Open access research papers
Articles in open access journals which are published by elsevier have undergone peer review and upon acceptance are immediately and permanently free for everyone to read and hed articles:are fully peer reviewedare immediately free to access and download from sciencedirectpermitted re-use defined by the author's choice of creative commons user licensespublished with crossmark® to maintain the publication access publication feea fee is payable by the author, or their institution or funder to cover the publication costs. Visit your journal's homepages for specific pricing g body agreementsto ensure authors can comply with open access policies, elsevier has established agreements with a number of funding bodies. List of would like to ask you for a moment of your time to fill in a short questionnaire, at the end of your you decide to participate, a new browser tab will open so you can complete the survey after you have completed your visit to this website. Thanks in advance for your wikipedia, the free to: navigation, article is about open access to research literature. Whilst no official open access logo exists, organisations are free to select the logo style that best supports their visual language. Access (oa) refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access (e. 1] open access can be applied to all forms of published research output, including peer-reviewed and non peer-reviewed academic journal articles, conference papers, theses,[2] book chapters,[1] and monographs. Degrees of open access can be distinguished: gratis open access, which is online access free of charge, and libre open access, which is online access free of charge plus various additional usage rights. 5] libre open access is equivalent to the definition of open access in the budapest open access initiative, the bethesda statement on open access publishing and the berlin declaration on open access to knowledge in the sciences and are multiple ways authors can provide open access to their work. One way is to publish it and then self-archive it in a repository where it can be accessed for free,[6][7] such as their institutional repository,[8][9] or a central repository such as pubmed central. Some publishers require delays, or an embargo, on when a research output in a repository may be made open access. 10] a second way authors can make their work open access is by publishing it in such a way that makes their research output immediately available from the publisher. 11] this is known as 'gold' open access,[12] and within the sciences this often takes the form of publishing an article in either an open access journal,[13] or a hybrid open access journal. The latter is a journal whose business model is at least partially based on subscriptions, and only provide gold open access for those individual articles for which their authors (or their author's institution or funder) pay a specific fee for publication, often referred to as an article processing charge. 14] pure open access journals do not charge subscription fees, and may have one of a variety of business models. Public access to the world wide web in the late 1990s and early 2000s fueled the open access movement, and prompted both the green open access way (self-archiving of non-open access journal articles) and the creation of open access journals (gold way). Conventional non-open access journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, site licenses or pay-per-view charges. Some non-open access journals provide open access after an embargo period of 6–12 months or longer (see delayed open access journals). 14] active debate over the economics and reliability of various ways of providing open access continues among researchers, academics, librarians, university administrators, funding agencies, government officials, commercial publishers, editorial staff and society publishers, as open access gradually gains in acceptance. Finding open access research the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the budapest open access initiative in 2012, peter suber is interviewed about his views on past, present and future developments in open access to scholarly term "open access" itself was first formulated in three public statements in the 2000s: the budapest open access initiative in february 2002, the bethesda statement on open access publishing in june 2003, and the berlin declaration on open access to knowledge in the sciences and humanities in october 2003,[17] and the initial concept of open access refers to an unrestricted online access to scholarly research primarily intended for scholarly journal budapest statement defined open access as follows:There are many degrees and kinds of wider and easier access to this literature. By 'open access' to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Bethesda and berlin statements add that for a work to be open access, users must be able to "copy, use, distribute, transmit and display the work publicly and to make and distribute derivative works, in any digital medium for any responsible purpose, subject to proper attribution of authorship. These statements emerging in the 2000s, the idea and practise of providing free online access to journal articles began at least a decade before the term "open access" was formally coined.
