Marie curie research paper

7ksharesfacebooktwitterredditsubscribegooglewhatsapppinterestdigglinkedinstumbleuponvk by the wellcome researching a famous historical figure, access to their work and materials usually proves to be one of the biggest obstacles. But things are much more difficult for those writing about the life of marie curie, the scientist who, along her with husband pierre, discovered polonium and radium and birthed the idea of particle physics. The curies didn’t know about the dangers of radioactive materials, though they did know about radioactivity. Their research attempted to find out which substances were radioactive and why, and so many dangerous elements--thorium, uranium, plutonium--were just sitting there in their home laboratory, glowing at night, which curie thought beautiful, “like faint, fairy lights,” she wrote in her autobiography. She and her husband wore standard lab clothing, nothing curie died at age 66 in 1934, from aplastic anemia, attributed to her radioactive research. The house, however, continued to be used up until 1978 by the institute of nuclear physics of the paris faculty of science and the curie foundation. When many people in the neighborhood noticed high cancer rates among them, as reported in le parisien, they blamed the curie’s laboratory and the building were decontaminated in 1991, a year after the curie estate began allowing access to curie’s notes and materials, which had been removed from the house. A flood of biographies appeared soon after: marie curie: a life by susan quinn in 1995, pierre curie by anna hurwic in 1998, curie: le rêve scientifique by loïc barbo in 1999, marie curie et son laboratoire by soraya boudia in 2001, and obsessive genius: the inner world of marie curie by barbara goldsmith in 2005, and radioactive: marie and pierre curie, a tale of love and fallout by lauren redniss in , passing away at 66 is not too shabby when one has changed the world in the name of science. Marie curie was the first woman to win a nobel prize (1903), the only woman to win it again (1911), the first woman to become a professor at the university of paris, and the first woman to be entombed (on her own merits) at the panthéon in paris. And she managed many of her breakthroughs after the passing of her husband pierre in 1906, who slipped and fell in the rain on a busy paris street and was run over by the wheels of a horse-drawn christian science monitor/ archive puts 1000s of einstein’s papers online, including this great letter to marie curie. Thought plutonium was isolated much later, as in 10, 2015 at 8:55 biography of marie curie by susan quinn is now available as an ebook marie curie: a 11, 2015 at 9:56 als for the most part do not cause cancer regardless of all of the false information that has been put out to the public about that. 9, 2015 at 1:27 isolated polonium, not 25, 2016 at 6:24 would be nice to mention that her name is maria skłodowska-curie and she was r 13, 2016 at 12:10 she named polonium after her home country of er 1, 2016 at 12:23 am. Curie: why her papers are still curie, whom google is celebrating monday with a google doodle in honor of her 144th birthday, lived her life awash in ionizing radiation. More than a century later, her papers are still o'carroll, curie works in a laboratory in this undated photo. Google celebrated marie curie on its homepage monday, on the scientist's 144th view library collections use special equipment, such as special gloves and climate-controlled rooms, to protect the archival materials from the visitor. For the pierre and marie curie collection at france's bibliotheque national, it's the other way around. That's because after more than 100 years, much of marie curie's stuff – her papers, her furniture, even her cookbooks – are still radioactive. Along with her husband and collaborator, pierre, marie curie lived her life awash in ionizing radiation.

