioned in the official history of the period. 12] although paper was used for writing by the 3rd century ad,[1] paper continued to be used for wrapping (and other) purposes. 13] in 589, the chinese scholar-official yan zhitui (531-591) wrote: "paper on which there are quotations or commentaries from five classics or the names of sages, i dare not use for toilet purposes". 13] an arab traveler who visited china wrote of the curious chinese tradition of toilet paper in 851, writing: "... The chinese] do not wash themselves with water when they have done their necessities; but they only wipe themselves with paper".
The tang dynasty (618–907) paper was folded and sewn into square bags to preserve the flavor of tea. In the same period, it was written that tea was served from baskets with multi-colored paper cups and paper napkins of different size and shape. 12] during the song dynasty (960–1279) the government produced the world's first known paper-printed money, or banknote (see jiaozi and huizi). 13] during the yuan dynasty (1271-1368), the first well-documented europeans in medieval china, the venetian merchant marco polo remarked how the chinese burned paper effigies shaped as male and female servants, camels, horses, suits of clothing and armor while cremating the dead during funerary rites. To timothy hugh barrett, paper played a pivotal role in early chinese written culture, and a "strong reading culture seems to have developed quickly after its introduction, despite political fragmentation. To endymion wilkinson, one consequence of the rise of paper in china was that "it rapidly began to surpass the mediterranean empires in book production. Despite the initial advantage afforded to china by the paper medium, by the 9th century its spread and development in the middle east had closed the gap between the two regions. From about 1500 the maturation of paper making and printing in southern europe also had an effect in closing the gap with the chinese. In later times paper constituted one of the 'four treasures of the scholar's studio,' alongside the brush, the ink, and the inkstone. Information: dunhuang its origin in central china, the production and use of paper spread steadily. It is clear that paper was used at dunhuang by ad 150, in loulan in the modern-day province of xinjiang by 200, and in turpan by 399. Legend goes,[28] the secret of papermaking was obtained from two chinese prisoners from the battle of talas, which led to the first paper mill in the islamic world being founded in samarkand in sogdia (modern-day uzbekistan). 29] there are records of paper being made at gilgit in pakistan by the sixth century, in samarkand by 751, in baghdad by 793, in egypt by 900, and in fes, morocco around 1100. Laborious process of paper making was refined and machinery was designed for bulk manufacturing of paper. Production began in baghdad, where a method was invented to make a thicker sheet of paper, which helped transform papermaking from an art into a major industry. 31] the use of water-powered pulp mills for preparing the pulp material used in papermaking, dates back to samarkand in the 8th century,[32] though this should not be confused with paper mills (see paper mills section below). The muslims also introduced the use of trip hammers (human- or animal-powered) in the production of paper, replacing the traditional chinese mortar and pestle method. The 9th century, muslims were using paper regularly, although for important works like copies of the revered qur'an, vellum was still preferred. Earliest recorded use of paper for packaging dates back to 1035,[contradictory] when a persian traveler visiting markets in cairo noted that vegetables, spices and hardware were wrapped in paper for the customers after they were sold. 38] since the first crusade in 1096, paper manufacturing in damascus had been interrupted by wars, but its production continued in two other centres. Egypt continued with the thicker paper, while iran became the center of the thinner papers. Papermaking was diffused across the islamic world, from where it was diffused further west into europe. 39] paper manufacture was introduced to india in the 13th century by muslim merchants, where it almost wholly replaced traditional writing materials. Copy of the gutenberg bible, printed on paper during the 1450s, in the new york public oldest known paper document in the west is the mozarab missal of silos from the 11th century, probably using paper made in the islamic part of the iberian peninsula. 40][41] papermaking reached europe as early as 1085 in toledo and was firmly established in xàtiva, spain by 1150. It is clear that france had a paper mill by 1190, and by 1276 mills were established in fabriano, italy and in treviso and other northern italian towns by 1340. Papermaking then spread further northwards, with evidence of paper being made in troyes, france by 1348, in holland sometime around 1340–1350, in mainz, germany in 1320, and in nuremberg by 1390 in a mill set up by ulman stromer. 42] this was just about the time when the woodcut printmaking technique was transferred from fabric to paper in the old master print and popular prints. There was a paper mill in switzerland by 1432 and the first mill in england was set up by john tate in 1490 near stevenage in hertfordshire,[43] but the first commercially successful paper mill in britain did not occur before 1588 when john spilman set up a mill near dartford in kent. 44] during this time, paper making spread to poland by 1491, to austria by 1498, to russia by 1576, to the netherlands by 1586, to denmark by 1596, and to sweden by 1612.
