Phobia research paper

First, specific phobias, which are usually your phobias of something such as spiders, clowns or even something like your dentist. Common fears may be heights or spiders; some would rationally go out of their way to avoid these, but this is quite different from having a phobia. Throughout the essay there will be three different treatments with three different phobias in ways to cure a phobia; the first is a trauma-focused treatment approach for travel phobia, assessment and treatment for childhood phobias, and hypnosis in faci... Almost everyone has an irrational fear or two- whether it be a fear of heights or of spiders; but at a certain point, fear intensifies and crosses the line into a phobia. A phobia is defined as a persistent, abnormal, and irrational fear of a specific thing or situation that compels one to avoid it, despite the awareness and reassurance that it is not dangerous. A phobia causes intense physical and psychological reactions which affects a person’s ability to function normally at work or in social settings.... Social phobias are the most disruptive of all phobias in a person’s daily ventures, the majority of them present themselves between the ages of fifteen and twenty. A social phobia is when someone is petrified of being humiliated, judged and/or loathed by others. The most prevalent specific phobias are; aerophobia: the fear of flying, acrophobia: the fear of heights and necrophobia: the fear of death (3). Just as the definition of phobias is split into two parts, specific phobias are separated into four categories.... According to jongh, oord, and broeke (2002), specific phobias are the most prevalent form of psychiatric disorders that are defined by fear.... Phobias: the cause, the effect and the solution phobias that happen during early childhood can lead to social anxieties and to certain life changing disorders. Phobias fear is a normal and an important human reaction to something dangerous, it keeps one out of danger, because fear is disliked and one tries ones best to avoid the object or situation of fear. Aracniphobi, the fear of spiders, might be one of the first phobias to come across someone’s lips. Heights, shadows on the wall, clowns, spiders; there are many different things of which people are scared, and when these phobias become too prevalent, they can sometimes cause disruptions in the lives of the people who have them. There are many people who are scared of things which can be a danger to their well-being, but there are many other people who are scared of things which can cause them no harm, such as speaking on the telephone (telephonophobia), or their chin (geniophobia). Fear is an averse emotion to something which presents an immediate or impending danger to oneself, while a phobia is a strong irrational fear of, or aversion to, something which will cause no danger.... Phobias: the irrational fear phobias are irrational fear to a person, place or object and they are classified as an anxiety disorder. Phobias affect approximately nineteen million individuals, with the fears ranging from blood to women and every thing in between. The symptoms one experiences when suffering with a phobia include profuse sweating, headaches, extreme nausea and a variety of other physical symptoms. Introduction the term phobia is often related to “ when you genuinely fear something for no rational reason” [1] there are three types of phobias; specific, social and agoraphobia. To develop a fear which is irrational allows room to explain reasons to develop a phobia. Phobias and the brain you are in an airport waiting for your plane to arrive. The cause of phobias thesis: we are not born with phobias – a phobia is learnt because it has become associated with an object or an experience that is unpleasant. Dictionary website (2010) states that the word phobia comes from the greek word that means fear. For every letter in the alphabet there are phobias that start with the letters a to z. Adult population is estimated to suffer some kind of phobia as stated in the electronic ardell wellness report (2010).