In his 2008 book "the vertigo years: europe, 1900-1914" historian philipp blom quotes marie curie's autobiographical notes, in which she describes the mysterious blue-green lights in her lab:Could you pass a us citizenship test? Doodles you'll never of the day 02/ all the while, the curies were unwittingly donating their bodies to its discovery, everyone presumed that something so energetic as radiation just had to be beneficial. In 1903, pierre curie, after observing burns on his arm left by the chunk of radium that he tied to it for 10 hours, concluded that he had discovered a cure for cancer. But what we didn't know during marie curie's life will stay with us for a long time. If you want to check out madame curie's papers without a moon suit, you should know that the most common isotope of radium, radium-226, has a half life of 1,601 more tech news, sign up for the weekly biztech newsletter, which ships every curie: how she changed the picks: brainteasers, 'invizimals,' 'radioactive,' and ctive milk harmless, but will consumers buy it? Cole normale supé academy of ational committee on intellectual ches sur les substances radioactives (research on radioactive substances). Is the only person to win a nobel prize in two different skłodowska curie (/ˈkjʊri, kjʊˈriː/;[3] french: [kyʁi]; polish: [kʲiˈri]; 7 november 1867 – 4 july 1934; born maria salomea skłodowska; [ˈmarja salɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska]) was a polish and naturalized-french physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a nobel prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, the only person to win a nobel prize in two different sciences, and was part of the curie family legacy of five nobel prizes. She shared the 1903 nobel prize in physics with her husband pierre curie and with physicist henri becquerel. She founded the curie institutes in paris and in warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During world war i, she developed mobile radiography units to provide x-ray services to field a french citizen, marie skłodowska curie, who used both surnames,[7][8] never lost her sense of polish identity. Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at a sanatorium in sancellemoz (haute-savoie), france, of aplastic anemia from exposure to radiation in the course of her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during world war i. On ulica freta in warsaw's "new town" – now home to the maria skłodowska-curie father was eventually fired by his russian supervisors for pro-polish sentiments, and forced to take lower-paying posts; the family also lost money on a bad investment, and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house. 22] in paris, maria (or marie, as she would be known in france) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother-in-law before renting a garret closer to the university, in the latin quarter, and proceeding with her studies of physics, chemistry, and mathematics at the university of paris, where she enrolled in late 1891. 24] that same year pierre curie entered her life; it was their mutual interest in natural sciences that drew them together. 11] they were introduced by the polish physicist, professor józef wierusz-kowalski, who had learned that marie was looking for a larger laboratory space, something that wierusz-kowalski thought pierre had access to. 11][24] though pierre did not have a large laboratory, he was able to find some space for marie where she was able to begin work. 11][24] eventually pierre proposed marriage, but at first marie did not accept as she was still planning to go back to her native country.

24] at marie's insistence, pierre had written up his research on magnetism and received his own doctorate in march 1895; he was also promoted to professor at the school. 11][24] marie's dark blue outfit, worn instead of a bridal gown, would serve her for many years as a laboratory outfit. In pierre, marie had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend. And marie curie in the 1895, wilhelm roentgen discovered the existence of x-rays, though the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood. Influenced by these two important discoveries, marie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis. 22] the curies did not have a dedicated laboratory; most of their research was carried out in a converted shed next to the school of physics and chemistry. The school did not sponsor her research, but she would receive subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organizations and governments. Research] idea [writes reid] was her own; no one helped her formulate it, and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it. Irène, marie was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority. Her paper, giving a brief and simple account of her work, was presented for her to the académie on 12 april 1898 by her former professor, gabriel lippmann. 33] even so, just as thompson had been beaten by becquerel, so curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium; two months earlier, gerhard carl schmidt had published his own finding in berlin. That time, no one else in the world of physics had noticed what curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: "the fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium. 34] on 14 april 1898, the curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. July 1898, curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named "polonium", in honour of her native poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires (russian, austrian, and prussian). 11] on 26 december 1898, the curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named "radium", from the latin word for "ray". Prove their discoveries beyond any doubt, the curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form. By 1898 the curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach. 1898 and 1902, the curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radium, diseased, tumor-forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells.

