Medical tourism research papers
1)document actionsdownloadshare or embed documentembeddescription: medical laudaaview moremedical laudaacopyright: © all rights reserveddownload as pdf, txt or read online from scribdflag for inappropriate contentissn - 2250-1991volume : 3 | issue : 2 | feb analysis of indian medical ant professor, cmths, hnb garhwal university srinagar,Assistant professor, cmths, hnb garhwal university srinagar,Assistant professor, amity university uttar pradesh, noida, ant professor, amity university uttar pradesh, noida, tourism industry significantly contributing to the nation’s gdp, foreign exchange earnings and employment. World are travelling to india to obtain medical and surgical care while at the same time visiting the attractions of y. For analyzing the potential and significance of medical tourism in india, has been collected through secondary sources including books, magazines, journals, e-journals and websites etc. E all the facts it can be concluded that india has a potential to attract medical tourist from all over the world and global opportunities in the medical tourism l, surgery, treatment, of medical tourism is bright and is considered as one for growing indian economy. Many indian hospitals ations and tie up with international healthcare bodies asian heart institute, mumbai is affiliated to the , wockhardt hospital to harvard medical. Fortis al has consulted massachusetts general hospital for medical tourism market in india is fast-growing and ed to touch us $2 billion in 2012 according to ne. These states ent quality medical infrastructure for complex objective of the paper is swot (strengths, weaknesses,Opportunities and threats) analysis of the indian medical tourism research paper is principally based on secondary has published in various research journals, leading magazine, websites and government gs and ng of indian globally recognize brand name of the hospital can uncertainty level of tourists as they make a final hospitals groups like apollo and fortis have already registered their presence in many countries and they get the maximum customer from those countries. Word-of-mouth is important in medical e key informants for medical tourism have a close relationship with the was also observed that maximum numbers of to india to get the treatment of cardiology followed aedics which indicates global acceptance of indian doctors. 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Implications for the nhs of inward and outward medical tourism: a policy and economic analysis using literature review and mixed-methods approaches. Implications for the nhs of inward and outward medical tourism: a policy and economic analysis using literature review and mixed-methods detailshealth services and delivery research, no. Tourism – people travelling abroad with the expressed purpose of accessing or receiving medical treatment – is a growing phenomenon associated with processes of globalisation. This includes cheaper and more widely available air travel and cross-border communication through the internet, which allows medical providers from one country to market themselves to patients in another.
This has been coupled with an increase in foreign direct investment in health-care providers in destination countries, including by private medical insurance companies. Together with a rise in out-of-pocket expenditures for health in many high-income countries at a time of economic crisis, these factors (travel, communication, consistency of care, cost and an increased acceptance of the portability of health care) conspire to form a perfect storm for medical a consequence, even in countries with a universal public health-care system, such as the uk nhs, patients are now travelling abroad to receive medical treatment. Data from the ons indicate that in 2010 63,00041 people travelled abroad for medical r, understanding of medical travel is limited. Similarly, the medical tourism industry and the role of private providers, brokers and marketing remains a ‘black box’. Given the emerging nature of medical travel research, the evidence base is not yet clearly review of the literature aims to outline the current level of knowledge on medical tourism and to better understand this phenomenon, including its impact on the uk nhs. Specific objectives are to better understand patient motivation, the medical tourism industry, the volume of medical travel and the effects of medical tourism on originating health systems. Conclusions are presented on current levels of knowledge, critical gaps and future research priorities on medical sthe review was conducted between september and december 2011, considering all papers published by this date, and adapted the strategy employed by smith et al. In 2010 and 2011, five journals devoted special editions to medical tourism: global social policy, body and society, anthropology and medicine, tourism review and signs. Rapidly expanding literature over the past 5 years (with an ‘explosion’ in 2010 and 2011) is reflected in the publication dates of papers reviewed, as evident from appendix 12 (see figure 9); 73 papers were published in 2010 and 2011. 