The subversive proposal to generalize the practice was posted in and libre open access[edit]. Order to reflect actual practice in providing two different degrees of open access, the further distinction between gratis open access and libre open access was added in 2006 by two of the co-drafters of the original boai definition. 4] gratis open access refers to free online access (), and libre open access refers to free online access plus some additional re-use rights (). Article: academic journal publishing also: open access journal § access itself (mostly green and gratis) began to be sought and provided worldwide by researchers when the possibility itself was opened by the advent of internet and the world wide web. Electronic publishing created new benefits as compared to paper publishing but beyond that, it contributed to causing problems in traditional publishing premises behind open access publishing are that there are viable funding models to maintain traditional peer review standards of quality while also making the following changes:Rather than making journal articles accessible through a subscription business model, all academic publications could be made free to read and published with some other cost-recovery model, such as publication charges, subsidies, or charging subscriptions only for the print edition, with the online edition gratis or "free to read". Open access movement is motivated by the problems of social inequality caused by restricting access to academic research, which favor large and wealthy institutions with the financial means to purchase access to many journals, as well as the economic challenges and perceived unsustainability of academic publishing. Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to. One of the great beneficiaries of open access may be users in developing countries, where currently some universities find it difficult to pay for subscriptions required to access the most recent journals. 22] all researchers benefit from open access as no library can afford to subscribe to every scientific journal and most can only afford a small fraction of them – this is known as the "serials crisis". An open access article can be read by anyone – a professional in the field, a researcher in another field, a journalist, a politician or civil servant, or an interested layperson. May use form language like this to request an open access license when submitting their work to a interview on paywalls and open access with nih director francis collins and inventor jack main reason authors make their articles openly accessible is to maximize their research impact. 25] a study in 2001 first reported an open access citation impact advantage,[26] and a growing number of studies[27] have confirmed, with varying degrees of methodological rigor, that an open access article is more likely to be used and cited than one behind subscription barriers. 27] for example, a 2006 study in plos biology found that articles published as immediate open access in pnas were three times more likely to be cited than non-open access papers, and were also cited more than pnas articles that were only self-archived. 28] this result has been challenged as an artifact of authors self-selectively paying to publish their higher quality articles in hybrid open access journals,[29] whereas a 2010 study found that the open access citation advantage was equally big whether self-archiving was self-selected or mandated. Are paid by research funders and/or their universities to do research; the published article is the report of the work they have done, rather than an item for commercial gain. The more the article is used, cited, applied and built upon, the better for research as well as for the researcher's career. 31][32] open access can reduce publication delays, an obstacle which led some research fields such as high-energy physics to adopt widespread preprint access. Professional organizations have encouraged use of open access: in 2001, the international mathematical union communicated to its members that "open access to the mathematical literature is an important goal" and encouraged them to "[make] available electronically as much of our own work as feasible" to "[enlarge] the reservoir of freely available primary mathematical material, particularly helping scientists working without adequate library access. Also: § policies and r information: open-access mandate § ch funding agencies and universities want to ensure that the research they fund and support in various ways has the greatest possible research impact. 35] as a means of achieving this, research funders are beginning to expect open access to the research they support. Many of them (including all seven uk research councils) have already adopted green open access self-archiving mandates, and others are on the way to do so (see roarmap). Growing number of universities are providing institutional repositories in which their researchers can deposit their published articles. Some open access advocates believe that institutional repositories will play a very important role in responding to open access mandates from funders.
May 2005, 16 major dutch universities cooperatively launched darenet, the digital academic repositories, making over 47,000 research papers available to anyone with internet access. 38] from 1 january 2007, at the completion of the dare programme, knaw research information has taken over responsibility for the darenet portal. 39] at the end of 2009, narcis provided access to 185,000 open access publications from all dutch universities, knaw, nwo and a number of scientific 2011, a group of universities in north america formed the coalition of open access policy institutions (coapi). 40] starting with 21 institutions where the faculty had either established an open access policy or were in the process of implementing one, coapi now has nearly 50 members. These institutions' administrators, faculty and librarians, and staff support the international work of the coalition's awareness-raising and advocacy for open access. Members agree to the following coapi principles:The immediate and barrier-free online dissemination of scholarly research resulting in faster growth of new knowledge, increased impact of research, and improved return on public research ping and implementing institutional open access g experiences and best practices in the development and implementation of open access policies with individuals at institutions interested in cultivating cultures of open ing a more open scholarly communication system through cultural and legislative change at the local, national, and international levels[41]. 2012, the harvard open access project released its guide to good practices for university open-access policies,[42] focusing on rights-retention policies that allow universities to distribute faculty research without seeking permission from 2013 a group of nine australian universities formed the australian open access support group (aoasg) to advocate, collaborate, raise awareness, and lead and build capacity in the open access space in australia. 