1900, curie became the first woman faculty member at the école normale supérieure, and her husband joined the faculty of the university of paris. June 1903, supervised by gabriel lippmann, curie was awarded her doctorate from the university of paris. 39] the curies did not patent their discovery and benefited little from this increasingly profitable business. Nobel prize december 1903, the royal swedish academy of sciences awarded pierre curie, marie curie, and henri becquerel the nobel prize in physics, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by professor henri becquerel. 22] at first, the committee intended to honour only pierre and becquerel, but one of the committee members and an advocate of women scientists, swedish mathematician magnus goesta mittag-leffler, alerted pierre to the situation, and after his complaint, marie's name was added to the nomination. 42][43] as nobel laureates were required to deliver a lecture, the curies finally undertook the trip in 1905. 43] following the award of the nobel prize, and galvanized by an offer from the university of geneva, which offered pierre a position, the university of paris gave pierre a professorship and the chair of physics, although the curies still did not have a proper laboratory. 45] on 13 may 1906 the physics department of the university of paris decided to retain the chair that had been created for pierre and to offer it to marie. In her later years, she headed the radium institute (institut du radium, now curie institute, institut curie), a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the pasteur institute and the university of paris. 46] the initiative for creating the radium institute had come in 1909 from pierre paul émile roux, director of the pasteur institute, who had been disappointed that the university of paris was not giving curie a proper laboratory and had suggested that she move to the pasteur institute. 22][47] only then, with the threat of curie leaving, did the university of paris relent, and eventually the curie pavilion became a joint initiative of the university of paris and the pasteur institute. First solvay conference (1911), curie (seated, second from right) confers with henri poincaré; standing, fourth from right, is rutherford; second from right, einstein; far right, paul 1910, curie succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and pierre: the curie. Doctoral student of curie, marguerite perey, became the first woman elected to membership in the academy – over half a century later, in 1962. Despite curie's fame as a scientist working for france, the public's attitude tended toward xenophobia—the same that had led to the dreyfus affair–which also fueled false speculation that curie was jewish. 48] her daughter later remarked on the public hypocrisy as the french press often portrayed curie as an unworthy foreigner when she was nominated for a french honour, but would portray her as a french hero when she received a foreign one such as her nobel prizes. 1911, it was revealed that in 1910–11 curie had conducted an affair of about a year's duration with physicist paul langevin, a former student of pierre's[50]—a married man who was estranged from his wife. Curie (then in her mid-40s) was five years older than langevin and was misrepresented in the tabloids as a foreign jewish home-wrecker. A delegation of celebrated polish men of learning, headed by novelist henryk sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to poland and continue her research in her native country.

14] curie's second nobel prize enabled her to persuade the french government into supporting the radium institute, built in 1914, where research was conducted in chemistry, physics, and medicine. 1912, the warsaw scientific society offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing radium institute to be completed in august 1914, and on a new street named rue pierre-curie. The institute's development was interrupted by the coming war, as most researchers were drafted into the french army, and it fully resumed its activities in 1919. In a mobile x-ray world war i, curie recognised that wounded soldiers were best served if operated upon as soon as possible. 53] after a quick study of radiology, anatomy, and automotive mechanics she procured x-ray equipment, vehicles, auxiliary generators, and developed mobile radiography units, which came to be popularly known as petites curies ("little curies"). 53] assisted at first by a military doctor and by her 17-year-old daughter irène, curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war. 1915, curie produced hollow needles containing "radium emanation", a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identified as radon, to be used for sterilizing infected tissue. 47] in spite of all her humanitarian contributions to the french war effort, curie never received any formal recognition of it from the french government. 47] in 1921, she was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the united states to raise funds for research on radium. William brown meloney, after interviewing marie, created a marie curie radium fund and raised money to buy radium, publicising her trip. By curie, the institute produced four more nobel prize winners, including her daughter irène joliot-curie and her son-in-law, frédéric joliot-curie. 62] eventually, it became one of four major radioactivity research laboratories, the others being the cavendish laboratory, with ernest rutherford; the institute for radium research, vienna, with stefan meyer; and the kaiser wilhelm institute for chemistry, with otto hahn and lise meitner. August 1922, marie curie became a member of the newly created international commission for intellectual cooperation of the league of nations. 70] curie was also exposed to x-rays from unshielded equipment while serving as a radiologist in field hospitals during the war. Of their levels of radioactive contamination, her papers from the 1890s are considered too dangerous to handle. 74] her papers are kept in lead-lined boxes, and those who wish to consult them must wear protective clothing. Maria curie-skłodowska university, lublin, physical and societal aspects of the curies' work contributed substantially to shaping the world of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Curie's work helped overturn established ideas in physics and chemistry, it has had an equally profound effect in the societal sphere.