42–45,47,50–52,54–57,59–61,64,67–78,80–95,97,99,102–104,107–121,123,125–127,129–133 this underlines the increase in medical travel and its importance as an issue in uk health-care of studies reviewedpapers included in the review were classified into the following categories:empirical: denoting papers based on primary research, interviews, surveys, analysis of data sets, or the calculation of revenue and tourist flows, and case studies of patientsreviews: literature, scoping and systematic reviews of medical tourism websitesanalysis: papers that, although drawing on secondary sources, provide substantive new insights or conceptualise medical tourism in a new way (a number of papers presented frameworks)overview articles: papers that give an introduction to the issue of medical results are summarised in appendix 12 (see figure 10). In total, 47 papers17,43,44,47–49,51,57,62,65,66,68,71,76,78,81–83,85–87,93,94,96–100,103–106,110–114,116,118–120,124,126,127,132,133 presented findings from empirical research, 25 provided an overview of issues,10,11,26,46,50,52,53,58–60,63,67,73,79,80,91,97,100,115,120,122,128,130,135,136 15 were classified as analysis8,54,56,61,69,75,84,88,108,109,119,123,125,129,131 and 11 were reviews. 42,55,70,72,78,89,90,92,95,133 of the 47 empirical studies, 19 reported findings from quantitative research12,17,43,47,76,81,85,93,96,98,99,103–106,110,114,116,124 (in most cases a survey), 15 were qualitative studies,44,57,62,68,71,74,82,87,94,112,113,116,118,120,132 eight reported case studies of patients51,66,83,101,102,111,119,127 and a further five48,49,65,86,93 reported the results of an experiment, cost calculation or evaluation of an intervention. In total, 32 of the empirical findings were published between 2010 and 2011, underlying the provenance of the phical focuspapers were grouped according to which region the research investigated. Papers that provided a general overview that was not focused on a specific region or country were classed as global. 10–12,17,26,45–47,52–55,58,59,63,64,67,69,70,72,73,78–81,89,90,92,93,95,107,111,119,121–123,129–133,135 europe was the focus of 27 papers,40,42,44,48–50,57,60–62,65,66,75,76,83,84,91,94,98,100–102,104–106,114,126 with 13 explicitly focusing on the uk42,57,62,65,66,76,83,94,98,101,102,104,114 in their study design and a further 11 papers10,40,43,50,53,90,91,99,105,106,119 from across the entire sample referring to either uk patients or the nhs. Countries are known for specific areas of medicine: singapore for high-end procedures,86 thailand for cardiac, orthopaedic and gender reassignment surgery,11 eastern europe for dental tourism108 and spain for fertility treatment.
Some destinations were recognised as being popular with uk patients, for example budapest for dental treatment, proximity alone does not appear to explain preference for one destination over coveredmost papers made reference to push and pull factors determining patients’ decision to travel. Subset of papers reviewed focused on specific types of medical ra travela number of studies refer to a group of medical travellers classified as diaspora travellers. The authors applied this typology to understand patient motivation in a range of case studies from the literature and found that diaspora patients return because of reasons of familiarity with the system, as well as ity tourismreproductive or fertility tourism is comparatively better documented than other forms of medical tourism. Sixteen papers44,47,57,59,60,72,74,79,98,100,106,113,114,129,130,132 were identified for inclusion in this review; seven59,74,79,113,129,130,132 focused on equity and ethical issues relating to fertility tourism, including the rights of women in recipient papers57,98,106,114 specifically examined cross-border reproductive care (cbrc) in europe. Two106,114 of these papers presented findings of surveys monitoring patient flow and services accessed across europe and a third paper98 presented the results of the effects of such travel on patients giving birth in a central london hospital. Results included the consistent gap in empirical research; of 54 papers reviewed only 15 were based on findings from empirical investigation. The authors note the absence of studies and knowledge about patients’ backgrounds and factors motivating their travel, and a gap in the research on the papers57,98,114 explicitly explore the effects on the nhs. Showed the complex motivations for travelling abroad, but concurred with other research that cost of treatment and the greater number of gametes available abroad or more easily accessible gametes played a part in decision-making. This was echoed by the results of a survey114 in which uk respondents were most likely to name difficulty in accessing fertility treatment as motivation for , bariatric and cosmetic tourisma further area of medical tourism is dental tourism. Originating from the uk, with lower prices being cited as the main motivating papers focused in depth on issues surrounding bariatric surgery. The possibility of a large number of uk patients seeking cosmetic surgery abroad appears to be supported by a survey conducted by the british association of plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgeons (bapras),76 which found that 37% of respondents had seen patients in the nhs with complications from overseas he issue of risks to the patient in terms of health