In the mind of the person who has the fear the phobias are very real and scary to him or her.... Social phobias can be defined as a severe or illogical fear of a certain thing or setting. Social phobias are some of the most common types of phobia in today’s society. They are claustrophobia, or the fear of confined spaces; agoraphobia, the fear of open spaces or leaving a safe place; and glossophobia, the fear of public speaking.... Agoraphobia applies to an interrelated and overlapping bunch of fear of phobias of leaving home, fear of entering shops , crowds and public places or traveling alone in public transportation. The concept can be better understood through the example of a woman observed by researcher and psychiatrist fraser kent. Introduction in this paper i will be describing phobias and fear, but more specifically coulrophobia (the fear of clowns) and monophobia (the fear of being alone). I also will describe possible causes of phobias, the history of phobias, how fear is helpful in small amounts, what fear does to someone and how to defeat it. The definition of a phobia is “an extreme or irrational fear of or aversion to something”.... Phobias a phobia is when someone has an irrational fear of an object such as fear of heights, fear of snakes, and other things. The name phobia is derived from phobos, who is the greek god of fear and most phobias have a greek name. Most all phobics know what causes their fear and they know how to solve their phobia by just staying away from a certain object or place. This could be very disturbing to the individual because some phobics are scared of open places (agoraphobia) and some are scared of large crowds, this could be harmful to their social lives, they couldn’t go to movies, concerts, or even sporting events.... To be considered a phobia, a fear must cause great distress or interfere with a person’s life in a major way. The word phobia is greek, therefore, any word that proceeds it should be greek too. To coin a new phobia name, it is proper and only accepted to follow this rule. Everyone recognizes that phobias are not something to be ashamed of, and that everyone has at least one. A phobia is an anxiety disorder in which a person will experience a strong, irrational fear of a situation, object, or activity. Understanding fear and phobias for something that can cause as much suffering as a phobia, as remarkable how many people lay claim to having one and how many of them are wrong. She wasn't just afraid of spiders; she had arachnophobia, a phobia, not to be confused with a simple fear. Phobias are not simple; they are complex in both their origin and diagnosis, with many types that people suffer from and any number of treatments exist to date.... Treating phobias wood (1999) describes a person suffering from a phobia experiences a persistent, irrational fear of some specific object, situation, or activity that poses no real danger (or whose danger is blown all out of proportion). Phobias: things that go bump in the mind my heart began to quicken and my palms started to sweat as i watched the ground get further and further away as i rode up the escalator into the main streets of washington, d. The history, causes and effects, and treatment of phobias just imagine for a moment that you have a cynophobia or the fear of dogs, would this be how you would feel. Introduction i chose to analyze this research article which tries to answer if major depressive disorders in parents lead to specific fears and phobias in offspring, because i like psychology and i wanted an article that was related some way to this interest. Before this research two studies were conducted that reported an increased risk of phobias in offspring of parents with major depressive disorder (mdd) when compared to children of normal parents. Finding nemo” is a movie that explores the natural phobia of losing a loved one and the adventure of self-discovery that permits marlin to overcome his phobias.

Many anxiety disorders in young adults are social phobias, generalized anxiety disorders (gad), and panic attacks. We are currently in the twenty-first century and young adults are feared by many things called social phobias. For example, social phobias would be public speaking, which many people dread and some young adults fear this much more than others.... Times of war and peace: sequels and phobias in the return of the soldier of rebecca west. An irrational fear of an object, situation, or activity that a person feels obligated to avoid is considered a phobia 1. The word “phobia” originates from the greek word "phóbos" that translates as morbid fear 5. Some ranging from claustrophobia, the fear of enclosed spaces, to agoraphobia, the fear of open spaces, however these little “fears” control these people’s lives. A phobia is classified as a lasting and unreasonable fear caused by the presence or thought of an object or situation that usually poses no danger.... Having anxiety is common and a part of everyday life however; there is a huge difference between a fear and a social phobia or anxiety disorder. The difference and important distinction psychoanalysts make between a fear and a phobia is “a true phobia must be inconsistent with the conscious learning experience of the individual” (karon 1). Patients with true phobias “do not respond to cognitive therapy but do respond well to psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic therapy” (karon 2). Social phobia is a serious anxiety disorder that should not be taken lightly or mistaken as a fear you will simply grow out of the older you get.... A lot of individuals who have social phobia are labeled as shy rather than having a disorder. This is mostly because a lot of people don’t know or don’t understand what social phobia is. There is a lot more to social phobia than most people think and to the individual who has social phobia it can be a very detrimental disorder. Social phobia is “a disorder characterized by excessive fear of being exposed to the scrutiny of other people that leads to avoidance of social situations in which the person is called on to perform” (carlson, 2009, p.... Public speaking phobia “on october 7, 1973, the london sunday times reported that the largest number of americans, 41% of those surveyed by a team of market researchers listed speaking before a group as their greatest fear,” (dwyer, k. While studying different types of phobia’s that humans may have, there are several phobias that develop over a period of time, due to unknowns or fears of things because of something that may of happened in that individuals life. Phobia is basically a fear of something that an individual may have because of past experiences or even the unknown.... According to a survey done by the national institute of mental health in the year of 2012 nearly over six million americans were or have recently been diagnosed with some sort of phobia. The merriam webster definition of a phobia is an extremely strong dislike or fear of someone or something. Phobias: irrational fear fear of heights, fear of the number “13,” fear of spiders, fear of small spaces. While there are many causes of phobias, one theory uses the notion of preparedness in pavlovian conditioning. Social phobia or just shyness as pharmaceutical companies began advertising on television several years ago, many prescription drug advertisements flooded the airwaves. One such drug was for the treatment of "social anxiety disorder," also called "social phobia. In investigating the causes, symptoms, and treatment of social anxiety disorder, i found that while drug companies and some researchers have hailed the unveiling of a drug for social anxiety as an important step, others feel that the disorder is poorly defined and its prevalence is exaggerated.... If that fears are more than normal and cause problems into your life, we call that “phobia”.