This aspect of her life and career is highlighted in françoise giroud's marie curie: a life, which emphasizes marie's role as a feminist precursor. 11][30] she gave much of her first nobel prize money to friends, family, students, and research associates. 14] in an unusual decision, curie intentionally refrained from patenting the radium-isolation process, so that the scientific community could do research unhindered. Honours, and of pierre and marie curie, panthéon, one of the most famous women scientists to date, marie curie has become an icon in the scientific world and has received tributes from across the globe, even in the realm of pop culture. And france declared 2011 the year of marie curie, and the united nations declared that this would be the international year of chemistry. 80] an artistic installation celebrating "madame curie" filled the jacobs gallery at san diego's museum of contemporary art. 82] on 10 december, the new york academy of sciences celebrated the centenary of marie curie's second nobel prize in the presence of princess madeleine of sweden. Curie was the first woman to win a nobel prize, the first person to win two nobel prizes, the only woman to win in two fields, and the only person to win in multiple sciences. 64] the curie (symbol ci), a unit of radioactivity, is named in honour of her and pierre (although the commission which agreed on the name never clearly stated whether the standard was named after pierre, marie or both of them). 59] the marie skłodowska-curie actions fellowship program of the european union for young scientists wishing to work in a foreign country is named after her. Institutions bear her name, starting with the two curie institutes – the maria skłodowska–curie institute of oncology, in warsaw; and the institut curie in paris. She is the patron of maria curie-skłodowska university, in lublin, founded in 1944; and of pierre and marie curie university (paris vi), france's pre-eminent science university. In britain, marie curie cancer care was organized in 1948 to care for the terminally ill. In 1967, the maria skłodowska-curie museum was established in warsaw's "new town", at her birthplace on ulica freta (freta street). In 1935, michalina mościcka, wife of polish president ignacy mościcki, unveiled a statue of marie curie before warsaw's radium institute. 14] in 1955 jozef mazur created a stained glass panel of her, the maria skłodowska-curie medallion, featured in the university at buffalo polish room. 80] in 2011 lauren redniss published radioactive: marie and pierre curie, a tale of love and fallout. 65] more recently, in 1997, a french film about pierre and marie curie was released, les palmes de m.

106] curie has also been portrayed by susan marie frontczak in her play manya: the living history of marie curie, a one-woman show performed in 30 us states and nine countries, by 2014. 109] curie themed postage stamps from mali, the republic of togo, zambia, and the republic of guinea actually show a picture of susan marie frontczak portraying curie in a 2001 picture by paul schroeder. The first centenary of marie curie's second nobel prize in 2011, an allegorical mural was painted on the façade of her warsaw birthplace. Palladino: spiritualist medium whose paris séances were attended by pierre and marie , a television series depicting einstein's of female nobel of multiple curie gargoyle (1988), university of se on "blanche" wittmann, who worked for marie curie. Poland had been partitioned in the 18th century among russia, prussia and austria, and it was maria skłodowska curie's hope that naming the element after her native country would bring world attention to poland's lack of independence as a sovereign state. To describe the behavior of uranium and thorium [curie] invented the word “radioactivity” --based on the latin word for ray. Her 1911 nobel prize in chemistry was granted to "marie sklodowska curie" file:marie skłodowska-curie's nobel prize in chemistry . The genius of marie curie: the woman who lit up the world" on youtube (a 2013 bbc documentary). A b c d e f g h i j k l "marie curie – student in paris (1891–1897) part 1". A b c d e f g h i j k "marie curie  – research breakthroughs (1807–1904)part 2". The discovery of radium in 1898 by maria sklodowska-curie (1867–1934) and pierre curie (1859–1906) with commentary on their life and times" (pdf). Marie curie, the nobel prize-winning nuclear physicist has been voted the greatest woman scientist of all time. Córka mazowieckich równin, czyli, maria skłodowska-curie z mazowsza [daughter of the