Research approach dissertation
Questions further sibility in the research ision of the g the ping your academic style of way you approach your question will have a profound effect upon the way you construct your dissertation, so this section discusses the types of research you might undertake for your dissertation. The use of literature and case studies is considered and the merits of primary research are debated and advice is given on the use of existing research data. You may not be fond of statistics, but the potential relevance of a quantitative approach should be considered and similarly, the idea of qualitative analysis and conducting your own research may yield valuable data. Video clip contains comments from the following academics:Dr iain garner - mcgauley - social mccoy - bonnett - approach should i take - qualitative or quantitative? Approach' means something more than the type of data you use – it refers to your overall orientation to research and the type of claims you will make for your study. Dissertations can be based on either quantitative or qualitative data, or on a combination of both. How you choose this may depend on your preferences and abilities, and the suitability of particular approaches to your topic. Qualitative data is particularly useful when you wish to find out why people engage in such about the research methods modules you have taken so far. There is plenty of scope to use the approaches and methods that you are most comfortable with. You need to justify your approach and methods and to cite appropriate literature to help you do if i want to find out about social trends, or the measurable effects of particular policies? Will probably want to use large datasets and undertake quantitative data analysis, and you will be adopting a realist approach to the topic studied. Quantitative dissertations are likely to be nearer to the lower end of the range of approved lengths for the dissertation (e. If the length is to be 5,000-8,000 words, dissertations based on quantitative analysis are likely to be closer to 5,000 words in length). Will probably want to use in-depth qualitative data, and you may wish to adopt a realist, a phenomenologist, or a constructionist approach to the topic. Qualitative dissertations will include descriptive material, usually extracts from interviews, conversations, documents or field notes, and are therefore likely to be nearer to the upper limit of your word range (e. The types of method suitable for a dissertation could include content analysis, a small scale ethnographic study, small scale in-depth qualitative r you choose qualitative or quantitative analysis will depend on several things:Your preferred philosophical approach (realist, phenomenologist or constructionist). Skills and abilities with methods of data collection (if needed) and topic or issue you are interested you frame your research i combine qualitative and quantitative methods? You will analyse each type of data and describe this, and then write a discussion that shows how each piece of analysis contributes to the overall picture of what is going supervisor or research methods tutor may be able to give you detailed examples of these or other ways to combine my dissertation be entirely literature-based? If you decide to do a primarily theoretical dissertation, it is almost certain that your dissertation will be entirely literature-based. How the study is approached and how contrasting approaches are drawn upon needs to be stated very clearly.
Remember that theoretical studies, like data-based studies, need to have their research design spelled out from the even if your dissertation is more empirically focused, it could still be entirely literature-based. While all dissertations will include a literature review, it is possible to produce a dissertation that is entirely based on a review of the literature. You might, for example, explore empirical debates in your chosen field across different countries or time is case study research? It is possible for dissertations to be entirely literature-based, the most common form of dissertation takes the form of a case study. The attraction of this kind of dissertation is that it stems from empirical curiosity but is at the same time practical. A major challenge in case study dissertations is connecting your own primary research or re-analysis with the broader theoretical themes and empirical concerns of the existing 's an empirical study? The reason for this is that the questions dissertations usually address take the following form: is x happening? These questions demand primary or secondary analysis of study 9 think hard before you decide to undertake empirical research: a student's is secondary analysis? It allows the researcher to explore areas of interest without having to go through the process of collecting data themselves in the field. The problem with using fieldwork methods in an undergraduate dissertation, however, is that they are costly in terms of time (which is relatively scarce in your final year! You may choose, therefore, to undertake secondary research, analysing existing do i find existing research data? Here you would not be collecting your own data but instead would be analysing existing ad case study 6 media you are interested, for example, in doing historical research, you may need to visit archives. Research methods tutors on your course will be able to advise on the availability and accessibility of such data are some advantages of doing secondary analysis, particularly if you are doing a quantitative study. Your research methods tutor can give you further information on these types of data, but here are some common quantitative data collection methods and their definitions:Self-completion questionnaires. Prior to the observation, an observation schedule will be produced which details what exactly the researcher should look for and how those observations should be you are conducting a qualitative analysis you are likely to wish to use at least some original material. Below are some data collection methods that you might want to use for your dissertation:A way of asking questions which allows the interviewee to have more control of the interview. The researcher will observe behaviour, listen to conversations, and ask some time looking at general books about research - they will give you an overview of the data collection methods available and help you to make the best choice for your project. Bryman (2004) would be a useful starting any piece of research you conduct, be it empirically based (quantitative or qualitative) or library based, its methods must be justified. You need to show in the final dissertation how you have given consideration to different methods, and why you have chosen and eliminated t voice: findings from our our study, supervisors saw part of their role as someone who draws out students’ reasons for choosing a particular research approach. Supervisor will want you to offer convincing reasons as to why you’ve chosen the approach you have - so be ready!