Blushing and physiological arousability in social phobia introduction this paper will provide a critique of the article titled “blushing and physiological arousability in social phobia,” (gerlach et al. According to the oxford dictionary, a phobia is an extreme or irrational fear towards something. Animal phobias include fear of specific animals, like fear of rats, fear of spiders, and fear of dogs. Natural environment phobias involve fear of heights, fear of water, fear of the dark, fear of storms, and many others. Blood-injection-injury phobias include fear of injury, fear of blood, fear of needles, and other medical procedures. On the other hand, examples of situational phobias – fears triggered by specific situations – include fear of flying, fear of driving, fear of enclosed spaces, fear of bridges, among many others (smith et al. The result supported was stated that patients with general anxiety disorder have general attentional bias while patients with social phobia have selective attentional bias, also known as schema congruency. According to the national institute of mental health there exists some evidence to prove that social phobia can be genetic as it affects about 15 million americans, women, children and men alike.... Social phobia sarah walks into a crowded classroom on her first day at her new university. At the same time as standard b (physical anxiety) seems additional informative for males, it is not likely this has any real importance for clinicians and researchers as it is not likely to affect rates of analysis. The category includes specific phobia, agoraphobia, social phobia, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.... I never confessed this phobia to anyone before, i thought that they would just make fun of me, but they don’t know what i’ve seen, heard nor felt. A common everyday misconception is that phobias have a positive side effect on your personality, while in reality, phobias have a negative effect on you and your personality. For example, arachnophobia, the fear of spiders, causes one to have a change in personality changes, be unreasonable, and cause negative effects on your life. There have been many new discoveries made about phobias, and multiple treatments found, yet many people still find themselves facing an everyday dilemma when it comes to dealing with phobias.... Sometimes i couldn’t sleep or eat for days before a staff meeting” (“nimh – social phobia”, 2011).... Researches of several studies investigated the origin, influence factors, physical and physiological responses, and types of management and intervention for dental phobia through various sources. Social phobia is one of the most common anxiety disorders, with a lifetime prevalence of 7%-13%. One of the most common anxiety disorder is social phobia, which can sometimes be interchangeable with social anxiety disorder (sad).... Nomo phobia, or no mobile phobia, is the feeling of anxiety most people get when they cannot use their cell phones or they do not have their phones. In this essay we will explore conditioning, especially classical conditioning and its role in forming phobias.... Psychological explanations of one anxiety disorder phobias are an example of an anxiety disorder and the psychological explanations of these are cognitive, psychodynamic, behavioral and social factors. There are many different types of anxiety disorder such as: panic disorder, obsessive – compulsion disorder, phobias, and a few more. Anxiety disorders be categorized into five different disorders by intenseness and persistence: generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Different types of anxiety disorders phobias phobia is a disproportionate and intense fear of a specific object or situation.... Live” workshop dvd an energy tioner training ing sports , beliefs, , phobias, speaking g with ch paper: evaluation of eft for reducing specific tion of a meridian-based intervention, emotional freedom techniques (eft), for reducing specific phobias of small wells, kathryn polglase and henry b. Phillip ramsey, and tracey mcgrath for their study explored whether a meridian-based procedure, emotional freedom techniques (eft), can reduce specific phobias of small animals under laboratory-controlled conditions.