mazovian plains: maria skłodowska–curie of mazowsze] (in polish). A 2004 novel by per olov enquist featuring maria skłodowska-curie, neurologist jean-martin charcot, and his salpêtrière patient "blanche" (marie "blanche" wittmann). The english translation was published in dia commons has media related to:Marie curie (category). Has quotations related to: marie urce has original works written by or about:Out of the shadows – a study of women official web page of maria curie skłodowska university in lublin, poland in ed biography at science in poland website; with quotes, photographs, links an marie curie curie fellowship by marie curie at project by or about marie curie at internet by marie curie at librivox (public domain audiobooks). Sklodowska curie: her life as a media ted bibliography of marie curie from the alsos digital ry, new york times, 5 july 1934 mme. Curie is dead; martyr to places and memories related to marie curie on the 500 french franc and 20000 old polish zloty curie on imdb – animated biography of marie curie on dvd from an animated series of world and american history – animated hero classics distributed by nest curie – more than meets the eye on imdb – live action portrayal of marie curie on dvd from the inventors series produced by devine curie on imdb – portrayal of marie curie in a television mini series produced by the bbc.

Retrieved 7 november by marie curie at s and schools worldwide named after on of her grave on tes of the nobel prize in chemistry. Weiss / barish / ists whose names are used as non si jonas ångströder graham gabriel carl friedrich heinrich pierpont christian ø léonard marie m john macquorn é antoine ferchault de ré george stokes, 1st strutt, 3rd baron lista ists whose names are used as si ists whose names are used in chemical element ists whose names are used in physical whose names are used in chemical element ists whose names are used as si units · non si units · physical : 0000 0003 6864 : cb121447141 (data). It\iccu\viav\ries: marie curie1867 births1934 deathspolish women scientistspolish physicistspolish chemistspolish nobel laureatesfrench women scientistsfrench physicistsfrench chemistsfrench nobel laureatesnobel laureates in physicsnobel laureates in chemistrynobel laureates with multiple nobel awardsexperimental physicistsnuclear chemistsradioactivitydiscoverers of chemical elementsformer roman catholicspolish agnosticsgovernessespeople from warsawpeople from warsaw governoratecongress poland emigrants to francefrench people of polish descentnaturalized citizens of francecurie family19th-century physicists20th-century physicists19th-century chemists20th-century chemists19th-century women scientists20th-century women scientistswomen inventorspolish inventorsfrench inventorswomen physicistswomen chemistswomen nobel laureates19th-century french scientists20th-century french scientistslégion d'honneur refusalsuniversity of paris alumniuniversity of paris facultymembers of the lwów scientific societycorresponding members of the russian academy of sciences (1917–25)corresponding members of the st petersburg academy of scienceshonorary members of the ussr academy of sciencescorresponding members of the ussr academy of sciencesdeaths from anemiadisease-related deaths in franceburials at the panthéon, parishidden categories: cs1 polish-language sources (pl)cs1 french-language sources (fr)wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pagesuse dmy dates from march 2016use british english from august 2012biography with signaturearticles with hcardsarticles with project gutenberg linksarticles with internet archive linksarticles with librivox linksac with 15 elementswikipedia articles with viaf identifierswikipedia articles with lccn identifierswikipedia articles with isni identifierswikipedia articles with gnd identifierswikipedia articles with selibr identifierswikipedia articles with bnf identifierswikipedia articles with bibsys identifierswikipedia articles with nla identifierswikipedia articles with sbn identifierswikipedia articles with snac-id identifiersgood logged intalkcontributionscreate accountlog pagecontentsfeatured contentcurrent eventsrandom articledonate to wikipediawikipedia out wikipediacommunity portalrecent changescontact links hererelated changesupload filespecial pagespermanent linkpage informationwikidata itemcite this a bookdownload as pdfprintable dia ansalemannischአማርኛالعربيةaragonésarmãneashtiঅসমীয়াasturianuavañe'ẽaymar aruazərbaycancaتۆرکجهবাংলাbân-lâm-gúbasa banyumasanбашҡортсабеларускаябеларуская (тарашкевіца)‎bislamaбългарскиboarischbosanskibrezhonegбуряадcatalàчӑвашлаčeštinacymraegdanskdeutscheestiελληνικάespañolesperantoestremeñueuskaraفارسیfiji hindiføroysktfrançaisfryskgaeilgegàidhliggalego贛語한국어հայերենहिन्दीhrvatskiidoilokanobahasa indonesiainterlinguaíslenskaitalianoעבריתbasa jawaಕನ್ನಡkapampanganქართულიқазақшаkiswahilikreyòl ayisyenkurdîкыргызчаladinolatinalatviešulëtzebuergeschlietuviųligurelimburgslivvinkarjalala . 