Background study of teenage pregnancy

Use the following sources to learn more about teen pregnancy and the sociopolitical, gender, legal, and health issues surrounding researcher gives overviews of major topic areas. In the “risk behaviors” article there is an overview about teen opedia of public health-related issues, including teen pregnancy, family planning, and planned opedia of sex and ses issues of sex and gender at the personal and the social level. Includes background information about sex education and the debate surrounding opedia of women's es practical information, historical aspects, and future directions on a variety of women's health topics, including reproductive and education: an the article "pregnant and parenting teens. Previous: get iology and genomics research zational sts by topic and -supported e research epidemiology epidemiology patient and survivor cohort y assessment and geographic information al and state cancer coepidemiology and healthcare cogenomic al activity research prediction g manship epidemiology matters epidemiology matters y assessment in pregnant women and -borne exposure ncy & s of pregnant & breastfeeding s of infant & toddler tion of assessment s in preschool tion of assessment s of school age n tables & tion of assessment s of adolescent & exhibits of ncy - background & validation studies - ncs dietary assessment literature information on this page is archived and provided for reference purposes tion studies in pregnant pregnancy and lactation most intensive period of human growth and development occurs during the nine months of pregnancy (11). Individual physiologic and behavioral responses to the stress of reproduction vary widely (13), and both the type and amount of food consumed may fluctuate depending on the period of pregnancy. Presents a summary of 15 validation studies; additional information on each study is included at the end of this chapter in table 2. Although large differences between individuals in the metabolic cost of pregnancy was found, application of the goldberg cut-off limits based on energy intake:basal metabolic rate (ei:bmr) ratios identified under-reporters. Erythrocyte cell membrane fatty acid content was compared with fat intake reported on an ffq (food frequency questionnaire) in a study of 185 new england women in the first trimester (21) and on 35 third-trimester mexico city women (18). Serum levels of caffeine and paraxanthine were examined as a biological marker to validate caffeine intake reported on a 24hr (24-hour recall), with correlations between the two measures comparable to correlations between reported smoking and serum cotinine in pregnancy (17). Other studies validating energy or nutrient intake assessed by the 24hr (24-hour recall) method in pregnancy populations were found. Are difficult to compare because the populations differ, the ffq instruments differ, the studies cover various periods of pregnancy, and they differ in their reference methods and in the number of days of dietary recording. In the us, six studies have examined the validity of the harvard ffq (hffq) modified in various ways for pregnancy in each study and assessing intake usually for the past 1 to 3 months.

Purpose of studying teenage pregnancy

However, compared with 4-day weighed frs, the modified harvard ffq underestimated energy intake by 10 percent during mid-pregnancy in a population of educated, white minnesota women (22). A large study of low-income pregnant women comparing the hffq with three 24hr interviews concluded the hffq provides a reasonably accurate measure for the majority of nutrients and can appropriately rank individuals relative to one another even if absolute intakes may not be precise (27;28). S12889-015-2215-2pmcid: pmc4566485early motherhood: a qualitative study exploring the experiences of african australian teenage mothers in greater melbourne, australiamimmie claudine ngum chi watts, pranee liamputtong, and celia mcmichaelcollege of health and biomedicine, victoria university, po box 14428, melbourne, australia school of public health & human biosciences, faculty of health sciences, la trobe university, bundoora, victoria australia school of social sciences and communications, faculty of humanities and social sciences, la trobe university, bundoora, victoria australia mimmie claudine ngum chi watts, phone: +613 9919 2766, email: @butor ponding information ► article notes ► copyright and license information ►received 2015 jan 23; accepted 2015 sep ght © ngum chi watts et al. S:article | pubreader | epub (beta) | pdf (451k) | new authors:free, easy and al: ambassador newsletter keeps you up to date with all new papers in your information via can unsubscribe any registered t with t a new password via impact of teenage pregnancy on school dropout among secondary school girls in embu ogy - children and ad immediately. Illustration in percentages of the girls already engaging sex with partners of different gh considerable attention has been paid to the prevalence of adolescence childbearing in kenya today, few studies have focused on the educational consequences of the schoolgirl pregnancy. Using data collected in selected schools in embu municipality, this study examines the factors associated with schoolgirl pregnancy as well as the likelihood of school dropout and subsequent re-enrollment of schoolgirls who become analysis is derived from the data collected from secondary schoolgirls, education officials and teachers on factors that predispose girls to pregnancy, the extent to which teenage pregnancy contributes to school dropout and the eventual levels of re-admission. Question is then raised on what other factors would be causing these girls to drop out of school other than just the pregnancy. However, poverty, cultural practices and peer pressure are among the factors assumed to be predisposing girls to pregnancy from the findings of this study, while these factors in themselves would also cause dropouts. Given the increasing levels of female school participation in kenya today through the affirmative action motion targeting the girl child, the findings of this study suggest that future studies will benefit from exploring the causal relationships between the factors mentioned above, adolescent reproductive health behavior and subsequent school r 1: introduction. 0 introduction & background of the study:Pregnancy related school dropouts have become a matter of public concern in the world today. In addition, some studies have shown that few adolescents use contraceptives and are at risk of pregnancy (kiragu, 1991; mccauley and salter, 1995; kiragu & zabin, 1995). Research reports also indicate that the united states records the highest teen birth rates in the industrialized world, twice as high as that of the united kingdom which is the developed nation with the second highest rate of teen pregnancy (the national campaign to prevent teen pregnancy, 1997).