43] in 2015, the group expanded to include all eight new zealand universities and was renamed the australasian open access support group. These librarians believe that open access promises to remove both the price barriers and the permission barriers that undermine library efforts to provide access to the scholarly record,[45] as well as helping to address the serials crisis. Also lead education and outreach initiatives to faculty, administrators, and others about the benefits of open access. For example, the association of college and research libraries of the american library association has developed a scholarly communications toolkit. 47] the association of research libraries has documented the need for increased access to scholarly information, and was a leading founder of the scholarly publishing and academic resources coalition (sparc). Most universities, the library manages the institutional repository, which provides free access to scholarly work by the university's faculty. The canadian association of research libraries has a program[50] to develop institutional repositories at all canadian university increasing number of libraries provide hosting services for open access journals. A 2008 survey by the association of research libraries[51] found that 65% of surveyed libraries either are involved in journal publishing, or are planning to become involved in the very near future. 2013, open access activist aaron swartz was posthumously awarded the american library association's james madison award for being an "outspoken advocate for public participation in government and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed scholarly articles". 55] one board member wrote of a "crisis of conscience about publishing in a journal that was not open access" after the death of aaron swartz. Pioneer of the open access movement in france and one of the first librarians to advocate the self-archiving approach to open access worldwide is hélène bosc. Access to scholarly research is argued to be important to the public for a number of reasons. One of the arguments for public access to the scholarly literature is that most of the research is paid for by taxpayers through government grants, who therefore have a right to access the results of what they have funded. This is one of the primary reasons for the creation of advocacy groups such as the alliance for taxpayer access in the us. Additionally, professionals in many fields may be interested in continuing education in the research literature of their field, and many businesses and academic institutions cannot afford to purchase articles from or subscriptions to much of the research literature that is published under a toll access those who do not read scholarly articles benefit indirectly from open access. 61] for example, patients benefit when their doctor and other health care professionals have access to the latest research.
As argued by open access advocates, open access speeds research progress, productivity, and knowledge translation. 62] every researcher in the world can read an article, not just those whose library can afford to subscribe to the particular journal in which it appears. Critics of the various open access initiatives claim that there is little evidence that a significant amount of scientific literature is currently unavailable to those who would benefit from it. 63] while no library has subscriptions to every journal that might be of benefit, virtually all published research can be acquired via interlibrary loan. Open access online, by contrast is faster, often immediate, making it more suitable than interlibrary loan for fast-paced -income countries[edit]. Scientists, health care professionals, and institutions in developing nations often do not have the capital necessary to access scholarly literature, although schemes exist to give them access for little or no cost. Among the most important is hinari,[65] the health internetwork access to research initiative, sponsored by the world health organization. For example, individual researchers may not register as users unless their institution has access,[66] and several countries that one might expect to have access do not have access at all (not even "low-cost" access) (e. For example, the scielo (scientific electronic library online),[67] is a comprehensive approach to full open access journal publishing, involving a number of latin american countries. The public knowledge project in canada developed the open source publishing software open journal systems (ojs), which is now in use around the world, for example by the african journals online group, and one of the most active development groups is portuguese. This international perspective has resulted in advocacy for the development of open-source appropriate technology and the necessary open access to relevant information for sustainable development. Are various ways in which open access can be provided, with the two most common methods usually categorised as either gold or green open ls: gold open access[edit]. Article: open access option for authors who wish to make their work openly accessible is to publish in an open access journal ("gold open access"). 70] open access can be provided by traditional publishers, who may publish open access as well as subscription-based journals, or open access publishers such as public library of science (plos), who publish only open access journals. An open access journal may or may not charge a publishing fee; open access publishing does not necessarily mean that the author has to pay. When open access journals do charge processing fees, it is the author's employer or research funder who typically pays the fee, not the individual author, and many journals will waive the fee in cases of financial hardship, or for authors in less-developed countries. Examples of open access publishers[13] include biomed central and the public library of y 30%[1] of gold open access journals have author fees to cover the cost of publishing (e. Advertising revenue and/or funding from foundations and institutions are also used to provide -archiving: green open access[edit]. Article: -archiving, also known as green open access, refers to the practice of depositing articles in an open access repository, this can be an institutional or a disciplinary repository such as open access journal publishers[72] endorse immediate open access self-archiving by their authors. Open access self-archiving was first formally proposed in 1994[73][74] by stevan harnad in his "subversive proposal". Extensive details and links can also be found in the open access archivangelism blog[78] and the eprints open access site. Also: scientific journal § electronic the self-archived green open access articles, most gold open access journal articles are distributed via the world wide web,[1] due to low distribution costs, increasing reach, speed, and increasing importance for scholarly communication. Open source software is sometimes used for open access repositories,[80] open access journal websites,[81] and other aspects of open access provision and open access to online content requires internet access, and this distributional consideration presents physical and sometimes financial barriers to access.