These findings suggest that a single treatment session using eft to reduce specific phobias can produce valid behavioral and subjective effects. Some limitations of the study are also noted and clarifying research ic phobia; desensitization; diaphragmatic breathing; meridian-based techniques; exposure therapy; emotional freedom techniques (eft). Of a meridian-based intervention, emotional freedom techniques (eft), for reducing specific phobias of small ic phobias (previously called “simple phobias”) rank among the most prevalent anxiety disorders, with phobia of “bugs, mice, snakes and bats” the largest subgroup in this category (ost, stridh, & wolf, 1998). Until the mid 1970’s systematic desensitization was the most widely used behavioral treatment for this condition (wolpe, 1958,1973), but subsequent research has shown that in vivo exposure to the feared stimulus is even more effective (ost, salkovskis & hellstrom, 1991). Seems that many phobic persons can be taught to approach their dreaded object or situation by simply watching or participating with an experimenter who demonstrates a confident non-anxious interaction with that object, and therapist-directed exposure has outperformed systematic desensitization in a number of research studies on treatment for phobias (hellstrom, fellenius & ost, 1996; hellstrom & ost, 1995; ost, 1989, 1996; ost, brandberg,  & alm, 1997; ost, ferebee & furmark, 1997; ost, hellstrom & kaver, 1992). Hours with results equal to that of much more widely spaced and lengthier programs for treating specific phobias, and suggest this treatment to be the treatment of choice for specific phobias (ost, ferebee, et al. Ost and his colleagues do however report some success using manual-based exposure for specific phobias (hellstrom & ost, 1995; ost et al. Would be desirable to have a short, effective one-session treatment for specific phobias which does not require either in vivo exposure or therapist modeling, and which could also lend itself readily to self-treatment outside the clinical setting. This paper explores one such an-based ly, a new group of behavioral interventions known as “meridian-based therapies” or “energy psychology” methods have been proposed as treatments for anxiety disorders based on clinical reports which indicate that these approaches have produced rapid improvement in negative emotional states (callahan, 2001, craig, 1995; figley & carbonell, 1995; gallo, 1999). Often one treatment session using a meridian based technique and lasting no more than 30 to 60 minutes has been reported as sufficient to substantially reduce or even eliminate a specific phobia (callahan, 1997; craig, 1999; gallo, 1999). Acupuncture, however, from which they were derived, has been quite extensively studied, with hundreds of research reports published (stux & pomeranx, 1995). Levine, gormley, & fields, 1976), or its use in treating physiological conditions, needle acupuncture is widely recognized by practitioners and researchers as a potent means of inducing a sense of calm and tranquility. Tft utilizes light tapping of meridian points in a protocol which involves the use of specific sequences of these points (called “algorithms”), each of which addresses a specific emotional problem or category of its followers claim to have applied tft clinically with great success (callahan, 2001a), the few published studies on tft (bray & folkes, 1999; carbonell, 1997; figley & carbonell, 1995; johnson, shala, sejdijaj, odell and dabishevci, 2001; leonoff, 1996; wade, 1990; callahan, 2001a, 2001b, 2001c; pignotti & steinberg, 2001; sakai, paperny, mathews, tanida, boyd, simons, yamamoto, mau, & nutter, 2001) all suffer from a number of methodological weaknesses. B), have observed eft to be effective in the treatment of specific phobias, and thus it appeared useful to test the efficacy of this method for this clinical condition. It was thought that both of these techniques might hold promise as desensitization procedures because of their common calming most of the research on diaphragmatic breathing has studied this practice as an adjunct to other anxiety-reducing techniques, the practice has been repeatedly associated with creation of a state of deep calm and tranquility, which state can apparently be voluntarily reversed so that anxiety can be intentionally produced by manipulation of the breathing pattern (peper & machose, 1993). In a review of research on breathing retraining for treatment of hyperventilation syndrome and panic disorder, garssen, de ruiter, and van cyck (1992) concluded that breathing retraining and related procedures are therapeutically effective, and lehrer, sasoki, and saito (1999) have demonstrated that slowing the respiration results in demonstrable physiological changes consistent with deep relaxation. Accordingly, we formulated a hypothesis to the effect that eft would produce greater reductions in self-report and physiological indicators of anxiety and in avoidance behavior than would db in a single 30-minute treatment session, and that these changes would be maintained over ipants were recruited through advertisements placed in the newspaper and on community radio seeking people with spider, mouse, rat, or roach phobias. An extensive, highly structured interview based on the dsm iv criteria for specific phobia was administered to each participant over the telephone when participants responded to the ipants were selected for inclusion in the study using the following criteria. Participants had to be: (l) over 18 years old, (2) have symptoms matching the dsm-iv criteria for specific phobia (american psychiatric association, 1994), (3) not be currently receiving treatment (psychological or medical) for their phobia, and (4) agree