Objectives of studying teenage pregnancy

The educational stakes are also very high for young parents in the developed countries whereas a high percentage of young mothers drop out of school, making early motherhood the number one reason for dropping out of school among young girls in these africa, especially the sub-saharan africa countries, there are concerns about high rates of pregnancy-related school dropouts, also leading to the reported gender disparities in education in the developing world (mensch et. Among policy makers and even the media, pregnancy is increasingly being mentioned as a reason for premature school leaving in the region. Anyone who has lived or travelled in africa and read the local papers is familiar with the attention given to “schoolgirl pregnancy”- a term which draws attention to the risks schoolgirls face when they stay in school beyond the age of sexual maturity (lloyd & mensch, 2005). Because girls who dropped out of school due to pregnancy usually never returned to school to complete their education after childbirth, their opportunities for socioeconomic advancement are limited. They must either terminate their pregnancy by taking recourse in abortion in order to continue their education, or drop out of school either on their own volition or on pain of threatened official expulsion….. When girls drop out of school because of pregnancy, their future socio-economic prospects are significantly reduced. Than the health problems associated with teenage pregnancy, it can also affect the girl’s future by delaying or terminating education, decreasing the chance of education beyond high school and increasing the chances of a poor marriage, unemployment or a low paying job. It is also noted that rather than pregnancy causing girls to drop out of school, other factors such as the lack of social and economic opportunities for girls and women in general as well as the domestic demands placed on them, coupled with the gender inequities of the education system, may result in unsatisfactory school experiences, poor academic performance and an acquiescence in or endorsement for early kenya, the youth population with young people between ages 15 – 19 is large, accounting for 25% of the population of the country. The challenges are serious such that many young people especially young girls are leaving school early due to pregnancy. A growth in the percentage of girls attending school after puberty inevitably leads to a rise in the risk of pregnancy among students being that they are already sexually the fluidity of the traditional african marriage process, the onset of sexual relations and childbearing prior to formalizing a union was not unknown in kenya in the past (meekers 1992). The rapid expansion in education has led, however, to an increasing association in the public mind between premarital sexual activity, childbearing and schoolgirl ’s education policy also fully embraces the “education for all” notion irrespective of sex, religion, ethnic and social background, economic status and color. The ministry is fully aware that the dropout rate for girls is higher than that of boys and also that pregnancy and subsequent drop out of the girls from school contributes to the very disparities the educational policy seeks to eliminate.

Significance of studying teenage pregnancy

The statistics on school drop out of the teenage mothers in kenya reveal that the problem has been demanding urgent solution. 1 problem statement:Teenage pregnancy has a direct implication on school dropout among girls and a subsequent contributor to the disparities experienced in the education of both girls and boys. A number of studies concur that many young women drop out of school as a result of pregnancy (gyepi-grabrah, 1985a). In kenya, a study conducted in 1985 estimated that about 10% of female students drop out of secondary schools because they were pregnant (division of family health/gtz support unit, 1988; barker and rich, 1990). Whereas there have been issues raised with regard to teenage pregnancy and its subsequent influence on school dropouts, the literature available is really not about schoolgirl pregnancy at all, but instead on the relationship between school exit and subsequent childbearing. The widespread perception is also that girls who become pregnant and drops out may have to accept a low-paid job, enter a premature marriage, or become the head of an impoverished household, relying on meager assistance from her family and the child’s study seeks to establish the extent to which teenage pregnancy contributes to school dropout among girls in embu municipality. What are the levels of school drop outs in embu municipality due to teenage pregnancy? 5 scope of the study:This study was carried out in embu municipality targeting girls from selected girls-only and mixed schools. Head teachers and guidance and counseling teachers from these schools were also covered in the study. 6 justification of the study:Early sexual debut and premarital sex are increasingly common features of female adolescence in kenya - putting girls at the risk of unwanted pregnancy and even infections such as sexually transmitted infections and hiv/aids. Except in qualitative studies, the simultaneous decisions related to pregnancy and leaving school are rarely examined. In particular, if a girl gives a reason other than pregnancy for discontinuing her education, whether she is also pregnant at the time she leaves school is rarely taken into account.

