Literature review on obesity

Ript raduate research e ture review - a 21st century epidemic: childhood obesity in north :  nafisa m. This review will discuss the cause and effect of childhood obesity as well as compile recommendations and initiatives currently in place to decrease childhood and adult obesity. For children of the 21st century, obesity is one of the most common metabolic and nutritional diseases. Researchers have identified three main causes of obesity and they include genetics, overeating and lack of exercise. The effects of obesity on children have a huge impact and can range from low self-esteem to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Parents and healthcare professionals can work together to make prevention more effective and one day perhaps abolishing this american heritage dictionary formally defines obesity as condition of increased body weight that is caused by an excessive accumulation of fat. However, insurance companies rarely cover any costs that are associated with treatments for obesity (kempster, 2003). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the increasing epidemic of childhood obesity in north america and its implications. The following sections will describe: (1) mechanism of obesity, (2) causes of obesity, (3) measuring obesity, (4) preventing obesity, (5) possible recommendations and future growth, fat cells increase in number and when energy intake exceeds expenditure, fat cells increase in size. Has shown that obesity is also associated with increased levels of a hormone called leptin (moran et al. In children today, obesity is the most common metabolic and nutritional disease, where as thirty years ago, obesity was rarely seen in children. In the past twenty years, there has been an exponential increase in the incidence of obesity among children. 2000) showed that there was a 17% increase in obesity rates among boys and a 15% increase among girls, since 1981 to 1996. This alarming increase in childhood obesity has been occurring in all westernized countries, and specifically in canada. While childhood obesity rates were similar to other countries like scotland, england and spain in early 1980's, by the 1990's canadian rates rose by leaps and bounds (canadian press, 2003). Peter nieman, (2004) a practicing pediatrician, has identified three main causes of childhood obesity: genetics, overeating and lack of exercise. He emphasizes that it is important to understand that the causes of obesity are often a combination of these three factors. Only one percent of obesity is due a hormonal cause (nieman, 2004), that is, mutations that lead to altered secretion of hormones or hormonal action. In a recent press release, burger king's ceo, brad blum told the public how burger king would help reduce childhood obesity, "we hope to reinforce the importance of physical fitness as part of everyday life, help kids fuel the fire within and understand the concept of energy in and energy out" (kuntzman, 2004). Viewing has been proven to be a significant factor in childhood obesity, since viewing during childhood years could have lasting effects on lifestyle later in life (hancos et al. According to the heart and stroke foundation of canada, almost one in four canadian children, between the ages of 7 and 12 are obese because television viewing encourages a sedentary lifestyle and also contributes to childhood obesity by aggressively marketing junk food to young audiences (media awareness, 2004). This also explains why the obesity rates are increasing faster amongst boys than girls in canada (canadian press, 2003). The replacement of many physical activities by technology has helped childhood obesity rates increase to make obesity the latest "epidemic" of industrialized nations, such as canada and the united states. Other causes of obesity that were identified by researchers include sex, socio-economic status and race. In canada, there is an increased risk of childhood obesity as you move from the west to the east coast (willms et al, 2003). Childhood obesity has been shown to be less pronounced in western canadian provinces when compared to the eastern canadian provinces (canada press, 2003).