to be contacted for follow-up testing. These figures are consistent with previous studies of specific phobias, which have reported the overwhelming majority of participants to be women (ost 1987). With respect to the duration of their phobia, 23 participants reported that they had suffered from it as long as they could remember (or an equivalent phrase), and the remaining 23 reported having had the phobia from 3 to 50 years (m = 20 years). The assessments were made by two research assistants who were intentionally kept totally uninformed with respect to the experimental condition of each of the participants they oral approach task (bat). The version used here included 3 of marks and matthew’s original 4 measures — main target phobia, global phobia, and anxiety-depression. A research assistant took pulse rate manually following completion of demographic data, and once again at the point at which the client voluntarily stopped on the behavioral approach ence rating. The participants’ ratings thus provided a global rating of confidence that any treatment would work for their attending their scheduled session, participants were met by a research assistant who was unaware of which treatment they would receive (except in the case of the group treatment where it was obvious that all were receiving the same intervention) or of the treatments being t data was collected as described and participants were then taken to another room for the bat. Db on the fear questionnaire at the follow-up as compared to the posttest, but a moderate effect is still seen at findings are largely consistent with the hypothesis that eft does reduce phobias of small animals, and that this reduction is enduring, at least in terms of behavioral change. However, as we shall presently outline, inferences drawn from these findings must be considered tentative due to certain methodological limitations of the current results of our analyses indicate that eft treatment had an immediate effect of reducing specific phobias of small animals in a single 30-minute treatment session conducted under controlled conditions.

For this measure, therefore, no claim of a long-term effect for eft can be made based on the present main question the study addressed can be stated as — does eft produce any effects on specific phobias of small animals? We did not attempt to find out whether eft is the preferred mode of therapy for such phobias. From the perspective of determining why eft may have worked, future dismantling studies are needed to determine the relative contribution of each of these lizability of in the present study recruitment of participants was through ads in newspapers and on radio, the generalizability of these findings to a strictly clinical population carries with it some uncertainty. However, since specific phobias of small animals and insects are seldom incapacitating and the usual way of handling them is by simply avoiding the phobic object, clinicians only rarely receive referrals for treatment for this type of phobia (although they may incidentally work with a small animal phobia if presented by a multiphobic patient or a patient with some other psychiatric diagnosis). In this context, ost has observed that although people with specific phobias might very well constitute the single most prevalent anxiety disorder, at the same time it is the group that apply for treatment the least (ost, 2002). Review of the research on small animal phobias shows that in the overwhelming majority of studies –– we did not find a single exception to this rule in our sample of major studies in this area –– researchers used ads in local newspapers to recruit, as well as, in some cases, some physician referrals (see bandura, 1969; ost et al, 1991; hellstrom & ost, 1993; ost, 1996; ost et al. Obtaining subjects with specific phobias of small animals is so difficult, in fact, that we do not believe the researchers cited above could have conducted their studies had they not gone beyond clinical populations for their subject pool, an assumption in agreement with that of ost who has expressed the opinion that if researchers had to wait for subjects to be referred for such studies “a study of 40-50 subjects would certainly take 5 years or more to complete” (ost, 2002). Respect to whether the findings in our sample of nonclinically recruited subjects with small animal phobias will generalize to a clinical population with similar phobias, it should be noted that when screening applicants for participation in the present study, the experimenters gave special attention to assessing the degree to which the phobia was interfering with the person’s life. They searched carefully for specific evidence that the phobia was very distressing to the person and/or affecting his or her life negatively in an important manner, rejecting all those who did not provide evidence to support this criterion. All of our participants would have easily exceeded the minimum criteria of phobia severity advised by ost, the principal researcher in this area, for a study of specific phobias (ost, 2002), who specifies that participants must fulfill all dsm iv diagnostic criteria for this condition (the “interference” criteria in particular), but also that the severity of their symptoms is, as a minimum, “moderate; life is disturbed, but symptoms are not considered disabling in any way” (ost, 1991). In fact, subjects who indicated that their symptoms were not disabling in any way would normally have been eliminated from this relevant may be the observation of the present authors who use eft regularly in their practice (wells, carrington and baker), that the clients whom we have treated in a clinical setting for specific phobias incidental to more severe