Reasons for data collection is literature based as my research question involved sensitive subjects which would have been unsuitable for primary data collection. Will involve primary data, secondary data, quantitative and qualitative research methods, lit reviews, theory and policy studies and an exploration of alternatives. My dissertation is to be based around the experience of 'poverty', as poverty is the experience. Research must be conducted in a sensible and ethical manner; data must be analysed and presented in a rational manner. It is important that students do not expose themselves or others to dangers or risks when conducting research. Students need the approval of their dissertation supervisor before embarking on any type of fieldwork (see the section on research ethics for more information). Often people link deductive research with quantitative experiments or surveys, and inductive research with qualitative interviews or ethnographic work. These links are not hard and fast – for instance, experimental research, designed to test a particular theory through developing a hypothesis and creating an experimental design, may use quantitative or qualitative data or a combination. If your research starts with a theory and is driven by hypotheses that you are testing (e. At the start of your research you need to set down clearly:Your research focus and research you propose to examine the topic:Methods of data s of data types and sources of information you you will access these sources of information (be they people, existing datasets, biographical accounts, media articles or websites, official records). Proposed outcome of this research (in your case, a dissertation) and the form it will take. Time-frame for all and your supervisor will discuss your design and decide whether the research is 'do-able'. A quantitative approach will mean you will need substantial datasets, as well as the inclusion of tables and statistics in your final submission. An empirical study could involve close analysis of statistics or some form of qualitative research. However, a theoretical study brings its own challenges, and you may be called upon to compare theories in terms of their you have decided upon your approach, you can write out a research design, i. How you are going to approach the look a little at the research methods that you have studied. Apart from matching your research to your general sense of objective/subjective reality, it is important to ensure that you match your methodology to the problem you are kind of data do you need to answer your question/test your hypothesis? The ability to manage your time will be directly related to your ability to control the boundaries of the study – especially if it is closely linked to your that you have got so far, try to write up your research proposal as far as you can. You will find it helpful to plot your research questions on the chart on the next page and ensure that your plans for collecting data really answer the question as well as avoiding ethical this stage you must be really ruthless with yourself. It will be better to go back to the drawing board now, than once the project is ant: whatever approach you settle on, you must be able to justify its appropriateness to your topic and the data required to answer your question already exist or will you have to generate your own data?