Proponents of open access argue that internet access barriers are relatively low in many circumstances, that efforts should be made to subsidize universal internet access, whereas pay-for-access presents a relatively high additional barrier over and above internet access itself. Directory of open access journals lists a number of peer-reviewed open access journals for browsing and searching. Open access articles can also often be found with a web search, using any general search engine or those specialized for the scholarly and scientific literature, such as oaister and google es and mandates[edit]. Article: open access also: § research funders and universities, research institutions and research funders have adopted mandates requiring their researchers to provide open access to their peer-reviewed research articles by self-archiving them in an open access repository. 86] since 2003[87] efforts have been focused on open access mandating by the funders of research: governments,[88] research funding agencies,[89] and universities. Registry of open access repository mandatory archiving policies (roarmap) is a searchable international database charting the growth of open access mandates. As of may 2014, mandates have been adopted by over 200 universities (including harvard, mit, stanford, university college london, and university of edinburgh) and over 80 research funders worldwide. Also: open access journal § "article processing charges" which are often used for open access journals shift the burden of payment from readers to authors (or their funders), which creates a new set of concerns. 15] one concern is that if a publisher makes a profit from accepting papers, it has an incentive to accept anything submitted, rather than selecting and rejecting articles based on quality. 90] another concern is that institutional budgets may need to be adjusted in order to provide funding for the article processing charges required to publish in many open access journals (e. It has been argued that this may reduce the ability to publish research results due to lack of sufficient funds, leading to some research not becoming a part of the public record. Discounts are available to authors from countries with low incomes or external funding is provided to cover the cost, article processing charges could exclude authors from developing countries or less well-funded research fields from publishing in open access journals. However, under the traditional model, the prohibitive costs of some non-open access journal subscriptions already place a heavy burden on the research community; and if green open access self-archiving eventually makes subscriptions unsustainable, the cancelled subscription savings can pay the gold open access publishing costs without the need to divert extra money from research. 93] moreover, many open access publishers offer discounts or publishing fee waivers to authors from developing countries or those suffering financial hardship. Concern is the redirection of money by major funding agencies such as the national institutes of health and the wellcome trust from the direct support of research to the support open access publication. Robert terry, senior policy advisor at the wellcome trust, has said that he feels that 1–2% of their research budget will change from the creation of knowledge to the dissemination of knowledge. Institutions could cover the cost of open access by converting to a open access journal cost-recovery model, with the institutions' annual tool access subscription savings being available to cover annual open access publication costs. It is argued that this money comes predominantly from publicly funded scientific libraries as they purchase subscriptions or licenses in order to provide access to scientific journals for their members. The study was presented by the max planck digital library and found that subscription budgets would be sufficient to fund the open access publication charges. Before the advent of the internet various models were proposed to increase access to academic early proponent of the publisher-pays model was the physicist leó szilárd. To help stem the flood of low-quality publications, he jokingly suggested in the 1940s that at the beginning of his career each scientist should be issued with 100 vouchers to pay for his papers. Modern open access movement (as a social movement) traces its history at least back to the 1950s, with the letterist international (li) placing anything in their journal potlatch in the public domain. With the spread of the internet and the ability to copy and distribute electronic data at no cost, the arguments for open access gained new importance.