problems, have experienced the same rapid and lasting relief from these phobias when eft was applied to them, as the participants in the present le processes contributing to gh the present research was not designed as a dismantling study, it may nevertheless be useful to consider what factors might have produced the factor contributing to the results might be the high level of imaginal exposure used in both conditions. The latter researchers found no change whatsoever from pretest to posttest in either their no intervention condition or the supportive interview. To rule out such sources of bias, the “gold standard” design in medical research is both double blind and placebo-controlled. Because in psychotherapy research it is not usually possible to have participant or experimenter blind as to what treatment is being administered, a double-blind design is at best infrequently possible in such studies. The research assistants who collected the data were kept totally blind as to which experimental condition a given subject was assigned during both the pre- and posttesting. One important source of possible bias in psychotherapy research is found when the experimenter has an allegiance or expectation for one, but not the other, form of therapy being studied. Only future research can clarify this for additional would have been useful if a no-treatment or waiting list control condition had been included and we hope to see this in future research. However, when ost (1997) reviewed previous research on specific phobias with respect to the inclusion of no treatment controls, he found that of 21 studies in which an active treatment was compared with a no treatment or waiting list condition, the active treatment achieved significantly better results in 90% of the studies. Additionally, as he notes, the few studies to date that have followed untreated phobias for a long period of time have found a low proportion of spontaneous remission after 5 years (agras, chapin & oliveau, 1972) and also after 7 years (wittchen, 1991). It was clear to the researchers that some participants still had several aspects of their fear remaining after 30 minutes of treatment. This slightly longer time frame would still represent a significant advance over the time required in other desensitization is a need to compare both eft and db treatments to traditional methods used for treating specific phobias. Findings are largely consistent with the hypothesis that eft can reduce phobias of small animals in a single treatment session. Further research is also needed to determine the clinical value of eft when compared to existing techniques used for this , w. Paper the annual meeting of the association for comprehensive energy psychology, a, a, blanchard, e. Overcoming specific phobia: a hierarchy and exposure-based protocol for the treatment of all specific phobias. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the association for comprehensive energy psychology, las vegas, e, p. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the association for comprehensive energy psychology, las vegas, a, m.

However, we feel it would aid researchers who may want to explore either or both of these conditions in the future to be informed of the following: for eft, all five t values were greater than 4. All rights ch paper logical of phobias research papers discuss the powerful and devastating human emotion of fear caused by can be one of the most powerful and devastating human emotions. Phobias range from mental disorders to medical hypersensitivity, or can simply be an aversion to a certain situation. Many psychological phobias can be successfully treated with therapy, while some others can only be controlled by the numerous types of phobias identified by the medical community range from some of the more well known, such as:Claustrophobia (fear of enclosed space). Practitioners list several types of phobias that describe a hypersensitivity to some condition such as:Photophobia (hypersensitivity to light),Phobias including onally, numerous terms that include the word phobia are used to describe a certain type of discrimination or hatred. These types of phobia, some of which are well-known, include xenophobia, the fear or dislike of outsiders, homophobia, the fear or dislike of homosexuals and the gay culture, and anglophobia, the fear or dislike of people from england and their culture. According to the american psychiatry organization, anxiety is a form of d research paper ter's two factor theory of emotion is a salient albeit obscure theory that accurately describes an integral part of human n work research papers explains the act of trying to change emotions in degrees or atric illness research papers discuss how mental disorders manifest in a person's inability to function ondriasis research papers explore the mental illness and describes it as both a disorder and illness and the brain research papers research the malfunctions in the ive behavioral therapy research papers explain cognitive behavioral therapy as one of the most widely used forms of mental health to write a research paper on types of page is designed to show you how to write a research project on the topic you see to the left. Use our sample or order a custom written research paper from paper research papers - custom written research papers on any topic you need starting at $23. Per research paper services - learn about all of paper masters' custom research paper and writing your research paper worries in less than 5 minutes! A custom research paper on any online teed quality -time delivery via ential & masters - showing students how to write quality research papers for over 19 masters custom research papers on types of masters writes custom