Review of literature on stress management project

233-242838284 / + may be referred to as an unpleasant state of emotional and physiological arousal experience in situations that they perceive as dangerous or threatening to their word stress means different things to different people. Some people define stress as situations that cause them to feel tension, pressure, or negative emotions such as anxiety . However, most psychologists regard stress as a process involving ‘s interpretation and response to a threatening is a common experience. We may feel stress when we are very busy, have nes to meet, or have too little time to finish all of our tasks. Some people may be particularly vulnerable to stress in ing the threat of failure or personal humiliation. Others have extreme fears of objects associated with physical threats—such as snakes, illness, storms, or flying in ne—and become stressed when they encounter or think about these perceived life events, such as the death of a loved one, can cause severe can have both positive and negative effects. Stress is a normal, adaptive reaction to signals danger and prepares us to take defensive action. Although stress may hinder performance on difficult tasks, moderate to improve motivation and performance on less complex tasks. In personal relationships,Stress often leads to less cooperation and more not managed appropriately, stress can lead to serious problems.

Literature review on stress management at workplace

Exposure to chronic stress bute to both physical illnesses, such as heart disease, and mental illnesses, such as ers. The field of health psychology focuses in part on how stress affects bodily on how people can use stress management techniques to prevent or minimize there is little disagreement about the prevalence of stress there is considerable what the word (stress) actually refers to. In other words, the common sense view of stress is is a combination of external stressors and our response in the early and highly ch of selye (1936). Stress is as the result of an interaction between an individual‘nal, intellectual, social, and physical resources and the demands on him or ll & cooper (1981) argue that ‗stress‘ is a different phenomenon form ‗pressure‘. In an earlier work, cooper & marshall, (1978), the same two ded that ‗stress is essentially individually defined and must be understood with characteristics of both the individual and his environment, as it is the outcome of the two‘. Stress is the excitement, feeling of anxiety, and/or physical tension that occurs demands placed on an individual are thought to exceed his ability to cope. It is defined by ganster and murphy (2000) as a form of ‗strain‘ provoked in situational demands labeled ‗stressors‘ which occur when jobs are in demands and low in control. Stress is the mental or physical condition that results from a perceived threat of danger. Stress is any circumstances or transactions with the environment that threaten or ved to threaten our well-being and thereby tax our adaptive capacities.

Stress (psychology), an unpleasant state of emotional and physiological arousal experience in situations that they perceive as dangerous or threatening to -being. In physics, stress refers to the external force applied to an object – for example, a . Stress is defined as a nonspecific response of the body to a stimulus or event (stressor). A general model of the stress response, when an individual experiences a stressor,The stressor will lead to a physiological response, one that can be measured by tors, such as elevated heart rate. Stressors vary in form and can include ature or lighting, time pressure, lack of sleep, and exposure to threat or danger,Among others. Holroyd & lazarus, 1982; lazarus & folkman, 1984) - a theory that proposes that ence of stress depends on one‘s subjective appraisal of events. Thus, stress r a stimulus nor a response but a stimulus-response s emphasizes that the experience of stress is highly personal & subjective,Depending on how people appraise the events they the above definitions of the term stress, stress means different things to different a layperson‘s perspective, stress can be described as feeling tense, anxious, or term stress itself has been defined in literally hundreds of ways in the literature. Virtually the definitions can be placed into one of the two categories, however; stress can be defined a stimulus or a response. Stimulus definition treats stress as some characteristic or event that may result in a uence.

In a tion, stress is the consequence of the interaction between an environmental stimulus (or) and the individual‘s response. That is, stress is the result of a unique n stimulus conditions in the environment and the individual‘s predisposition to respond a nutshell it is useful to view stress as the response a person makes and to identify ions (actions, situations, events) as stressors. Stress is the consequence of the n and environmental stimulus (stressor) and the individual‘s l principles of stress by richard may be either physical or psychological: examples of physical e infections, exposure to excessive heat or cold failure to get , and pain. Examples of psychological stress include arguing with , starting a new job, staring at a stack of bills you are unable to pay, al and psychological stress may overlap and interact: although it ient to distinguish between physical and psychological stress, you think of these two types of stress as being altogether independent. They p in that a single event, such as being wounded in combat, can produce al and psychological stress. Furthermore, there is evidence (friedman,Ader & glasgow, 1965) that physical and psychological stressors may appraisal of stress is not necessarily objective: when under threat,People respond emotionally and seem particularly prone to deviate from rational modes of thought (folkman, schaefer & lazarus, 1979). May be self-imposed: we tend to think of stress as something imposed from without by others and their demands. These overly high expectations often lead to perceptions of failure gs of response to stress is complex and multidimensional: stress affects us l levels. It tends to produce changes in our emotions, our physiology, effects of stress may be cumulative or additive: it had long ted that stress has cumulative effects along the lines of the fabled ― broke the camel‘s back‖.