Prisoners who settled in a town called borgo saraceno in the italian province of ferrara introduced fabriano artisans in the province of ancona[clarification needed] the technique of making paper by hand. Fabriano papermakers considered the process of making paper by hand an art form and were able to refine the process to successfully compete with parchment which was the primary medium for writing at the time. They developed the application of stamping hammers to reduce rags to pulp for making paper, sizing paper by means of animal glue, and creating watermarks in the paper during its forming process. The fabriano used glue, obtained by boiling scrolls or scraps of animal skin to size the paper; it is suggested that this technique was recommended by the local tanneries. The introduction of the first european watermarks in fabriano was linked to applying metal wires on a cover laid against the mould which was used for forming the paper. The americas, archaeological evidence indicates that a similar bark-paper writing material was used by the mayans no later than the 5th century ad. The paper is created by boiling and pounding the inner bark of trees, until the material becomes suitable for art and materials made from pounded reeds and bark are technically not true paper, which is made from pulp, rags, and fibers of plants and an papermaking spread to the americas first in mexico by 1575 and then in philadelphia by 1690. Due to their noise and smell, paper mills were required by medieval law to be erected outside of the city use of human and animal powered mills was known to chinese and muslim papermakers. However, evidence for water-powered paper mills is elusive among both prior to the 11th century. 49][50][51][52] the general absence of the use of water-powered paper mills in muslim papermaking prior to the 11th century is suggested by the habit of muslim authors at the time to call a production center not a "mill", but a "paper manufactory". Hill has identified a possible reference to a water-powered paper mill in samarkand, in the 11th-century work of the persian scholar abu rayhan biruni, but concludes that the passage is "too brief to enable us to say with certainty" that it refers to a water-powered paper mill. 54] this is seen by halevi as evidence of samarkand first harnessing waterpower in the production of paper, but notes that it is not known if waterpower was applied to papermaking elsewhere across the islamic world at the time. 55] burns remains sceptical, given the isolated occurrence of the reference and the prevalence of manual labour in islamic papermaking elsewhere prior to the 13th century. 57] a decree by the christian king peter iii addresses the establishment of a royal "molendinum", a proper hydraulic mill, in the paper manufacturing centre of xàtiva. 57] the crown innovation originates from the muslim mudéjar community in the moorish quarter of xàtiva, where paper mills were a muslim mudejar operated enterprise. 58] however, it appears to be resented by sections of the local muslim papermakering community; the document guarantees them the right to continue the way of traditional papermaking by beating the pulp manually and grants them the right to be exempted from work in the new mill. 57] paper making centers began to multiply in the late 13th century in italy, reducing the price of paper to one sixth of parchment and then falling further; paper making centers reached germany a century later. First paper mill north of the alps was established in nuremberg by ulman stromer in 1390; it is later depicted in the lavishly illustrated nuremberg chronicle. 60] from the mid-14th century onwards, european paper milling underwent a rapid improvement of many work processes. Hemp fiber was commonly used in the production of paper from 200 bc to the late the industrialisation of the paper production the most common fibre source was recycled fibres from used textiles, called rags. 62] a process for removing printing inks from recycled paper was invented by german jurist justus claproth in 1774. It was not until the introduction of wood pulp in 1843 that paper production was not dependent on recycled materials from ragpickers. Century advances in gh cheaper than vellum, paper remained expensive, at least in book-sized quantities, through the centuries, until the advent of steam-driven paper making machines in the 19th century, which could make paper with fibres from wood pulp. Although older machines predated it, the fourdrinier papermaking machine became the basis for most modern papermaking. Nicholas louis robert of essonnes, france, was granted a patent for a continuous paper making machine in 1799. By 1800, matthias koops (in london, england) further investigated the idea of using wood to make paper, and in 1801 he wrote and published a book titled historical account of the substances which have been used to describe events, and to convey ideas, from the earliest date, to the invention of paper. Both friedrich gottlob keller and charles fenerty began experiments with wood but using the same technique used in paper making; instead of pulping rags, they thought about pulping wood. They invented a machine which extracted the fibres from wood (exactly as with rags) and made paper from it. By the end of the 19th-century almost all printers in the western world were using wood in lieu of rags to make paper. With the invention of the practical fountain pen and the mass-produced pencil of the same period, and in conjunction with the advent of the steam driven rotary printing press, wood based paper caused a major transformation of the 19th century economy and society in industrialized countries.