research papers on types of phobias and discuss the powerful and devastating human emotion of fear caused by order paper faqs e-mail ncbi web site requires javascript to tionresourceshow toabout ncbi accesskeysmy ncbisign in to ncbisign l listelsevier sponsored red document fromjournal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry. Pmc3111808when the present visits the past: updating traumatic memories in social phobiajennifer wild,a,⁎ ann hackmann,a,b and david m. Licensethis article has been cited by other articles in ctresearch suggests that distorted images of the self are common in social phobia and play a role in maintaining the disorder. This has led to speculation about the likely benefit of working directly with these memories to improve symptoms of social phobia. In this exploratory study, we describe a process of cognitive restructuring followed by imagery rescripting to update the meanings of distressing memories and images in social phobia. We first present illustrative clinical examples and then data of 14 patients with social phobia, on whom we developed this approach. One week later significant change was seen in social phobia cognitions and a self-report measure of social anxiety. Rescripting distressing memories in social phobia appears to be an effective way of modifying maladaptive beliefs linked to recurrent negative imagery. This paper presents our exploratory investigation of how to work with the memories and encourages more rigorous investigation in this ds: imagery rescripting, imagery, traumatic memory, social phobia, anxiety1. These observations are consistent with recent research on social text revision of the fourth edition of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm-iv-tr; american psychiatric association, 2000) describes social phobia as a persistent fear of certain social or performance situations, in which the person fears that they will act in a way (or show anxiety symptoms) that will be embarrassing or humiliating. A key suggestion in the clark and wells (1995) cognitive model of social phobia is that when feeling threatened in social situations, patients switch to processing the self as a social object, their attention turning to internal rather than external stimuli. Consistent with this view, a number of studies have found when patients with social phobia enter social situations, or recall such situations, they experience visual and/or somatic images of themselves as an object of the scrutiny of others. The mental representation is considered to be a loose amalgam based on a variety of inputs, including material from long term clark and wells (1995) and rapee and heimberg (1997) models of social phobia incorporate patients’ attention to negative self-images. Hirsch, clark, mathews, and williams (2003) asked patients with social phobia to hold a negative or neutral image in mind whilst having a conversation with a stranger. However, the results so far suggest that negative self-images are prevalent, and play a role in maintaining social phobia. They trigger anxiety and safety behaviours, both of which can play their part in perpetuating underlying negative appraisals of social is also some evidence that the negative self-images reported in social phobia may have input from autobiographical memory. The study suggested that the intrusive images that are characteristic of social phobia may have substantial input from events in memory, since the reported images and memories were often strikingly similar in content and meaning. Further, patients frequently described the memories as representing points at which their social phobia started or worsened.

In another study of social phobia, wild, hackmann, and clark (in press) compared a single session of imagery rescripting to a control session in which the memories were only discussed. The imagery rescripting session led to significantly greater reductions in social anxiety than the control we carried out the study reported here, there had been no previous studies on the effects of rescripting distressing memories on cognitions and behaviours specific to social phobia. However, we had used imagery rescripting with a subset of individuals in a recent randomised controlled trial of cognitive therapy for social phobia (clark et al. The time seemed right to examine its effects (when delivered in a single session) on social phobia cognitions and behaviours. This paper allows us the opportunity to describe our procedure in detail, and present case material to illustrate the technique and its impact. This image developed when she was 23 years old after an experience at work that was also linked to the onset of her social phobia. Participants our sample consisted of 14 patients (five female) who were receiving or about to receive cognitive therapy for social phobia. They all met the criteria for social phobia on the structured clinical interview for dsm iv (scid; first, gibbon, williams, & spitzer, 1995) and the social phobia module of the anxiety disorders interview schedule (adis; brown, di nardo, & barlow, 1994). Clark, unpublished) this 22-item questionnaire asks patients to rate how frequently they have had common social phobia cognitions (e. The mean scq frequency and belief scores for patients with social phobia at pretreatment in a recent treatment trial (mortberg, clark, sundin, & wistedt, 2007) were 60 and 950, respectively. Paired samples t-tests were performed to compare the difference between their pre-rescripting scores and 1 week follow-up scores on the social phobia measures (spwss and scq) and the image and memory measures (encapsulated belief, and image and memory distress and vividness). Discussionthis study describes our method of rescripting early