Literature review on leadership theories
This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of uk chapter examined the literature of leadership practices on organizational commitment among managers. The study of leadership is seen as complicated because there has not yet reached any agreement among the researchers in terms of the real meaning of leadership. Professions from different fields around the world such as researchers, philosophers, organizational leaders had attempted to define the concept and meaning of leadership (woods, 2007). As there are a lot of definitions define by professions around the world about the term of leadership, this study helps to identify the concepts of leadership in order to improve leadership practices on organizational elements that will be discussed in this chapter were about theories of leadership that have been argued centuries. Then the definitions of leadership practices and five dimensions of leadership practices will be explained in detail. Lastly, the definition of organizational commitment will also be identified and be elaborated in had been existence of arguments about the definition of leadership for several centuries (woods, 2007). However, the existence of leadership in an organization cannot be denied in terms of its role in achieving the goals and objectives of the organization (grojean, resick, dickson & smith, 2004, p. The scientific study of leadership became popular on 20th century and a lot of studies at that time were mainly focused on the effectiveness of leadership (weinberger, 2009; yukl, 1998). 2005) defined leadership as a relationship between two parties which were leaders and followers that who were willing to create a shared value and strive toward a shared missions and objectives together (lee, 2008). Besides that, leadership consisted of the meaning that a leader acts as an example or role model for the employees so that they can follow the step of the leader on the path towards the accomplishment of their tasks (knab, 2009). Therefore, leadership was seen as effective when the leaders are able to develop and maintain the commitment of the employees through efficient monitoring and encouragement (knab, 2009). To weinberger (2009), leadership can be nurtured in the attitudes and behaviours of the people through consistent training and practices. Therefore, the studies of the leadership in terms of teamwork had received attention by the researchers around the world (carroll and levy, 2010). Thus, they will perform in different types of leadership practices under different circumstances (morgeson, derue, and karam, 2010; mcgrath, 1962).
Literature review on transformational leadership
Current century, the requirement of a leader to practice well in the leadership is getting more difficult. Is no comprehensive of the theory and meaning of the term leadership, so it is difficult to determine what a leader should react and how the leader should behave in a particular situation. Regardless of the various meaning and definition of leadership, it continues to be one of the most widely researched topics today. The previous research on leadership had spur out different types of leadership theories such as great man theory, trait theory, contingency theory, behavioral theory, transactional theory, and transformational theory. Each of the leadership theories mentioned has their own meaning and existence of different types of leadership theories indicated the efforts of previous researchers in the studies of leadership. Those theories play important role for the further literature study of the leadership (morgeson, derue, and karam, 2010). Therefore, there is difficult to practice the western style of leadership in asian countries such as malaysia. Consequently, the leadership styles and theories that are accepted by western countries may not have the notable impact on the management styles of organizations in malaysia (lee, 2008). Leaders need to develop their own leadership approach by learning more about the following leadership ormational 2. They are the people that able to facilitate their power and ability of leadership and open minded which lead them to become a great leader and will leave their footprints in the legend and history (eckmann, 2005). There were several studies found that potential leader will posses that similar straits of an effective theory had been neglected in the pass studies of leadership. However, as there had been more researchers explored the studies of leadership theories, more research had been done on this theory in recently years (penn, 2008). Contingency gency theory suggested that effective leaders will perform an appropriate leadership practices according to the different environment and situation (penn, 2008). According to this theory, the challenge and environment for every organization was different, so there was no a particular leadership or management style that can fit into all kinds of scenarios.
A leadership style will have a positive impact for the organization and its member when the style fulfils the requirement of the situation and expectations of the employees. On the other hand, situational theory emphasized that suitable and appropriate leadership styles will be formed for different situations and leaders have to make sure that their leadership styles are match with the abilities of the subordinates and function in the right situation (hamilton, 1992). In other words, everyone can learn to become a good leader if he or she can match the categories of their behaviours with the appropriate leadership styles (katsuhiko, 2007; shapira, 1997). To coleman (1986), blake and mouton of the university of texas had proposed a two-dimensional leadership theory called the leadership grid. 4 shows the leadership ing to blake and mouton (1980), team management (9,9) was considered as the most effective leadership style because all members in the organizations that work together as a team will complete the tasks faster and can achieve a better result through the process of knowledge sharing in a team. Impoverished management (1,1) was identified as the worst leadership style as the leaders are not concern for both people in the organization and productivity of the organization. Transactional ctional leadership suggested that there was an agreement of contract made between the leader and follower about the obligations of both parties (penn, 2008). Transactional leadership suggested that people tend to put in more effort in order to complete tasks given when there is existence of the rewards and reorganization. Transactional leadership consists of two factors which are contingent reward and management by exception (bass, 1990). To bass (1985), there were four major factors that must be practiced by the leaders that wanted to commit in transformational leadership. The second factor was inspirational leadership which was defined as a sub factor within charismatic leadership behaviour. The leaders that commit in this leadership have the capability to motivate and influent others through the emotional qualities. 2 leadership were several aspects of the studies of leadership practices because it compromised by different identifications and reorganization (morgeson, derue, and karam, 2010). Therefore, the focus on this study is to identify the effectiveness of leadership practices in promoting the followers to achieve higher level of organizational commitment.