Literature review obesity

Study done by willms et al (2003) showed that parents' weight also plays an important factor in the causes of obesity. A 1998 study in the new england medical journal showed that if parents' weights are normal or slightly overweight when the child is between the ages of one and three, there is no increased risk of obesity later in life. The are many causes of childhood obesity and only few have been discussed, new and more advanced causes of obesity appearing ing obesity in children. In addition, bmi for age and gender compares well to laboratory measures of body fat and it can be used to track body size throughout care professionals and parents are just realizing the effects of childhood obesity. The high incidence of obesity causes increased blood pressure, diabetes and also increased levels of low self-esteem and depression in the population (neiman, 2004). Low self-esteem and depression do not seem to be a direct effect of obesity, but dr. It has been shown that children that are obese at the age of four have a twenty percent possibility of developing adult obesity and those who are overweight during adolescence increase their risk of developing adult obesity to eighty percent. This is particularly frightening because the next generation of adults who will enter adulthood will already have a lot of health problems because of their childhood obesity (canadian press, 2003). Care professional have published many preventative recommendations for parents, teachers, school administrators, and officials indicating ways to reduce obesity among children in canada. 2004) have shown that intervention is not successful once the excessive weight gain and obesity have occurred. General recommendations for preventing childhood obesity include exercising, which can help maintain an ideal bodyweight, but there has been some mixed evidence about the role of exercise in weight loss in children (feldman et al. Breastfeeding has been shown to decrease the risk of obesity, for example moms that breast feed for three to five months after their child's birth, and their child is at 35% lower risk of obesity between the ages of five and six (anrig et al. Des spence (2004) created three core themes for a possible preventative strategy that would potentially reduce childhood obesity. Spence believes that a trial for one year would undoubtedly have a dramatic impact on obesity, fitness and conduct tion of childhood obesity can begin prior to conception. This can be done by educating future parents of the risks of high birth weight, maternal diabetes and obesity among family members (anrig, 2003). The best way to prevent childhood obesity is to teach children to eat less food that are high in fat by restricting intake of things like sweetened drinks, which are readily available in canada (medbroadcast, 2003). Have been some programs that have been created and implemented to help decrease the rate of obesity among children. This training program is delivered by healthcare professionals and provides education for parents on how to prevent obesity among their children and also how to encourage them to develop healthy lifestyles. The "take charge" program content embraces the need to avoid restrictive approaches in eating behaviors, since such approaches may actually increase risk of obesity in the future. There have been many multivariable intervention programs that have shown minimal effects on the rates of obesity, the above study mentioned focused on only a single variable: the consumption of carbonated beverages and its effect on obesity. This study provides hope that single-variable intervention maybe successful in limiting obesity and it also draws our attention to the significant contribution of soda consumption on obesity. Taking into account how children think and behave is important when designing physical activity causes of obesity, numerous recommendations and initiatives have been discussed that could potentially be effective for decreasing the rates of childhood obesity. The long-term benefits of reducing the obesity rates among children are many and include the prevention of obese children from entering adulthood with a long list of diseases. Leadership and advocacy from both health professionals and scientists is required to bring about these changes and bring the childhood obesity "epidemic" to an end. Childhood obesity in canada: a review of prevalence estimates and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Of general and central obesity from childhood into early adulthood in african american and european american males and females with a family history of cardiovascular disease.

Literature review on childhood obesity research

Internal regulation and the evolution of normal growth as the basis of prevention of obesity in children. Issue ibe totable of contents of contents receive news and publication updates for journal of obesity, enter your email address in the box mation email ons to this to cite this mentary material. There is a need for future studies, particularly surveillance surveys and prospective cohort studies utilizing advanced methods, to monitor trends and to comprehensively assess the factors contributing to the obesity epidemic in kuwait. Introductionobesity prevalence rates have increased worldwide in the last three decades from 1980 to 2008, reaching a prevalence of 10–14% among the world’s adult population in 2008 [1]. Even though obesity rates are higher in upper-middle income and high income countries [2], they are projected to increase rapidly in developing nations [3]. Body mass index (bmi) is the most common way of assessing obesity and is a measure of weight that adjusts for height [4] and correlates highly with body fatness [5]. Obesity has been linked to a multitude of health conditions including diabetes, hypertension, ischaemic stroke and heart disease, different types of cancers, osteoarthritis, and reproductive conditions [4]. As a result, obesity is now among the leading factors for global morbidity and mortality and causes more global deaths than underweight [6]. Growth, urbanization, and subsequent changes in lifestyle are among the factors driving the global obesity epidemic [7]. The rapid speed that the