24, 2015, 12:54 curie, known as the "mother of modern physics," died ic anemia, a rare condition linked levels of exposure to her famed discoveries, the ts polonium and , the only woman to win a nobel prize in two different fields ( chemistry), furthered the research of french becquerel, who in 1896 discovered element uranium emitted pierre curie in their laboratory in and her french physicist husband, pierre, discovered. New radioactive element in duo named the element polonium, after poland, marie's , after more than 100 years, much of curie's s including her clothes, furniture, cookbooks, tory notes remain contaminated by radiation, the christian science monitor ed as national and scientific treasures, curie's oks are stored in lead-lined boxes at france's 's notebook containing notes of experiments on the library allows visitors to view curie's manuscripts,All guests are expected to sign a liability waiver and tive gear as the items are contaminated with radium 226, which has a half-life of about. 600 years, according to christian science curie's belongings are already about 100 years old, it another 1,500 years until they are half as radioactive 's body is also contaminated by radiation and was in a coffin lined with nearly an inch of curies are buried in france's panthéon, a mausoleum in contains the remains of distinguished french citizens —. Philosophers rousseau and coffins of marie curie in france's panthéon in macias/business also: the world's brightest scientific minds posed for this 1927 photo after historic debates about quantum watch: here's what the us would look like if all the earth's ice al effects of 'the mother of modern physics'will be radioactive for another 1500 al effects of 'the mother of modern physics'will be radioactive for another 1500 curie, known as the "mother of modern... Emails & the best of business insider delivered to your inbox every the slide deck from henry blodget's ignition presentation on the future of business insider on the ble on ios or ch paper curie research papers study this world famous physicist, and her discovery of curie was a world famous physicist. In looking deeper into the makeup of radium, marie curie learned that radium atoms could be broken up into smaller particles and give off energy. Proving the importance of her work, marie curie received 15 gold medals, 19 degrees, and a nobel prize in physics and chemistry, which is the worlds most recognized award for those who benefit curie was a curious, ambitious and compassionate person. While women were not allowed to go to college after high school, marie’s curiosity for science drove her to find a university in france where women were allowed. Even though she could hardly understand her french speaking teachers, marie ambitiously drove herself to study the language and master it, meanwhile earning two degrees, one in mathematics and one in physics. Marie curie went about her work in physics and radiation out of compassion for those suffering from cancer, in order to develop a treatment that has helped millions of people since her are several historical facts of significance that are linked to marie curie’s life. One is that marie currie was instrumental in bringing x-ray machines to the battlefields of world war i and teaching women how to x-ray the soldiers for broken bones, bullets, and various other medical problems. Also, historically interesting is that radium was more expensive than gold and marie curie found it difficult to afford the radium she needed in order to study its uses. When a group of women in the united states learned about marie curie’s work, they gave her $150,000 to help pay for the i admire most about marie curie is her drive to learn and accomplish great things despite the educational and societal odds against her. Even though she was a woman in a traditionally male field, and could not even go to college in her native country, she forged on and found a way to earn a degree and do what she d research paper to write a research paper on marie page is designed to show you how to write a research project on the topic you see to the left. 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