Particularly for those who give such dominant concerns as financial issues, family obligations, or lack of interest in school, a pregnancy may serve as an unacknowledged catalyzing force for timing of school ’ dropping out of school due to pregnancy is a prevalent issue as reported in most schools in kenya and this makes the issue of pregnancy as a reason for school dropout a subject worth investigating. Pregnancy as a factor in some of the dropouts may be downplayed, likewise the girls who mention pregnancy as their reason for leaving school may be influenced by their family’s financial situation or by potential care giving arrangements that will be available after the child is born. These factors may be significant in determining how a schoolgirl reacts to pregnancy and whether she will resume her education after her child is reports also show that an estimated 13,000 girls drop out of school every year due to pregnancy. With all the uncertainties pointed out here, it is evident that the issue of teenage pregnancy as a reason for school dropout among school girls is an area worth investigating; singling out the influence that teenage pregnancy has on schoolgirl dropout and the extent to which it is felt. 7 significance of the study:As already seen above on the justification, the outcome of this very important study has provided a more precise understanding of how teenage pregnancy influences school dropout and how that affects the education of the girl child in this particular region, the causes of teenage pregnancy as well as the possible remedies that can be employed to control the most likely to benefit from the findings of this study are the ministry of education and the school management authorities, especially in the formulation and strengthening of policies that guard teenage pregnancies in schools and the possible re-admission of the affected girls back to school. The civil society is another potential beneficiary of the outcome of this study in their course of championing for the rights of the girl child in attaining education, while working towards narrowing down the gender disparities in the education study has also helped create an environment of clear understanding of teenage pregnancies in schools, singling it out for clarity as one of the major causes as opposed to the many reasons that may cause school dropout. 8 limitations of the study:The limitations this study encountered were to do with the degree of willingness that the ministry and school management officials were having in divulging the information on pregnancies within their institutions. 9 assumptions of the study:- secondary school going girls are at great risk of dropping out of school due to pregnancy. Girls who withdraw from school due to pregnancy would have otherwise continued in school had they not become r 2: literature studies have investigated the degree to which pregnancy related school dropout is a major cause of gender differences in educational attainment (eloundou-enyegue and strokes 2004). The goal of this study is to determine whether reduction in unintended teen pregnancy is a useful policy lever to improve school attendance by girls ensuring gender equity in school ble arguments suggest that programs to avoid unintended pregnancies among teens can have spillover benefits in promoting gender equity in education in many countries. Since many girls and few (if any) boys drop out of school because of pregnancies, policymakers could reduce existing gender gaps by addressing pregnancy-related dropouts (hyde 1995; odaga and heneveld 1995; okojie 2001). 1 causes of teenage pregnancies:The various causes of teenage pregnancies in kenya are as listed below;.

Early pregnancy may be seen as a normal occurrence, the outcome of adolescent fertility and an indication of one’s et. Teenage pregnancy can usually be attributed to abundance of sexual mythology that they have learned from their peers and lack of factual information that they have received from their parents. For pc, kindle, tablet, impact of teenage pregnancy on school dropout among secondary school girls in embu a in social ess of the health risks associated with teenage pregnancy in ... Common didactics, educational objectives, ch paper (postgraduate),Male invovlement in their partner's pregnancy and exploratory study in bil... Earn money and win an iphone s don’t necessarily help teen girls avoid ing to a new study, distribution in schools can actually increase fertility rates. According to a study published this month, over the course of just a few years, 22 districts in 12 states implemented this kind of program, affecting roughly 484 schools. In the schools included in this study, “counseling often included the message  that abstinence is the safest method of protection against stis,” wrote the researchers, kasey buckles and daniel hungerman of notre dame, in an email. While condoms are still the most common kind of contraception used by teens, they have higher failure rates for preventing pregnancy than hormonal birth control. As the researchers in this study point out, girls also have less control over condom use than they do over something like the pill; they can make a long-term decision to get on birth control, rather than deciding whether or not to use a condom when they’re about to have ’s why some states and localities are pushing for wider distribution of other kinds of birth control, including long-acting reversible contraceptives, or larcs. An initial study of one such program—colorado’s family planning initiative, founded in 2009—suggests it has reduced teen birth rates in the state by about 5 again, as the researchers point out, some public-health organizations, including the american academy of pediatrics, have recently advocated condom-distribution programs in schools. This is especially true in conservative states like texas, as my colleague olga khazan reported earlier this all of the positive trends involving teen sex, pregnancy, and contraception use in the united states, studies suggest that fewer teens are getting formal sex education in school now than in the past. While the notre dame study is a reminder that it’s difficult to predict the outcomes of public-health policies, it’s also a warning: lack of education, along with the specifics of how health policies are constructed, can be an important factor in teen birth rates.

For many, the realization comes suddenly: “the usual habit of allowing thoughts of death to remain in the background is now impossible,” coyle, a nurse and palliative-care pioneer, has written.