The fixed cost of producing the article is separable from the minimal marginal cost of the online years of online open access[edit]. The earliest book publisher to provide open access was the national academies press, publisher for the national academy of sciences, institute of medicine, and other arms of the national academies. 101] varki wrote, "the vexing issue of the day is how to appropriately charge users for this electronic access. Explosion of interest and activity in open access journals has occurred since the 1990s, largely due to the widespread availability of internet access. It is now possible to publish a scholarly article and also make it instantly accessible anywhere in the world where there are computers and internet connections. Citation needed] the result was decreased access – ironically, just when technology has made almost unlimited access a very real possibility, for the first time. Libraries and librarians have played an important part in the open access movement, initially by alerting faculty and administrators to the serials crisis. The association of research libraries developed the scholarly publishing and academic resources coalition (sparc), in 1997, an alliance of academic and research libraries and other organizations, to address the crisis and develop and promote alternatives, such as open first online-only, free-access journals (eventually to be called "open access journals") began appearing in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Examples include bryn mawr classical review, postmodern culture, psycoloquy, and the public-access computer systems review. Usage of this database increased a tenfold when it became free, strongly suggesting that prior limits on usage were impacted by lack of access. While indexes are not the main focus of the open access movement, medline is important in that it opened up a whole new form of use of scientific literature – by the public, not just professionals. 109] the journal of medical internet research (jmir),[110] one of the first open access journals in medicine, was created in 1998, publishing its first issue in 1998, the american scientist open access forum[111] was launched (and first called the "september98 forum"). Of the first humanities journals published in open access is clcweb: comparative literature and culture[112] founded at the university of alberta in 1998 with its first issue published in march 1999 and since 2000 published by purdue university 1999, harold varmus of the nih proposed a journal called e-biomed, intended as an open access electronic publishing platform combining a preprint server with peer-reviewed articles. 113] e-biomed later saw light in a revised form[114] as pubmed central, a postprint was also in 1999 that the open archives initiative and its oai-pmh protocol for metadata harvesting was launched in order to make online archives 2000, biomed central, a for-profit open access publisher, was launched by the then current science group (the founder of the current opinion series, and now known as the science navigation group). 2001, 34,000[118] scholars around the world signed "an open letter to scientific publishers", calling for "the establishment of an online public library that would provide the full contents of the published record of research and scholarly discourse in medicine and the life sciences in a freely accessible, fully searchable, interlinked form". 119] scientists signing the letter also pledged not to publish in or peer-review for non-open access journals. Plos decided to become an open access publisher aiming to compete at the high quality end of the scientific spectrum with commercial publishers and other open access journals, which were beginning to flourish. 120] critics have argued that, equipped with a $10 million grant, plos competes with smaller open access journals for the best submissions and risks destroying what it originally wanted to foster. First major international statement on open access was the budapest open access initiative in february 2002, launched by the open society institute. 80] this provided the first definition of open access, and has a growing list of signatories. 122] two further statements followed: the bethesda statement on open access publishing[123] in june 2003 and the berlin declaration on open access to knowledge in the sciences and humanities in october 2003. Also in 2003, the world summit on the information society included open access in its declaration of principles and plan of action. 2006, a federal research public access act was introduced in us congress by senators john cornyn and joe lieberman.
2008, ajit varki worked with david lipman to create the first viable model for a major open access textbook hosted at ncbi, the 2nd. The first dedicated publisher of open access monographs in the humanities was who published their first title in that 2006. Most recently, the open library of humanities launched in september 2008, usenix, the advanced computing systems association, implemented an open access policy for their conference proceedings. In 2011 they added audio and video recordings of paper presentations to the material to which they provide open access. 2013, john holdren, barack obama's director of the office of science and technology policy, issued a memorandum directing united states' federal agencies with more than $100 million in annual r&d expenditures to develop plans within six months to make the published results of federally funded research freely available to the public within one year of publication. 2013, the uk higher education funding council for england (hefce) proposed adopting a mandate that in order to be eligible for submission to the uk research excellence framework (ref) all peer-reviewed journal articles submitted after 2014 must be deposited in the author's institutional repository immediately upon acceptance for publication, regardless of whether the article is published in a subscription journal or in an open access journal. Hefce expresses no journal preference, places no restriction on authors' choice and requires the deposit itself to be immediate, irrespective of whether the publisher imposes an embargo (for an allowable embargo period that remains to be decided) on the date at which access to the deposit can be made open. 135][136] the hefce/ref mandate proposal complements the recent research councils uk (rcuk) mandate that requires all articles resulting from rcuk funding to be made open access by 6 months after publication at the latest (12 months for arts and humanities articles). Also provided grants to universities in england[138] wishing to participate in the pilot collection of knowledge unlatched, a not-for-profit organisation enabling humanities and social sciences monographs to become open access. Indian council of agricultural research had adopted an open access policy[140] for its publications on 13 september 2013[141] and announced that each icar institute would set-up an open access institutional repository. One such repository is eprints@cmfri, an open access institutional repository of the central marine fisheries research institute which was set-up on 25 february 2010 well before the policy was adopted. 