Tively, the stress in these three areas of your life might be er, it appears that the stressful events do not have to take place at the in order to have additive effects. The evidence suggests that a series ful events, following closely on one another, may also have s of stress (auerbach et al, 2007 / encarta 2008). Stressors vary in severity and example, the responsibility of caring for a sick parent may be an ongoing source of , whereas getting stuck in a traffic jam may cause mild, short-term stress. But in other situations, respond differently to the same event—what is a stressor for one person may not be another. For example, a student who is unprepared for a chemistry test and anticipates a may feel stress, whereas a classmate who studies in advance may feel confident of a . For an event or situation to be a stressor for a particular individual, the person se the situation as threatening and lack the coping resources to deal with it ors can be classified into three general categories: catastrophic events, major life changes,And daily hassles. In addition, simply thinking about unpleasant past events or sant future events can cause stress for many people. Major life most stressful events for adults involve major life changes, such as death of a family member, divorce, imprisonment, losing one‘s job, and major personal illness. For adolescents, the most stressful events are the death of a parent or a member, divorce of their parents, imprisonment of their mother or father, personal disability or illness.

For example, a woman who gets a job promotion may receive salary and greater prestige, but she may also feel stress from ers who were once peers. Getting married is usually considered a ence, but planning the wedding, deciding whom to invite, and dealing with s may cause couples to feel of the stress in our lives results from having to deal with daily hassles pertaining hassles every day. Examples of daily hassles include living in a orhood, commuting to work in heavy traffic, disliking one‘s fellow workers,Worrying about owing money, waiting in a long line, and misplacing or losing taken individually, these hassles may feel like only minor irritants, tively, over time, they can cause significant stress. Impairment of cognitive functioning:A moderately common effect of stress ment of one‘s mental functioning. In some people, stress may lead to a of attention, reduced flexibility in thinking, poor concentration and less storage. This is a stress-related n one‘s behavior comes to be dominated by feelings of physical, mental nal exhaustion. Disruption of social relations:There is one evidence that stress can lead oration in one‘s normal social effect of stress on or has not attracted much attention. However, researchers working with ns suffering from the delayed stress response syndrome (also called ― disorder‖) observed disruptions in social functioning with some regularities. Stress response syndrome: dysfunctional behavior attributed to exposure icant stress, which emerges only after the stress has been alleviated.

Psychological problems and disorders: on the basis of clinical impressions,Psychologists have long believed that stress might be a key factor in the causation kinds of psychological problems and mental illness. In the domain of logical problems, it is clear that stress may contribute to poor mance, insomnia, sexual difficulties, drug abuse, excessive anxiety, nervousness,Dejection, and and beyond these ―everyday‖ problems we ce that stress frequently plays a role in the onset of full-fledged psychological. Physical problems and illness: the existence of a connection between stress n kinds of physical illness has long been recognized. Examples of illnesses long been viewed as stress-related are asthma, hypertension, migraine headache, beneficial effects of stress are more difficult to pinpoint than the harmful effects tend to be more , we would probably experience a suffocating level of boredom if we lived a nce. Although most of us think of stress in terms of stimulus overload, clear that underload can be extremely unpleasant as , stress may frequently promote personal growth. In other words, the s initiated by stress may often lead to personal changes for the better. Confronting ring a stressful challenge may lead to improvement in a specific coping abilities favourable alternative in one‘s , today‘s stress can ―inoculate‖ us so that we are less affected by tomorrow‘s stress. Ful experience is moderate in intensity and does not overwhelm us, it may increase uent stress tolerance. In light of the negative effects that stress can have, improved nce is a desirable are two types of coping: problem focused and emotion focused.