outcomes was covered in 30 papers. Four papers51,66,83,111 reported cases of infection that resulted from patients travelling to receive medical treatment. Three51,83,111 described the recent outbreak of ndm-1-producing enterobacteriaceae following patients receiving treatment in india, which highlighted some of the dangers of medical tourism and microbial resistance. The fourth66 described an outbreak of hepatitis b in a london hospital traced to a patient recently returned from surgery in on recipient country health systemas summarised in appendix 12, 36 papers8,17,42,43,48,49,51,56,65,68,71,74,78,83,85–88,92,94,97,102,103,105,106,108,109,113–116,120,124,125,128,132 focused on the effects on the recipient country health system. Issues highlighted include the potential for medical tourism to result in the retention of doctors in, or attraction of doctors to, low- and middle-income countries, thus preventing or reversing a brain drain, and to generate foreign currency. Research highlighted the need for regulation, the lack of quality control of overseas providers and the cost (potential or real) arising to the originating country from treating complications.
When papers focused on the effects on the health system of originating countries, this was mainly on perceived negative rythirty-nine of the papers reviewed8,10,11,17,43,44,50,53,56,57,60,62,68,69,71,72,76,81,85,88–92,95,97,98,103,104,106,107,109,113,116,122,124,128,132,135 focused at least partly on providers of medical tourism. This included reviews of websites,90 market analysis,82 qualitative analysis of the role of medical tourism facilitators118 and a more general review,92 as well as a model for tourism development. They also pointed to an emphasis on testimonies from patients rather than formal accreditation or qualification of clinicians and the great focus on tourism aspects of the destination and offering services ‘as good as at home’. In addition, the low cost of treatment was used as a selling were two qualitative studies of medical tourism facilitators (interview samples included nine118 and 1282 interviewees, respectively); facilitators were presented as a heterogeneous group with a range of s tended to mention regulation but only two123,130 reviewed this more systematically; both pointed to a vacuum in studies mentioned individual hospitals or recounted an example of a medical tourism provider at the country level to give a flavour of the industry. One study,40 evaluating past experiences of eu cross-border care, examined contracting arrangements and their effects on health in health services: revenue and volumemedical travel – the consumption of health services abroad – is defined as a trade under the general agreement on trade in services (gats) mode 2 and the majority of papers included in this review implicitly or explicitly focused on this form of trade in health services. A subset of seven papers75,85,94,103,116,125,128 included a detailed discussion of other forms of trade in health services, including cross-border provision of services (gats mode 1) and movement of health workers (gats mode 4). Many overview papers mentioned the investment by us providers in asian hospital groups without explicitly exploring this (gats mode 3). Four papers8,46,75,94 analysed policy processes and challenges to trade in health actual volume of trade (the flow of medical patients) was referred to in many papers but investigated in few. For example, naranong and naranong103 calculate the contribution of medical tourism to the thai gross domestic product (gdp) (0. With medical tourists with their higher purchasing power likely to increase the cost of health services and lessen access in the public papers cited similar figures for patient flow but often sources were not accessible or figures were based on media reports or on other academic papers, which in turn quoted inaccessible sources. When sources for patient numbers were cited these have been summarised in appendix of the most commonly cited sources for patient flows was other academic papers. Seven papers67,81,92,93,108,129,131 referred directly to a report by deloitte17 and six10,40,50,58,67,68 referred to a report by mckinsey;12 the exact ways in which figures in these reports were calculated remain unclear. Eight papers85,88,103,105,106,114,116,124 had either generated or collected their own data on patient sionperhaps the most surprising finding was the increase in number of papers presenting findings from primary research – a shortfall or gap that had been noted by the earlier literature reviews. 55,70 the recent publication date of many papers confirms the increasing amount of research being carried out on medical l tourism is a phenomenon in the private health-care market, which makes it hard to monitor and regulate patient flows. This confirms findings from an earlier review,42 which also noted the lack of information on how the figures in the reports by deloitte consultancy17 and mckinsey12 were body of literature focusing on medical tourism as a trade in health services indicates that further research investigating levels of such trade is needed. Data on costs and benefits of medical tourism are rare and this limits accurate assessments of its effects to inform policy decision-making.