With the introduction of cheaper paper, schoolbooks, fiction, non-fiction, and newspapers became gradually available by 1900. Cheap wood based paper also meant that keeping personal diaries or writing letters became possible and so, by 1850, the clerk, or writer, ceased to be a high-status original wood-based paper was acidic due to the use of alum and more prone to disintegrate over time, through processes known as slow fires. Mass-market paperback books still use these cheaper mechanical papers (see below), but book publishers can now use acid-free paper for hardback and trade paperback ining ining the provenance of paper is a complex process that can be done in a variety of ways. Print: a manual for librarians and students describing in detail the history, methods, and applications of printing and paper making. Mahdavi, farid (2003), "review: paper before print: the history and impact of paper in the islamic world by jonathan m. Dard hunter (1978), papermaking: the history and technique of an ancient craft, courier dover publications, isbn 0-486-23619-6. Diana twede (2005), "the origins of paper based packaging" (pdf), conference on historical analysis & research in marketing proceedings, 12: 288–300 [289], archived from the original (pdf) on july 16, 2011, retrieved 2010-03-20. The construction of the codex in classic- and post classic-period maya civilization maya codex and paper making. It has also become universal to talk of paper "mills" (even of 400 such mills at fez! 169:European papermaking differed from its precursors in the mechanization of the process and in the application of water power. Paper had traveled nearly halfway around the world, but no culture or civilization on its route had tried to mechanize its manufacture. Indeed, muslim authors in general call any "paper manufactory" a wiraqah - not a "mill" (tahun). Leor halevi (2008), "christian impurity versus economic necessity: a fifteenth-century fatwa on european paper", speculum, cambridge university press, 83: 917–945 [917–8], doi:10. A b c göttsching, lothar; pakarinen, heikki (2000), "1", recycled fiber and deinking, papermaking science and technology, 7, finland: fapet oy, pp. Historical account of the substances which have been used to describe events, and to convey ideas, from the earliest date, to the invention of paper. R, wolfgang von (1960), "das handelshaus der stromer von nürnberg und die geschichte der ersten deutschen papiermühle", vierteljahrschrift für sozial und wirtschaftsgeschichte, 47: 81–r, wolfgang von (1993), "große innovationen der papierfabrikation in spätmittelalter und frühneuzeit", technikgeschichte, 60 (1): 1–on, susan (1978), "paper manufacturing and early books", annals of the new york academy of sciences, 314: 167–176, doi:10. Tsuen-hsuin (1985), paper and printing, joseph needham, science and civilisation in china, chemistry and chemical technology, vol. 5 part 1, cambridge university son, endymion (2012), chinese history: a new manual, harvard university asia center for the harvard-yenching cture/ of paper e chemistry of cture and ing of wood nmental impact of ries: paperindustrial historyhistory of technologyforest historyhidden categories: wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalismall articles lacking reliable referencesarticles lacking reliable references from march 2014all self-contradictory articleswikipedia articles needing clarification from april 2016wikipedia articles needing page number citations from march logged intalkcontributionscreate accountlog pagecontentsfeatured contentcurrent eventsrandom articledonate to wikipediawikipedia out wikipediacommunity portalrecent changescontact links hererelated changesupload filespecial pagespermanent linkpage informationwikidata itemcite this a bookdownload as pdfprintable version. A non-profit all the writing materials mankind has employed down through the ages, paper has become the most widely used around the world. Paper has a long history stretching back to ancient egypt in the third millennium gh our paper may not be recognisable to the pharaohs, paper has retained its essential characteristics down through the ages and today's diverse offerings remain as natural, essential and precious as word ‘paper' is derived from papyrus, a plant that was once abundant in egypt and which was used to produce a thick, paper-like material by the ancient egyptians, greeks and romans. Papyrus, however, is only one of the predecessors of paper that are collectively known by the generic term ‘tapa' and which were mostly made from the inner bark of the paper mulberry, fig and daphne as we know it traces its roots back to china at the beginning of the first millennium ad. Craft of papermaking spread throughout the world and remained a relatively small-scale, artisan activity until paper production became industrialised during the 19th century. Originally intended purely for writing and printing purposes, a dazzling array of paper products are available to today's on the infographic below to learn about the history of paper! 2017 european paper & packaging industries - to a friend sitemap contact us print this making is one of the inventions by chinese. Is often cited year in which papermaking was that year, historical records show that the invention of paper ed to the eastern han emperor ho-di by ts'ai lun, an official of the archaeological investigations, however, place the actual papermaking some 200 years earlier. Later it was discovered that y of paper could be much improved with the addition of rags hemp and nets to the pulp. The paper was soon widely used in china and the rest of world through the silk official history written some centuries later explained:In ancient times writing was generally on bamboo or on pieces of silk, then called ji. In 105 he made a report to the emperor on the paper making, and received high praise for his ability. From this has been in use everywhere and is called the "paper few years, the chinese began to for writing. The first printed newspaper was seen in the east, papermaking moved to korea, where production of paper began as the 6th century ad.