Problem-focused coping: this refers to the actions taken by an individual to a stressful person, situation, or event. For instance, employees that travel frequently as part job may alleviate their stressful feelings and emotions by exercising regularly reading light, non-work-oriented fiction or poetry. If these coping activities sful, the frequent traveler‘s feelings and emotions are kept in prevention and management by ivancevich, et al. Be designed to (1) identify and modify work stressors, (2) educate employees in understanding stress and its impact, and (3) provide employees support to cope with ve impact of stress. However, a trained, educated, and knowledgeable work force can cations with the help of management in how work is performed. Some of the targeted,Corrective programs include:Training programs for managing and coping with gning work to minimize ng management style to include more support and coaching to help flexible work hours and attention paid to work/life balance and needs such as feedback on worker performance and management and other efforts are targeted to prevent and/or manage stress. The potential for success stress prevention or stress management program is good if there is a true commitment tanding how stressors, stress, and outcomes are is a very important distinction between preventing stress and managing tion focuses on controlling or eliminating stressors that might provoke the stress management on the other hand suggests procedures for helping people cope or reduce stress that is already being experienced. Thus, dealing with stress: physical logical techniques designed to enable people to cope with strain and zing person-environment fit. To the extent that the individual‘s talents are insufficient for tilized by job requirements, stress results.

By improving the quality of, or maximizing,The fit between the employee and the organizational environment, potential stressors ated and stress is are numerous strategies for maximizing p-e fit. Selection programs that are effective in ensuring that potential s the requisite skills, knowledge, experience, and abilities for the job are key elements zational stress prevention and management addition to variety of activities that may be undertaken to improve person-environment fit, sing number of organizations have developed very specific stress prevention and/ ment programs. Screening: periodic examination of employees in highly stressful jobs is provided early indications of problems. Ees do not trust the program or company management, they will not with no customers cannot have a positive effect of stress prevention ss programs, sometimes called health promotion programs is an m focusing on the individual‘s overall physical and mental ms may include a variety of activities and assist in preventing or ic health problems, health hazards, or negative health habits. This includes not e identification but lifestyle modification as the most es of such programs are those emphasizing hypertension identification l, smoking cessation, physical fitness and exercise, nutrition an diet control, and personal stress es of well-established wellness programs (all of which include a stress ent) include mass mutual‘s wellness partnership, 3m‘s lifestyle 2000 program,Warner-lambert‘s lifewise program, and control data‘s staywell offering an eap or wellness program does not guarantee positive results employers or the sponsoring organization. Many unions take the position d of helping employees deal with stress, management should focus ation those conditions that contribute to the stress in the first place. The greatest payoff from stress prevention and management comes not from oneshot activities, but from ongoing and sustained effort; thus, ment is essential. Employees must have no participation will in any way affect their standing in the dual approaches to stress prevention and management. Cognitive basic rationale for some individual approaches to stress management, tively as cognitive techniques, is that a person‘s response to stressors is cognitive processes, or thoughts.

Cognitive techniques of stress on changing labels or cognitions so that people appraise situations differently. Ive techniques have a similar objective: to help people gain more control over ons to stressors by modifying their cognitions. Because aerobic exercise increases the endurance of the heart and lungs, cally fit individual will have a lower heart rate at rest and lower blood pressure,Less reactivity to stressors, and quicker recovery from stressors. Some people define stress as events ions that cause them to feel tension, pressure, or negative emotions such as anxiety . The field of health psychology focuses in part on how stress affects bodily on how people can use stress management techniques to prevent or minimize disease. Management: a global perspective, 10 th edition,New york: mcgraw-hill neuroscience of course - linkedin ng techniques: classroom course - linkedin course - linkedin learning. Research on effect of stress among kmph t proposal on stress at vashi electricals pvt. Study on stress management of employees at syndicate and coping literature of stress on sent successfully.. Mapsdatabase of genomic structural variation (dbvar)genbank: tbl2asngenomegenome projectgenome protmapgenome workbenchinfluenza virusmap viewernucleotide databasepopsetprosplignsequence read archive (sra)spligntrace archiveall genomes & maps resources...

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