According to knab (2009), leaders that perform well leadership practices have the ability to motivate and generate interest of the employees to the jobs. With credibility as the essential ingredient of leadership, leaders need to always improve in that particular area in order to increase the trust and commitment of employees to and posner (2007) also suggested that the theory of leadership practices had been studied by many researchers and those practices can be studied jointly or independently. According to kouzes and posner (2009), every leader that wanted to success in the leadership must commit in the five dimensions of leadership practices that mentioned earlier. Challenge the meaning of this challenge the process leadership practice was defined detail by kouzes & posner (1995). The previous studies showed that this particular leadership practice described the characteristic of a leader that always look into the opportunity and space for improvement. Leaders that commit in this leadership practice are not afraid of failure, instead they take failure as a process to grow up and leadership practice of challenge the process emphasized on the attitude of leaders that always prepared to venture out. In fact, they are the one that bring into the new products or services into the leaders engaged in this leadership practices are the originators of innovation. Therefore, this leadership practice suggested that the leaders to constantly think the situation from different dimensions so that they can create a different and unexpected new thing that can contribute to the productivity of the organization (kouzes & posner, 2009). Leaders who committed leadership practice of inspire a shared vision will helps everyone to formulate a clear picture about future goals that are acceptable and achievable by everyone (knab, 2009). Leaders play a significant role in communicates the objectives and future plans to the employees in an effective way, and in the meanwhile inspires them to work towards a shared ing to hyatt (2007), the effective leaders that commit in this leadership practice have to share their ideas with the employees. Besides that, the leadership practice of inspire a shared vision emphasized on the behaviours of the leaders that allow the employees to take part in the forming of future vision (hyatt, 2007; gabris & ihrke, 2000). Enable others to ing to knab (2009), an effective leader that engaged in leadership practice of enable other to act have the ability to influent others and encourage others to act in the way that expected by the leader. Besides that, they always provide options for the employees and inspire the commitment of the leadership practice emphasized the effort of leaders and subordinates work as a team (woods, 2007). Thus, the employees will have a perception that they are on the same boat with others member, then the organizational commitment will leadership practice of model the way suggested that leaders can develop and foster mutual trust between the leader and subordinates and within the subordinates by being the role model for the subordinates (knab, 2009).
They will clearly define the obligations of employees and give a specific instruction so that employees will receive a clear picture of what are the expectations of leaders to ing to the study of woods (2007), it was defined that leaders that engaged in this particular leadership practices are able to express themselves with a clear values. The leadership practice of model the way explained the right attitudes that leaders should commit in their direct interaction with employees. Encourage the s that engaged in leadership practice of encourage the heart are willing to show their appreciation to the employees publicly, and always find ways to celebrate the achievement of the subordinates (knab, 2009). Was defined in many meanings by researchers and it showed that leadership was indeed plays an important role in today's organization. Although there have been many different theories and definitions of leadership, there is still space for further research about leadership (lee, 2008). Since it was suggested by previous studies that principal of leadership is the key to improve employees' achievement, it is important that we continue to investigate what type of leadership is most effective for the organizations (knab, 2009). Need for effective and efficient leadership practices are important for the leaders in today organization to engage in. Sufficient and efficient practices of leadership in the organization by leaders will increases the organizational commitment of the employees. Subsequently, in this chapter the five leadership practices was explained and its important was discussed as well. Review of leadership theories, principles and styles and their relevance to educational ngozi amanchukwu 1, gloria jones stanley 2, nwachukwu prince ololube 1. The purpose of this theoretical debate is to examine the wider context of leadership and its effectiveness towards improving school management. This academic evaluation examines recent theoretical developments in the study of educational leadership in school management. It begins with a concise overview of the meaning and concept of leadership in terms of research, theory, and practice. This is followed by an examination of the theories of leadership, principles and styles of leadership.
This article concludes that success is certain if the application of the leadership styles, principles and methods is properly and fully applied in school management because quality educational leadership tradition offers great opportunity to further refine educational leadership and management policies and practices by accepting and utilizing the basic principles and styles of educational ion, leadership, theories, styles, principles, methods, management, policies and this paper: rose ngozi amanchukwu , gloria jones stanley , nwachukwu prince ololube , a review of leadership theories, principles and styles and their relevance to educational management, management, vol.