A survey which includes interviews or a case study that looks at a situation from numerous factors may limit the scope of your research? London, fying a research topic:A template for structured observation:A site devoted to survey design:A chapter on structured interviewing:A chapter on qualitative interviewing:An introduction to ethnographic research:Materials for focus group interviews:1. This resource has been developed in partnership by the higher education academy and sheffield hallam ch approach can be divided into three types:Deductive research ive research ive research relevance of hypotheses to the study is the main distinctive point between deductive and inductive approaches. Deductive approach tests the validity of assumptions (or theories/hypotheses) in hand, whereas inductive approach contributes to the emergence of new theories and generalizations. Abductive research, on the other hand, starts with ‘surprising facts’ or ‘puzzles’ and the research process is devoted their explanation. Following table illustrates the major differences between deductive, inductive and abductive research approaches in terms of logic, generalizability, use of data and theory. Existing theory riate, to build new theory or modify existing sion of research approach is a vital part of any scientific study regardless of the research area. Within the methodology chapter of your dissertation to you need to explain the main differences between inductive, deductive and abductive approaches and specify the approach you have adopted for your research by breaking down your arguments into several ’s illustrate the application of each research approach for a following study:Effects of labour migration within the eu on the formation of multicultural teams in uk ive research you have formulated a set of hypotheses for your dissertation that need to be confirmed or rejected during the research process you would be following a deductive approach. In deductive approach, the effects of labour migration within the eu are assessed by developing hypotheses that are tested during the research tations with deductive approach follow the following path:The following hypotheses can be developed in order to assess the effects of labour migration within the eu on the formation of multicultural teams in uk organizations using a deductive approach:Hypothesis: labour migration within the eu contributes to the formation of multicultural teams in ive research atively, inductive approach does not involve formulation of hypotheses. It starts with research questions and aims and objectives that need to be achieved during the research ive studies follow the route below:Referring to the example above, the effects of labour migration within the eu on the formation of multicultural teams in uk organizations can be accessed via finding answers to the following research questions:Research question: how does labour migration within the eu effect the formation of multicultural teams in uk? Research abductive approach, the research process is devoted to explanation of ‘incomplete observations’, ‘surprising facts’ or ‘puzzles’ specified at the beginning of the study. Referring to the research topic of the effects of labour migration on the formation of multicultural teams in the uk discussed above, you may observe that labour migration within the eu was actually decreasing the extent of cross-cultural differences within teams in the , your study can be devoted to the explanation of this phenomenon by using qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and data analysis in an integrated manner…. E-book, the ultimate guide to writing a dissertation in business studies: a step by step assistance contains discussions of theory and application of research approaches. The e-book also explains all stages of the research process starting from the selection of the research area to writing personal reflection. Important elements of dissertations such as research philosophy, research design, methods of data collection, data analysis and sampling are explained in this e-book in simple words. Types of learning tanding your preferences to aid al thinking al thinking and fake g a dissertation or to write a research l issues in tation: the ching and writing a literature g your tation: results and tation: conclusions and g your dissertation or thesis of the skills you need guide for ng, coaching, mentoring and ability skills for ibe to our free newsletter and start improving your life in just 5 minutes a 'll get our 5 free 'one minute life skills' and our weekly 'll never share your email address and you can unsubscribe at any g your dissertation: our: dissertation writing guide. Methodology describes the broad philosophical underpinning to your chosen research methods, including whether you are using qualitative or quantitative methods, or a mixture of both, and should be clear about the academic basis for all the choices of research methods that you have made. Is not enough; there must be good academic reasons for your to include in your you are submitting your dissertation in sections, with the methodology submitted before you actually undertake the research, you should use this section to set out exactly what you plan to methodology should be linked back to the literature to explain why you are using certain methods, and the academic basis of your you are submitting as a single thesis, then the methodology should explain what you did, with any refinements that you made as your work progressed. Again, it should have a clear academic justification of all the choices that you made and be linked back to the research methods for the social are numerous research methods that can be used when researching scientific subjects, you should discuss which are the most appropriate for your research with your following research methods are commonly used in social science, involving human subjects:One of the most flexible and widely used methods for gaining qualitative information about people’s experiences, views and feelings is the interview can be thought of as a guided conversation between a researcher (you) and somebody from whom you wish to learn something (often referred to as the ‘informant’). Therefore, interviews are particularly good tools for gaining detailed information where the research question is open-ended in terms of the range of possible iews are not particularly well suited for gaining information from large numbers of people.