142] however, since march 2010, the icar is making available its two flagship journals under open access[143] on its website and later through an online platform called indian agricultural research journals using open journal 2014, the department of biotechnology and department of science and technology, under ministry of science and technology, government of india jointly announced their open access policy. May 2016 the european union announced that "all scientific articles in europe must be freely accessible as of 2020"[145] and that the commission will "develop and encourage measures for optimal compliance with the provisions for open access to scientific publications under horizon 2020". Study published in 2010 showed that roughly 20% of the total number of peer-reviewed articles published in 2008 could be found openly accessible. Of all academic journals with impact factors were gold open access journals and showed a broad distribution of gold open access journals throughout academic disciplines. Of the journal literature could be found free at the publishers’ sites (gold open access), of which 62% in full open access journals, 14% in delayed-access subscription journals, and 24% as individually open articles in otherwise subscription journals. Of the articles, open access full text copies were available via green open access in either subject-based repositories (43%), institutional repositories (24%) or on the home pages of the authors or their departments (33%). The 2010 study, of all scientific fields chemistry had the lowest overall share of open access (13%), while earth sciences had the highest (33%). In medicine, biochemistry and chemistry gold publishing in open access journals was more common than author self-archiving. In all other fields self-archiving was more august 2013, a study done for the european commission reported that 50% of a random sample of all articles published in 2011 as indexed by scopus were freely accessible online by the end of 2012. 150][151][152] a 2017 study by the max planck society put the share of gold access articles in pure open access journals at around 13 percent of total research papers. Study on the development of publishing of open access journals from 1993 to 2009 [153] published in 2011 suggests that, measured both by the number of journals as well as by the increases in total article output, direct gold open access journal publishing has seen rapid growth particularly between the years 2000 and 2009. It was estimated that there were around 19,500 articles published open access in 2000, while the number has grown to 191,850 articles in 2009.
These findings support the notion that open access journals have increased both in numbers and in average annual output over development of the number of active open access journals and the number of research articles published in them during the period 1993–2009 is shown in the figure above. If these gold open access growth curves are extrapolated to the next two decades, the laakso et al. Growth map of repositories and contents, 1 august registry of open access repositories (roar) indexes the creation, location and growth of open access open access repositories and their contents. Road synthesizes information about open access journals and is a subset of the issn registry. The directory of open access journals (doaj) contains over 8,000 open access journals of varying open access policies that scholars can search and browse. The resources in these repositories can be harvested, using the oai protocol and aggregated into online systems which in-turn provide access to millions of resources from a single online location. To knowledge of open access of open-access access access scholarly publishers publishing (different from "open access" publishing). The access/impact problem and the green and gold roads to open access: an update". Open design-based strategies to enhance appropriate technology development", proceedings of the 14th annual national collegiate inventors and innovators alliance conference : open, march 25–27th 2010, pp. 2010) no-fault peer review charges: the price of selectivity need not be access denied or delayed. Gold open access publishing must not be allowed to retard the progress of green open access self-archiving". A b "area-wide transition to open access is possible: a new study calculates a redeployment of funds in open access". 2003) mandated online rae cvs linked to university eprint archives: improving the uk research assessment exercise whilst making it cheaper and easier. Dbt and dst open access policy: policy on open access to dbt and dst funded research" (pdf). Council conclusions on the transition towards an open science system, adopted by the council at its 3470th meeting held on 27 may 2016. Ten-year cross-disciplinary comparison of the growth of open access and how it increases research citation impact". Blog on open access by richard poynder, a freelance journalist, who has done a series of interviews with a few of the leaders of the open access en, daniel (15 january 2014). Retrieved june 20, , toby (2017) we've failed: pirate black open access is trumping green and gold and we must change our approach. Resources ces in your ces in other : open access directory, an "open-access, wiki-based, community-updated encyclopedia of oa factual lists" (started by peter suber and robin peek). Open access tracking project, a crowd-sourced tagging project providing real-time alerts about new oa developments and organizing knowledge of the field (started by peter suber). Unesco's global open access portal, providing "status of open access to scientific information around the world". Business ght transfer e processing access st open access public access gies for implementing open access journal ("gold oa"). Access open access d open access zations associated with open ory of open access access scholarly publishers archives society library of ry of open access rly publishing and academic resources of open access to knowledge of open-access knowledge cost of culture and open s-based peer -source -source -source -door academic educational notebook software architecture knowledge source ve commons tion of free cultural culture software health types of (compilation thesis, monograph).