above factors advanced in countries of the gulf region since the discovery of oil in the late 1930s may have exacerbated the obesity epidemic in these countries including kuwait [8]. The state of kuwait ranks in the top 7% of countries worldwide with the highest adult obesity prevalence rates according to the international comparisons data from the who global infobase [9] and is in the top 3% of countries worldwide with the highest diabetes prevalence rates according to recent data from the international diabetes federation [10]. Alarming levels of obesity and deleterious health consequences on the population of kuwait led us to conduct a scientific review to evaluate the current state of obesity epidemiology research in kuwait. Previous studies have reviewed obesity prevalence rates and causes in arabic speaking countries [12], the middle east [13], the eastern mediterranean [14, 15], and the gulf region [16, 17]; however, none have focused exclusively on kuwait. The purpose of this review is to conduct an exhaustive search and inclusion of obesity epidemiology studies in kuwait in order to assess both research methodology and research findings. Studies are drawn from the literature reporting on the prevalence, trends, and risk factors associated with obesity in kuwait. Methods the pubmed database was searched for articles using the keyword combination: obesity and adults and kuwait. Publications were selected initially based on title and abstract review to include studies on the epidemiology of obesity and exclude studies not directly related to this subject. For the selected publications, we then conducted a full-text review and excluded studies with self-reported instead of measured weight and height, studies with redundant/overlapping data, and review studies that did not contribute new information through a meta-analysis. Among studies with data overlap, we used the study reporting the most detailed results, and for the review studies identified during the primary search, we screened their reference list for additional each study, we retrieved information from the four study domains listed in table 1. Finally, the reference list of retrieved articles and other science literature or public databases were searched for additional articles. The last literature search was conducted on the 10th of february, 1: information extracted from each reviewed study by study domain. One hundred and four articles were identified in pubmed, and 32 articles [16, 17, 19–24, 26, 28, 30–51] remained after exclusion of nonepidemiologic studies based on title and abstract review. Of the 39 epidemiology articles identified, 4 articles [40, 48–50] could not be retrieved and a total of 17 were excluded after full-text review for the following reasons. The excluded articles included two review studies [16, 17], one letter to editor [39], one study with self-reported bmi [36], one study that reported body weight but not height [51], one study that focused on anthropometric measures other than bmi [41], and eleven studies [37, 38, 42–47, 52–54] because of data overlap or redundancy. The selection process resulted in a final total number of 18 articles remaining for a thorough review [18–35] (figure 2). 2: flow chart for articles identification and data and information retrieved from the 18 reviewed studies are outlined in table 2.

In studies reviewed, there was a lag of 2–5 years for publication since the last data collection. 2: study design characteristics of adult obesity epidemiologic studies in eighteen studies reviewed used a cross-sectional study design. The remaining 11 out of the 18 studies did not report response studies reviewed used face to face interview to collect data and only one study distributed a self-reported questionnaire to participants (table 3). The types of data collected in the reviewed studies are outlined for each study in table 3 and summarized for all studies in table 4. No justification was given in the studies to explain the choice of factors included in the 3: data collection, data analysis, and results of adult obesity epidemiologic studies in 4: types of data collected in reviewed overall prevalence of obesity (men and women combined) in the studies that reported overall prevalence rates ranged from 9% to 48%. Finally, some studies additionally report a decrease in obesity rates in the very elderly (above 60 or 70 years) [18, 22]. Two studies investigated temporal changes in obesity prevalence rates and reported a significant increase between 1980 and 1993 [35] and between 1998 and 2009 [22] (table 3). About 70% of the studies examined obesity as the main outcome, whereas the remaining studies examined obesity as a risk factor for other health outcomes [20, 23, 26, 27, 30, 34] (table s1). Among the risk factors reported to be associated with obesity in these studies were sociodemographic, socio-economic, sociocultural, lifestyle, dietary, and hereditary factors. Among the studies that reported associations with health consequences, the health consequences examined and associated with obesity were health conditions such as diabetes, hypertension and osteoarthritis, and physiologic and biochemical outcomes (blood pressure, respiratory, blood lipids, and glucose measures). 5: obesity risk factors* reported in reviewed studies had local and international author affiliations for first and last author [19, 21–23] while the remaining had local affiliations for both first and last author with the most common affiliation being kuwait university. This review was restricted to the adult population in kuwait; however, there have been several informative studies on children. It was beyond the scope of this paper to review the findings on children in order to make possible a comprehensive review on existing adult prevalence rates of obesity reported in national studies ranged from 24% to 48%. Not all results from the studies reviewed may be directly comparable because of differences in sampling procedures, age groups, and the year of data collection. Furthermore, the exhaustive literature search and the wide inclusion criteria provide a clear understanding of the current state of obesity epidemiology research in kuwait including methodology and majority of epidemiologic