Interviews are time-consuming, and so careful attention needs to be given to selecting informants who will have the knowledge or experiences necessary to answer the research our page: interviews for research for more a researcher wants to know what people do under certain circumstances, the most straightforward way to get this information is sometimes simply to watch them under those ations can form a part of either quantitative or qualitative research. For instance, if a researcher wants to determine whether the introduction of a traffic sign makes any difference to the number of cars slowing down at a dangerous curve, she or he could sit near the curve and count the number of cars that do and do not slow down. Researcher wanting to know how people react to a billboard advertisement might spend time watching and describing the reactions of the people. Our page: observational research and secondary data for more your intended research question requires you to collect standardised (and therefore comparable) information from a number of people, then questionnaires may be the best method to onnaires can be used to collect both quantitative and qualitative data, although you will not be able to get the level of detail in qualitative responses to a questionnaire that you could in an onnaires require a great deal of care in their design and delivery, but a well-developed questionnaire can be distributed to a much larger number of people than it would be possible to onnaires are particularly well suited for research seeking to measure some parameters for a group of people (e. Documentary analysis is the main way that historians obtain data about their research subjects, but it can also be a valuable tool for contemporary social nts are tangible materials in which facts or ideas have been recorded. If such documents are used as data for research, the researcher must come to an agreement with the holder of the documents about how the contents can and cannot be used and how confidentiality will be our page: observational research and secondary data for more to choose your methodology and precise research methodology should be linked back to your research questions and previous your university or college library and ask the librarians for help; they should be able to help you to identify the standard research method textbooks in your field. See also our section on research methods for some further books will help you to identify your broad research philosophy, and then choose methods which relate to that. This section of your dissertation or thesis should set your research in the context of its theoretical methodology should also explain the weaknesses of your chosen approach and how you plan to avoid the worst pitfalls, perhaps by triangulating your data with other methods, or why you do not think the weakness is every philosophical underpinning, you will almost certainly be able to find researchers who support it and those who don’ the arguments for and against expressed in the literature to explain why you have chosen to use this methodology or why the weaknesses don’t matter uring your is usually helpful to start your section on methodology by setting out the conceptual framework in which you plan to operate with reference to the key texts on that should be clear throughout about the strengths and weaknesses of your chosen approach and how you plan to address them. You should also note any issues of which to be aware, for example in sample selection or to make your findings more should then move on to discuss your research questions, and how you plan to address each of is the point at which to set out your chosen research methods, including their theoretical basis, and the literature supporting them. You will also need to discuss this again in the discussion research may even aim to test the research methods, to see if they work in certain should conclude by summarising your research methods, the underpinning approach, and what you see as the key challenges that you will face in your research. Again, these are the areas that you will want to revisit in your methodology, and the precise methods that you choose to use in your research, are crucial to its is worth spending plenty of time on this section to ensure that you get it right. As always, draw on the resources available to you, for example by discussing your plans in detail with your supervisor who may be able to suggest whether your approach has significant flaws which you could address in some tation: results and g a literature review | writing a research g a dissertation: the @tative ative, quantitative and mixed methods are they and which one should i choose? The sections that follow, we briefly describe the main characteristics of qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods dissertations. Rather than being exhaustive, the main goal is to highlight what these types of research are and what they involve. Whilst you read through each section, try and think about your own dissertation, and whether you think that one of these types of dissertation might be right for you. After reading about these three types of dissertation, we highlight some of the academic, personal and practical reasons why you may choose to take on one type over of dissertation: qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods ng between types: academic, personal and practical of we describe the main characteristics of qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods dissertations, the lærd dissertation site currently focuses on helping guide you through quantitative dissertations, whether you are a student of the social sciences, psychology, education or business, or are studying medical or biological sciences, sports science, or another science-based degree. Nonetheless, you may still find our introductions to qualitative dissertations and mixed methods dissertations useful, if only to decide whether these types of dissertation are for you. We discuss quantitative dissertations, qualitative dissertations and mixed methods dissertations in turn:Quantitative we use the word quantitative to describe quantitative dissertations, we do not simply mean that the dissertation will draw on quantitative research methods or statistical analysis techniques. Quantitative research takes a particular approach to theory, answering research questions and/or hypotheses, setting up a research strategy, making conclusions from results, and so forth. However, irrespective of the particular route that you adopt when taking on a quantitative dissertation, there are a number of core characteristics to quantitative dissertations:They typically attempt to build on and/or test theories, whether adopting an original approach or an approach based on some kind of replication or answer quantitative research questions and/or research (or null) are mainly underpinned by positivist or post-positivist research draw on one of four broad quantitative research designs (i.