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Is a community-curated online directory that indexes and provides access to high quality, open access, ls. All data is freely hed wed, 01 nov 2017 at 09: and scientific knowledge services partner to achieve broader support for open access to scientific new agreement underpins the directory of open access journals in its work to reach new members and generate more support and shows the strong commitment of scientific knowledge services to the open science movement. We have received several messages via our feedback account from library catalogue administrators, their readers, and researchers asking why all of a sudden so many of the articles indexed from doaj are now missing? 487 searchable at article cting with access publisher cofounder michael eisen andy a frigid day in january 2011, a surveillance camera captured footage of a young man sneaking into a wiring closet at the massachusetts institute of technology. Million copyrighted scientific papers held by jstor (as in “journal storage”), a digital clearinghouse whose servers were accessible via the mit is “a moral imperative,” swartz wrote, to “fight back” against “this private theft of public culture. The taxpayer-funded national institutes of health (nih) is the world’s largest funder of biomedical research. Researchers are not paid for the articles they write for scholarly journals, nor for the time and expertise they donate by peer-reviewing and serving on editorial boards. Yet the publishers claim copyright to the researchers’ work and charge hefty fees for access to it. It is “a moral imperative,” swartz argued in his 2008 “guerilla open access manifesto,” that students, scientists, and librarians download and disseminate copyrighted scientific research to “fight back” against “this private theft of public culture. More than a decade ago, he helped launch the public library of science (plos), a series of journals with a groundbreaking business model: all of its content is immediately published online, free and ready to be shared, critiqued, analyzed, and expanded upon in the spirit of true academic aaron swartz is the open-access movement’s first martyr, michael eisen is its inside radical approach was designed to undermine the traditional publishers of science journals—both nonprofit societies such as the american association for the advancement of science, which publishes science, and commercial publishers such as elsevier, a dutch firm whose more than 2,000 academic titles include cell and the lancet. Papers take ages to get into print, and when they appear online they are hidden behind paywalls, hard to browse, and impervious to text- and data-mining techniques that could lead to new discoveries. Billion, a margin of more than 30 aaron swartz is the open-access movement’s first martyr, michael eisen is its inside agitator. When he was around kindergarten age, his parents moved the family to bethesda, maryland, because his father, a physician, had joined the national health service and signed up as an nih researcher to avoid serving in vietnam. By flooding the slide with fluorescently labeled genetic material derived from a living sample—say, a tumor—and seeing which parts of the chip it adhered to, a researcher could get a big-picture glimpse of which genes were being expressed in the tumor cells. My eyes were opened by a new way of doing biology,” eisen a slight diversion—he was hired as the summer announcer for the columbia mules, a minor-league baseball team in tennessee—eisen joined brown’s team as a postdoctoral fellow. Worried that a ruling in the company’s favor would render gene chips and the machines that made them unaffordable, brown’s lab posted step-by-step instructions on the lab’s website, showing how to build your own machine at a fraction of the nih doles out more than $20 billion annually for cutting-edge biomedical research. The relevant literature might consist of a few hundred papers, so a dedicated scientist could read every one of them. We marched down there and told them what we wanted to do, and could we have these papers,” eisen recalls. He couldn’t even find an abstract—only a poor quality scan on google scholar that another professor had uploaded for his may 1999, following some brainstorming sessions with his colleagues, varmus posted a “manifesto” on the nih website calling for the creation of e-biomed, an open-access digital repository for all agency-funded research. Researchers would have to place new papers in the archive even before they ran in print, and the authors would retain copyright. Publishers were asked to submit their papers to a new database called pubmed central within six months of publication. In an open letter, they pledged that they would no longer publish in, subscribe to, or peer-review for any journal that refused to take part in pubmed central.