studies reviewed used convenience sampling. The collection of detailed factors will also encourage the use of advanced statistical software and analysis that can provide robust findings adjusted for possible confounder’s results from existing studies on the correlates of obesity provide us with an overview of the risk factors that may be important contributors to obesity in kuwait. The role of genetic susceptibility was recognized in existing studies but was only crudely assessed as family history of obesity. Advanced studies, utilizing analytic epidemiologic designs such as prospective cohort, are needed to explore the etiology of “kuwaiti” obesity in depth. In addition to the above factors, future studies may include investigation of newly emerging players in obesity such as gene-environment interactions, sleep deprivation, and developmental origins [5]. Priorities must include the design of systematic surveillance surveys to monitor trends and the design of prospective cohort studies with periodic data collections to examine obesity determinants and health consequences [5]. Nhanes consists of cross-sectional surveys carried out annually since 1999 to monitor changes in obesity, physical activity, diet, and health outcomes. Information collected from above studies has contributed to knowledge on determinants and health consequences of obesity. When focusing on metabolic consequences of obesity, which are highly prevalent in kuwait, studies must include measures of wc, shown to better predict metabolic outcomes, or combine wc measurements with blood pressure, lipid, and glucose measurements, factors that describe the metabolic syndrome. Finally, macrolevel factors including food subsidies policies in kuwait and the role of food industry need to be further ing the methodology of studies on trends, determinants and consequences of obesity is vital since results from these studies inform intervention and prevention strategies [5]. The primary factors responsible for placing kuwait in the top 15 countries with the highest obesity prevalence out of 192 countries in the world [9], remain to be elucidated and addressed in prevention campaigns. The effective control and reduction of obesity in kuwait will require a centralized campaign with policy strategies applied at multiple levels.

In their recent review, thoroughly discuss examples of prevention programs implemented in other countries at the government, organization, community, and individual level [7]. Summary, we observed several studies published on the epidemiology of obesity in kuwait; these were conducted in the last fifteen years and were all cross-sectional. Given the widespread and acknowledged problem of high obesity prevalence rates in kuwait, we expect to see an increase in the number of studies in coming years. Future research studies may focus on filling the gaps identified through this review and following a comprehensive approach to understanding and resolving the obesity epidemic in ct of intereststhe authors declared that there is no conflict of ledgmentswe would like to thank professor frank hu and the reviewers for their valuable feedback and dr. Yusuf, “prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the middle east: a systematic review,” european journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation, vol. Musaiger, “overweight and obesity in eastern mediterranean region: prevalence and possible causes,” journal of obesity, vol. Popkin, “the prevalence and trends of overweight, obesity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases in the arabian gulf states,” obesity reviews, vol. Majeed, “prevalences of overweight, obesity, hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia in the gulf: systematic review,” jrsm short reports, vol. Evidence for nutrition transition in kuwait: over-consumption of macronutrients and obesity,” public health nutrition, vol. Desapriya, “factors associated with overweight and obesity among kuwaiti men,” asia-pacific journal of public health, vol. Prakash, “secular trends and risk factors of overweight and obesity among kuwaiti adults: national nutrition surveillance system data from 1998 to 2009,” public health nutrition, vol. Duris, “comparison of obesity and its relationship to some metabolic risk factors of atherosclerosis in arabs and south asians in kuwait,” medical principles and practice, vol. Al nesef, “prevalence of overweight, obesity, and metabolic syndrome among adult kuwaitis: results from community-based national survey,” angiology, vol. Al-kandari, “prevalence of obesity in kuwait and its relation to sociocultural variables,” obesity reviews, vol. Akanji, “obesity indices and major components of metabolic syndrome in young adult arab subjects,” annals of nutrition and metabolism, vol. Al-asi, “overweight and obesity among kuwait oil company employees: a cross-sectional study,” occupational medicine, vol. Al-isa, “obesity among kuwait university students: an explorative study,” journal of the royal society for the promotion of health, vol. Al-isa, “body mass index and prevalence of obesity changes among kuwaitis,” european journal of clinical nutrition, vol. Al-isa, “factors associated with overweight and obesity among kuwaiti kindergarten female teachers,” nutrition and health, vol. Al-isa, “dietary and socio-economic factors associated with obesity among kuwaiti college men,” british journal of nutrition, vol. Al-isa, “factors associated with overweight and obesity among kuwaiti college women,” nutrition and health, vol. Al-isa, “changes in body mass index (bmi) and prevalence of obesity among kuwaitis 1980–1994,” international journal of obesity, vol. Al-isa, “changes in body mass index and prevalence of obesity among adult kuwaiti women attending health clinics,” annals of saudi medicine, vol. Al-isa, “temporal changes in body mass index and prevalence of obesity among kuwaiti men,” annals of nutrition and metabolism, vol. Al-isa, “prevalence of obesity among adult kuwaitis: a cross-sectional study,” international journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders, vol. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and obesity among college students in kuwait,” alexandria journal of medicine, vol.