Three papers referred to the role of medical tourism facilitators, drawing on small samples, demonstrating the need for further research in this area, especially to enable regulation or to address the ethical dimensions discussed in the papers reviewed. 131,133types of medical tourismthe literature reviewed clearly indicates that medical tourism is no unified phenomenon. Subthemes as distinct areas covered by research were evident from the review, such as diaspora or fertility travel or travel for bariatric surgery or dental or cosmetic work. The papers on diaspora travel highlight that medical tourism and decisions by patients to travel are not simply guided by cost considerations or even clinical outcomes. Rather, the literature points to a complex matrix of perceptions of care, waiting times, cost and other different types of medical travel allow some inferences about patient motivation, for example cost or availability in cosmetic procedures, regulation in the case of fertility and so on. Seven papers65,66,76,83,98,101,102 reported on patients who were treated in the nhs as a result of complications resulting from treatment abroad. Based on the literature reviewed, cosmetic procedures appear to be an area of growth for medical travel by uk patients and are likely to result in costs to the nhs from resulting complications. This underlines the need for further research to ascertain the potential impact and costs for the nhs arising from medical addition, little is known about the longer-term health outcomes of medical tourists beyond these incidental reports of complications. No literature on inward medical travel and its effects on the nhs was identified, pointing to a gap in sionsthis review provides a map of current knowledge on medical tourism and identifies a series of subthemes. This review clearly identifies limits to current knowledge; many papers remain hypothetical and there are many areas in which further research is is still a lack of information on the background of patients and the numbers of patients travelling abroad for treatment. This limits insights into why some patients travel and others do not and restricts evidence about the possible costs and benefits of medical absence of information on patients’ social, economic and demographic backgrounds hampers the ability to understand patient decision-making and determinants of travel. Further research, especially qualitative and survey-based research, is needed to better understand how the sector operates and what its motives are to ultimately understand how it drives or affects trade in health services and health outcomes of medical gh case studies of patients returning from treatment abroad with complications were reported, these did not quantify the potential cost of medical travel to the patients’ ‘home’ health systems. Given the evidence of an increase in medical travel such research is urgently is no research examining the long-term health outcomes of uk medical tourists. Further qualitative and quantitative research, beyond immediate clinical outcomes, is needed to truly understand the effect of medical travel on patients and its cost to the health ations for the nhsthere is a need to collect data on the number of patients who return from treatment abroad and are treated within the is a need for additional surveys and quantitative research to understand more fully the volume of patients who travel abroad and their social and economic characteristics. These ‘push factors’ may in themselves hold valuable lessons that reflect on the is a need for research to assess the long-term health outcomes of medical travellers to fully understand the effects on individual and population ght © queen’s printer and controller of hmso 2014. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising.
Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: nihr journals library, national institute for health research, evaluation, trials and studies coordinating centre, alpha house, university of southampton science park, southampton so16 7ns, ed under terms of uk non-commercial government elf id: nbk263164contents< prevnext >. Version of this title (14m)in this pageintroductionresultsdiscussionconclusionsimplications for the nhsother titles in this collectionhealth services and delivery researchrecent activityclearturn offturn onsystematic review: what do we know about medical tourism? Implications for the nhs of inward and outward medical tourism: a policy and economic analysis using literature review and mixed-methods approachesyour browsing activity is ty recording is turned recording back onsee more...