Try to use probability sampling techniques, with the goal of making generalisations from the sample being studied to a wider population, although often end up applying non-probability sampling use research methods that generate quantitative data (e. Draw heavily on statistical analysis techniques to examine the data collected, whether descriptive or inferential in assess the quality of their findings in terms of their reliability, internal and external validity, and construct report their findings using statements, data, tables and graphs that address each research question and/or make conclusions in line with the findings, research questions and/or hypotheses, and theories discussed in order to test and/or expand on existing theories, or providing insight for future you choose to take on a quantitative dissertation, go to the quantitative dissertations part of lærd dissertation now. You will learn more about the characteristics of quantitative dissertations, as well as being able to choose between the three classic routes that are pursued in quantitative research: replication-based studies, theory-driven research and data-driven dissertations. Upon choosing your route, the quantitative dissertations part of lærd dissertation will help guide you through these routes, from topic idea to completed dissertation, as well as showing you how to write up quantitative ative ative dissertations, like qualitative research in general, are often associated with qualitative research methods such as unstructured interviews, focus groups and participant observation. Whilst they do use a set of research methods that are not used in quantitative dissertations, qualitative research is much more than a choice between research methods. Qualitative research takes a particular approach towards the research process, the setting of research questions, the development and use of theory, the choice of research strategy, the way that findings are presented and discussed, and so forth. Overall, qualitative dissertations will be very different in approach, depending on the particular route that you adopt (e. Classic routes that you can follow include autoethnographies, case study research, ethnographies, grounded theory, narrative research and phenomenological research. However, irrespective of the route that you choose to follow, there are a number of broad characteristics to qualitative dissertations:They follow an emergent design, meaning that the research process, and sometimes even the qualitative research questions that you tackle, often evolve during the dissertation use theory in a variety of ways - sometimes drawing on theory to help the research process; on other occasions, using theory to develop new theoretical insights; sometimes both - but the goal is infrequently to test a particular theory from the can be underpinned by one of a number of research paradigms (e. Follow research designs that heavily influence the choices you make throughout the research process, as well as the analysis and discussion of 'findings' (i. Such research designs differ considerably depending on the route that is being followed, whether an autoethnography, case study research, ethnography, grounded theory, narrative research, phenomenological research, etc. People or organisations) that are most appropriate to answering their research study people in-the-field (i. In natural settings), often using multiple research methods, each of which generate qualitative data (e. Interpret the qualitative data through the eyes and biases of the researcher, going back-and-forth through the data (i. An inductive process) to identify themes or abstractions that build a holistic/gestalt picture of what is being assess the quality of their findings in terms of their dependability, confirmability, conformability and present (and discuss) their findings through personal accounts, case studies, narratives, and other means that identify themes or abstracts, processes, observations and contradictions, which help to address their research discuss the theoretical insights arising from the findings in light of the research questions, from which tentative conclusions are you choose to take on a qualitative dissertation, you will be able to learn a little about appropriate research methods and sampling techniques in the fundamentals section of lærd dissertation. However, we have not yet launched a dedicated section to qualitative dissertations within lærd dissertation. If this is something that you would like us to do sooner than later, please leave methods methods dissertations combine qualitative and quantitative approaches to research. There are a number of reasons why mixed methods dissertations are used, including the feeling that a research question can be better addressed by:Collecting qualitative and quantitative data, and then analysing or interpreting that data, whether separately or by mixing ting more than one research phase; perhaps conducting qualitative research to explore an issue and uncover major themes, before using quantitative research to measure the relationships between the of the problems (or challenges) of mixed methods dissertations is that qualitative and quantitative research, as you will have seen from the two previous sections, are very different in approach. Therefore, when taking on a mixed methods dissertation, you need to think particularly carefully about the goals of your research, and whether the qualitative or quantitative components (a) are more important in philosophical, theoretical and practical terms, and (b) should be combined or kept , as with qualitative dissertations, we have yet to launch a dedicated section of lærd dissertation to mixed methods dissertations. However, you will be able to learn about many of the quantitative aspects of doing a mixed methods dissertation in the quantitative dissertations part of lærd dissertation.