Related slideshares at ture review childhood hed on dec 12, you sure you want message goes the first to ture review childhood obesity. Literature review of the childhood epidemic in the united world health organization (who) considers childhood obesity to be one most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. Physical suffering and chronic diseases that obese children are likely ence are two of the negative outcomes of the obesity epidemic. The , and reduced economic productivity associated with obesity represent a ic cost for our nation. Older interventions of childhood obesity focused dual responsibility and education about the harmful physical effects of being and more successful interventions involve collaboration of community, regional,Public, and private organizations with state and local governments. This a united vision of changing the environments that lead to obesity and that supports healthy active lifestyles. This paper reviews the recent literature bes the repercussions of the prevalence of childhood obesity in the u. Search ed: childhood obesity, after-school nutrition, after-school physical exercise, , school physical education, built environment, food deserts, and inants of childhood obesity. Eleven independent research studies were cited as independent data website, (mayo clinic), and two ood obesity rate of childhood obesity in the united states has more than tripled since. Obesity occurs when a child is far above the average weight for his height and age. Obesity is defined as having an excessively high percent of body adipose tissue in relation to lean body mass (stunkard & wadden, 1993). Height, weight, age, and gender are all factors in bmi calculations:Childhood obesity rates grow with age. Childhood obesity aged two to nineteen is more prevalent among african americans, and ans ethnic groups. Obesity rates of children related to poverty -poverty level measure percentage of obese than or equal to 50% 14. Children, they would not experience a substantial change y rates for children have remained the same for the past ten years, y among low-income children aged two to four declined for the first time in extreme obesity decreased in all racial groups except american indians (pan, blanck,Sherry, dalenius, & grummer-strawn, 2012). The social and cations of childhood obesity include low self- esteem and bullying, behavior ng problems, and depression (mayo clinic staff). The total cost of childhood obesity is estimated $14 billion per year, which very likely will lead to higher lifetime healthcare costs. Research by the milken institute the leading risk factor of chronic disease is obesity (devol, bedroussian, charuworn,Chatterjee, kim, & klowden, 2007). Their analysis concludes that if by 2030, the could bring obesity rates back to 1998 levels, healthcare spending would $60 billion and productivity would increase by $254 billion (devol, et al. Obesity related chronic illnesses make up 75% of total annual in the untied states (chatterjee, kubendran, king, & devol, 2014). The brookings institution that lifetime costs of obesity are not nearly covered by shorter life expectancy. The economic effects of obesity spill over to the rest of y, primarily in the form of higher health care costs and reduced tivity. While the epidemic seems to have stopped growing at the fast rates of , our society and economy stand to gain significant socioeconomic benefits and s if we are able to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity in the united of intervention. This section examines selected cases s the areas of community access to healthy affordable foods, healthy nments, and built environments that facilitate access to safe physical activity gies to reduce childhood obesity rates in the to healthy 2010 white house task force report on childhood obesity determined is a positive relationship between a lack of access to healthy, affordable foods levels of obesity. Similarly, the close proximity of supermarkets ated with a lower prevalence of obesity (lamichhane, et al. Healthier diet may prevent obesity or lower its occurrence (keener, goodman, lowry,Zaro, kettel, & kahn, 2009).