An ambitious young researcher would be crazy to pass up the chance of placing an article in journals like cell or nature or the new england journal of british publisher, in a clear nod to the nih’s efforts, had already launched an open-access site called biomed central. The view among scientists at the time, he explains, was that free publications would be “vanity press and bottom-feeding”—too low-impact to attract great papers. To overcome this, eisen says, plos would have to “get people comfortable with the idea of open access by introducing journals that looked and functioned just like the snottiest journals they knew, but used a different economic model. In some ways, we had to become what we loathed,” eisen business plan was relatively simple: plos journals would cover expenses by charging a per-paper publication fee (currently a sliding scale from free to $2,900) that researchers could write into their grant proposals. And they fought hard for highly regarded papers, including one from eisen’s own brother, who was being courted by science and nature. In some ways, we had to become what we loathed,” eisen came plos medicine, followed by a series of publications tailored to specific research areas like genetics and computational biology. Papers are peer-reviewed for scientific rigor, but not for importance—that’s for the research community to determine. With more than 23,000 papers published last year, it is now the world’s most prolific science year after plos one went online, open-access advocates scored another victory: congress passed a bill forcing life-science publishers to send nih-funded papers to pubmed central within 12 months of publication. The papers could only be read online and not downloaded, but it was a , the industry has engineered at least two attempts to gut the nih policy, including the research works act, introduced in 2011 by reps. He february, amid the furor surrounding swartz’s death, the white house ordered all federal agencies with research expenditures greater than $100 million to propose policies that would let anyone read, download, and data-mine publicly funded papers after a waiting period—an apparent improvement over the nih policy. In response, the association of american publishers has lobbied for an open-access portal run by the industry. Coincidentally, the aap’s earlier campaign against open access was dubbed prism, the same acronym the nsa used for the spying operation exposed by edward snowden. I’ve never met an academic who wants their research behind a paywall,” says robert swartz, aaron’s publishers insist that they add value to the papers by coordinating peer review and determining which ones are noteworthy, and thus should be allowed to maintain control over their products. We believe that the publication and dissemination of research articles is best left to a free market,” executives of the genetics society of america, the publisher of the journal genetics, wrote to the obama administration. Now that it’s clear you can give away content and still make money, many publishers have launched their own open-access experiments. Even elsevier now offers an “author pays” open-access option with more than 1,600 of its journals, and 40 use it exclusively. Elife, a nonprofit initiative created recently by big-name scientists and major foundations, promises to push the industry even further in that plos has triggered a quiet revolution in academic circles, swartz’s death has sparked public interest in open access and compelled privacy and internet freedom groups to pick up the banner. People should know how government money is being spent and have access to what comes out of it. Obama administration’s research-sharing directive, the response to a we the people petition, came shortly after swartz’s suicide, as did a new bipartisan bill that would require publishers to make most federally funded research freely available within six months of publication. Robert swartz, who has been publicizing his son’s cause, says, “i’ve never met an academic who wants their research behind a paywall. Eisen earned his tenure from berkeley and landed the prestigious title of investigator at the howard hughes medical institute even though his lab publishes exclusively in open-access journals. Access access models and open research policies have long been at the heart of our business development and strategic thinking at nature research. We offer our authors and their funders the option to publish open access ed contentthree new broad scope open access journals from nature research: now open for submissionsnature research is excited to announce the launch of three new journals communications biology, communications chemistry and communications physics.
Papers published in the journals will represent significant advances that bring new insight to a specialized area of research. All papers will be handled by experienced in-house professional editors and supported by an expert editorial 2d materials and applications: first articles publishedonline-only and open access, npj 2d materials and applications is dedicated to publishing high-quality papers that focus on 2d materials, including allotropes and compounds, ultralight composite materials, their properties and applications. Npj 2d materials and applications has now published its first content – visit the journal website to explore all articles now materials degradation: first articles publishednpj materials degradation is an online-only and open access journal publishing the finest peer-reviewed original papers, review articles and short communications describing basic and applied research discoveries in the area of corrosion (degradation) and protection of metallic and non-metallic materials. Npj materials degradation has now published its first content – visit the journal website to explore all articles now & events new open access journal npj materials degradation call for papers: the politics of evidence-based policy making: how can we maximize the use of evidence in policy?