memories linked to recurrent negative imagery in patients with social phobia. We also looked at the effect on social cognitions and other symptoms of social phobia. They also showed significant improvement on the spwss, which measures the severity of components of social phobia such as, anxious affect, avoidance, self-focused attention, and anticipatory and postevent expected, our sample of patients reported high levels of vividness and distress in relation to their images and memories. The stepped improvement as the weeks went by in these two studies suggests that there may have been further and possibly more stable improvements in the present study on social phobia, had there been more sessions devoted to work on the disturbing preliminary, uncontrolled study, like the results of a subsequent controlled study reported elsewhere (wild et al. In press), supports the view that as well as attending to current symptoms of social phobia it may be worthwhile to look at the possible origins of the problem, and to target key memories that carry toxic meanings for the patient, as they appear to provide input to recurrent images of the self in this disorder. Efficacy of imagery rescripting in this study is consistent with a growing body of research that has used the procedure in cognitive-behavioural treatments for different disorders, including bulimia nervosa (i. Rescripting the identified social phobia related traumatic memories in this study led to dramatic reductions in patients’ beliefs associated with the memories and images, as well as in social phobia cognitions and other are several aspects of our intervention that may have been helpful. Hackmann (2005) suggests that experiencing empowerment and compassion in imagery helps patients to reevaluate themselves and the behaviour of others, which can soften the sense of l the process of reviewing and rescripting the traumatic memory reduced the severity of social phobia as reflected in the mean item rating of the spwss and also the total belief and frequency scores on the scq. Self-focused attention, avoidance, pre- and postevent processing), or the effects on mood, and future research could do this to determine how rescripting mediates change in social phobia study is a small, exploratory study with several limitations. In press), found that compared to a control session (involving discussion of the memories), imagery rescripting led to significantly greater change in the distress and vividness of patients’ images and memories as well as symptoms of social phobia, both within session and one week later. As one patient most eloquently expressed this shift: it is as if i have been looking at myself in a mirror for years, and it is only now that i see that it was the mirror that was flawed and not ledgementthis research was supported by wellcome trust programme grant 069777 (ehlers & clark). The role of memory perspective in social phobia: immediate and delayed memories for role-played situations. Effects of varying levels of anxiety within social situations: relationship to memory perspective and attributions in social phobia. Schema therapy: a practitioner's s:article | pubreader | epub (beta) | printer friendly | ment of philosophy and humanities/international research center »interweaving performance cultures«. Navigationhomepageinternational research center »interweaving performance cultures«newscall for papers: theatres of phobiascall for papers: theatres of phobias - an interdisciplinary colloquium for researchers and from nov 07, 2017theatres of interdisciplinary colloquium for researchers and aum kreuzberg bethanien, world is arguably entering the era of ‘phobias’ – an era in which extreme or irrational aversions towards ‘others’ are rashly expressed. Concepts such as homophobia, sinophobia, islamophobia and xenophobia are in currency within global public discourse.

More still, these labels could develop into distinct socio-political formations, through which the phobias attain specific political identities. The ‘others’ could potentially be mis/interpreted as ‘enemies’ for the sake of visualizing the political, economic, social, cultural, religious and various other unrests suppressed in call for papers invites researchers and art practitioners from a wide range of disciplines and with interdisciplinary perspectives to examine the relationship between politics, economics, society, culture and ‘theatres of phobias’. Responses to the investigation can refer, but are not limited to: the forced performances of the so-called ‘others’ reified in their everyday lives; the theatricality of the media through which specific narratives are rendered; the theatrical dichotomy of the west and ‘the rest’ which could still be repeated obliviously; and, the xenophobic consolidation of the social class where people are categorized by their linguistic and economic ng specifically about the german cultural sphere, berlin-based cultural institutions such as the maxim gorki theatre, the volksbühne or the ballhaus naunynstrasse have become veritable centers for criticizing and  commenting on the politics of phobias. In this colloquium, we invite responses to the investigation of the representation of ‘others’ in the era of phobias. Theatres of phobias is a colloquium organized by kunstraum kreuzberg bethanien, with the collaboration of tokyo arts and ed deadline for the application is 16 november iwaki, waseda univesity, visiting researcher, tsubouchi memorial theatre museum, director of scene/asia: a pan-asian critical theatre a sengupta, jawaharlal nehru university, new delhi, doctoral candidate, international research center: interweaving performance cultures, freie university berlin1/14please enable javascript in your ease enable ew.