One study concluded that having supermarkets in ity to communities is an effective strategy to fight the obesity epidemic. This study suggests prices could be a more effective intervention than providing access to able foods the authors also indicate that interventions in a child’s school, outdoor,Or food access environment are not enough to combat the obesity epidemic tful financial incentives (lear, gasevic, & schuurman, 2013). School e children and teens spend most of their day in school, it is important on that environment as a means to reduce obesity rates. Parents, schools, and local, state and federal governments support their study states that urban planning that encourages physical activity is an of addressing the obesity epidemic (day, 2006).. In addition, the ghts the importance of active planning in areas where obesity rates are higher levels are lower (day, 2006). The mission of heac was to nments and policies that change the social determinants that contribute ood obesity. Heac combined the strength of community involvement, ambassadors, with local institutions to work toward the common goal of y rates among children and increasing overall health of communities and worked in selected california neighborhoods that had the highest rates ood obesity. Ined a strong focus on school and after school programs for school e after school programs in california serve almost one million en; creating the possibility for effective anti-obesity prevention (fletcher, 2010). The ent funding went equally to all six communities and was directed toward nments that affect childhood obesity rates: school/after-school,Marketing/advertising, and the built methods include:• encouraging schools to adopt healthier food selections in accordance. All of the healthcare providers within communities reported higher rates of obesity prevention the program outcomes, we can conclude that the heac initiative sful in making healthy affordable foods available, providing increased access that are conducive to physical activity, and increasing awareness of the benefits of y lifestyle in the communities it served. After the pilot initiative but programs like public matters and er are active in the same areas of los angeles and are carrying on the of policy-driven community based approach to obesity second case study examined in this report is the central california y prevention program (ccropp). The college of health and human services rnia state university fresno, teamed with the central california public rship to identify the need for intervention in the obesity epidemic of the of california. Ccropp was administered rnia state university fresno’s central california center for health and es under the oversight of the central california public health is funded by the james irvine foundation, the robert wood tion, and the california central california regional obesity prevention program was designed s the social determinants that contribute to the high rates of childhood obesity related illnesses in the san joaquin valley region of california. Goal is to create sustainable regional and community infrastructures that al activity and healthy 2010, the california childhood obesity rate was 38%, which is 6% higher national average (babey, wolstein, diamant, bloom, & goldstein 2011; cdc). Operated in eight counties within the san joaquin valley that had high rates ood obesity. The 2010 childhood obesity rates within the ccropp fresno kern kings madera merced san joaquin stanislauss tulare. Creating media campaigns that encourage healthy eating and the end of the ccropp initiative, community awareness of the need to the factors contributing to the high rates of childhood obesity was high. And ccropp bottom-up development model can be replicated by grass zers in marginalized, low-income african american, latino, and american ities with high rates of childhood obesity throughout the country. Their ork for using policy and environment to prevent childhood obesity includes:• engaging both public and private community, regional, and state sectors in. Quality of foods sold in school : hart research associates/ferguson research, is encouraging to report that childhood obesity rates have stopped growing, is only the first step. Ship from the community, state, and federal level should acknowledge and community-driven efforts to prevent childhood obesity. For profit and not for zations should support community-driven programs like heac and designing policy, local, state, and federal governments should consider of financial incentives as a key tool to reduce the incidence of childhood obesity , s. Combating the childhood obesity crisis: after school programs,The socioecological model, and the health behaviors initiative. Ity strategies and measurements to prevent obesity in the united states:Implementation and measurement guide. Food research and action ing learning course - linkedin core: exploring k-12 course - linkedin course - linkedin ood obesity prevention literature ture review- major depressive on childhood obesity (essay sample). Food research and action ng online course - linkedin ng techniques: creating effective learning course - linkedin oint: from outline to course - linkedin ood obesity prevention literature ture review- major depressive on childhood obesity (essay sample).