According to tradition, a korean don-cho brought papermaking to japan by sharing his knowledge at al palace in approximately ad 610, sixty years after buddhism was the silk road, we learned that paper was introduced to xinjiang early according to the archaeological records. The arabs learned the paper making chinese prisoners and built the first paper industry in baghdad in 793 , too, kept it a secret, and europeans did not learn how to until several centuries later. It arrived to spain as a the crusades and established the first paper industry in 1453 a. Johann gutenberg invents the printing first paper industry in the north america was built elphia in ad foundation |. You do not write a paper "about the civil war," however, for that is such a large and vague concept that the paper will be too shallow or you will be swamped with information. For example, suppose that you decide to write a paper on the use of the films of the 1930's and what they can tell historians about the great depression. There are other questions, of course, which you could have asked, but these two clearly illustrate how different two papers on the same general subject might be. These two checks should make sure your paper is in the realm of the possible. Many sources are also available your research paper takes shape you will find that you need background on people, places, events, etc. You cannot count on a good research paper coming from browsing on one shelf at the library. For specific article searches "uncover" (press returns for the "open access") or possibly (less likely for history) "first search" through "connect to other resources" in muse can also be do the bulk of your research. It is important that you try to get to the end point of this writing as soon as possible, even if you leave pieces still in outline form at first and then fill the gaps after you get to the al advice for larger papers:It is often more effective not to start at the point where the beginning of your paper will be. Especially the introductory paragraph is often best left until later, when you feel ready and "second draft" is a fully re-thought and rewritten version of your paper. After that break, read it over with a critical eye as you would somebody else's paper (well, almost! But keep questioning your paper along the following lines: what precisely are my key questions? How or in what order can i structure my paper most effectively to answer those questions most clearly and efficiently for my reader? You must write conceptually a new paper at this point, even if you can use paragraphs and especially quotes, factual data in the new is critical that in your new draft your paragraphs start with topic sentences that identify the argument you will be making in the particular paragraph (sometimes this can be strings of two or three paragraphs). Diethelm prowe, af&papaper recycles: mission and goalsthe paper recycling success storypaper products & everyday lifethe history of paperfun factscontact g old paper into new paperwhat is recyclable? Af&pa community access surveybetter practices, better planet 2020 recovery goalsustainability and paper recyclingaf&pa member & paperboard recoverypaper recovery & landfillwhere recovered paper goespackaging recoveryrecovery & use of old corrugated containers (occ)recovery of old newspapers/mechanical papersrecovery of printing-writing papersmore industry recycles: mission and paper recycling success products & everyday history of paper the history of paper dates back almost 2,000 years to when inventors in china first crafted cloth sheets to record their drawings and writings. Paper as we know it today was first made in lei-yang, china by ts'ai lun, a chinese court official. During the 8th century, muslims (from the region that is now syria, saudi arabia, and iraq) learned the chinese secret of papermaking when they captured a chinese paper mill. The first paper mill was built in spain, and soon, paper was being made at mills all across europe. Over the next 800 years, paper was used for printing important books, bibles, and legal documents. England began making large supplies of paper in the late 15th century and supplied the colonies with paper for many years. At first, american paper mills used the chinese method of shredding old rags and clothes into individual fibers to make paper. As the demand for paper grew, the mills changed used fiber from trees because wood was less expensive and more abundant than cloth. Today, paper is made from trees mostly grown on working forests and from recovered paper. When you recycle your used paper, paper mills will use it to make new newspapers, notebook paper, paper grocery bags, corrugated boxes, envelopes, magazines, cartons, and other paper products. Besides using recovered paper and trees to make paper, paper mills may also use wood chips and sawdust left over from lumber operations (whose products are used to make houses, furniture, and other things). Today, more than 36 percent of the fiber used to make new paper products in the united states comes from recycled | recycling resources | sustainability | recycling awards | news | statistics | contact us copyright paper recycles 2013.