You may even be able to follow this part of our site entirely if the only qualitative aspect of your mixed methods dissertation is the use of qualitative methods to help you explore an issue or uncover major themes, before performing quantitative research to examine such themes further. Nonetheless, if you would like to see a dedicated section to mixed methods dissertations sooner than later, please leave feedback. Research is the cornerstone of a phd order to write the dissertation, you must complete extensive, detailed research, and there are different types of research for different types of studies—involving very different methodology. The method of research is informed by the research question,” says garvey house, phd, associate director of research and residencies for capella university’s school of business and technology. Once the research problem has been identified, the student can employ the methodology best suited for its solution. There are two primary dissertation research methods: qualitative and are two primary dissertation research methods: qualitative and ative research focuses on examining the topic via cultural phenomena, human behavior, or belief systems. This type of research uses interviews, open-ended questions, or focus groups to gain insight into people’s thoughts and beliefs around certain behaviors and o’reilly, phd, core research faculty in the school of public service leadership (psl) and co-chair of the psl scientific merit review committee, notes there are several approaches to qualitative inquiry. This might include interviews, field notes, documents, journals, and possibly some quantitative elements (more information on quantitative research follows). For example, a researcher might look at violence in the workplace, focusing on when, where, or how it enology. O’reilly points to this as the most difficult form of qualitative research, which involves describing a “lived experience” and learning from that experience to help people or organizations that may face that same experience. Whether it’s a nicu [neonatal intensive care] nurse, a member of the national guard, or a newly homeless widow—the researcher’s job is to assess the full experience of someone involved in large-scale phenomena. A researcher using this method will be trained during coursework and residencies in how to conduct this type of research, which involves specialized interviews and surveys with the people involved in the c qualitative inquiry. A generic qualitative inquiry is conducted when the student has qualitative research questions, but the study does not meet the requirements of a case study or phenomenology. So the researcher may be using similar methods, but will not have as thorough of a foundation of research available. For that reason, it’s also less desirable, because the research isn’t going to be as extensive and inclusive. O’reilly notes that it’s a better approach for someone who is perhaps seeking a second advanced degree and has done a considerable amount of research, or who just needs to answer a research question or recommends working on your face-to-face and phone/skype interview skills if you’re going to use qualitative methods. Ellen mink, phd, core research faculty in the school of public service leadership and co-chair of the psl scientific merit review committee, outlines two primary data sources for quantitative y data collection. Participants are recruited for the study, informed consent is obtained, and quantitative data are obtained either electronically or in person by the researcher. This approach allows the researcher to decide exactly what variables he or she is interested in exploring and how they will be operationalized in the study. There are a number of publicly available data sets for researchers, often from large-scale, federally funded research projects or data repositories.
Secondary data analysis may save time for researchers as participant recruitment and data collection are avoided. However, when utilizing this approach, researchers must build their research questions based on the available choice of whether to use a qualitative or quantitative methodology is based on the nature of the questions being asked, the state of the field, and the feasibility of the approach with the population of interest. Phd students need to be resourceful and willing to shift their expectations as they learn new research techniques.