Research methodology parts
Pmc3284014research methodology in dentistry: part i – the essentials and relevance of researchjogikalmat krithikadattadepartment of conservative dentistry and endodontics, mennakshi ammal dental college and hospitals, maduravoyal, chennai – 600095, indiaaddress for correspondence: dr. On the one hand, material and laboratory research is critical, however; its translation into clinical practice is not being substantiated enough with clinical research. This four part review series focuses on methods to improve evidence-based practice, by improving methods to integrate laboratory and clinical ds: clinical research, evidence-based dentistry, measurement iterative loop, patient/population/problem, intervention, comparison, and outcome format, research methodologyintroductionthe field of dental research in india has witnessed exponential growth in the last five years. 2] the lacuna of indian contribution to international scientific literature is probably a skewed understanding of research and its contribution in effecting improved patient care. The primary purpose of research is to produce new knowledge or find new ways of making the existing knowledge available to those who need it. Research is not a separate speciality which is practiced by a few but it is a systematic approach of reasoning, documenting, analysing and reporting unusual clinical observations that we come across in everyday clinical practice. Whether one is a “doer” or a “user” of research, a thorough understanding of the methodology is essential. In addition to individual practitioners, the “users” of research includes 1) professional organizations that set “practice guidelines”;2) policy makers (sometimes called as “decision makers”) and 3) program managers (for example, state or national government managers of dental health programs).
While the academicians and research scholars (teaching institutions) have a unique position to be “doers” of research. The value for research for its own sake is limited, and therefore understanding the essential concepts in research methodology is vital in producing dependable purpose of this review series is to help the reader to organize the thought process when considering research needs and methods. It also aims to sensitize the mind to research avenues that would be beneficial to material and clinical research in particular and improving the quality of clinical care in general. This four-part review series encompasses topics on essentials of research, fundamentals in biostatistics, observational studies, and experimental studies in each t of research: the head startevery action is first conceived in the mind and later executed. Random choice of research projects dilutes the resource contribution in random directions and results in lack of identity of the person or faculty. The rationale for the choice of a particular stream could also result in a new concept of thinking or change the methods of treatment 1requisites of good researchit is prudent to decide apriori as to whom the results of a particular research question would be useful and will the results be applicable to patients in dental practices in the real world. Conventionally, in-vitro or laboratory research studies have good internal validity but poor external validity which means that the results obtained are only applicable to similar samples of the study. On the other hand, clinical studies have good external validity because they are tested on samples/ subjects that are closely related to the clinical condition and most often representative of all individuals with the condition; however they are more complex since so many other factors may influence the outcome of understand validity, let us consider the research question on dentin bonding agents (dba).
In this scenario, all the samples and procedures are standardized to a specific methodology, that is, dentin cylinders 5 mm in height, with 4 mm of composite material, × n force at 0. On the contrary, if we conduct a clinical study to evaluate the performance of dentin bonding agents, the methodology would include a randomized controlled trial involving the restoration of non-carious cervical lesions ((nccl), considered the ideal for bonding agent testing), the clinical evaluation criteria recommended by the united states public health system (usphs), and followed over a period of time. The principles of ethics are not restricted only to the handling of human participants, but also encompass the ethics followed in the methodology and reporting of results. The indian council of medical research (icmr) has comprehensive guidelines for conducting experimental studies in india. 4] erroneously in india, this science is often dissociated from dental clinical research and is regarded to be a practice under community dentistry. Hence research methods described under epidemiology have also not been used in answering many of our clinical research questions. In order to understand the involvement of clinicians in clinical research, we need to be aware of certain disease manifestations in the community, with regard to the magnitude of the problem and measures to deliver er this question being asked by the head of department of an institution, “what is the best endodontic regime for patients being treated in my department? In reality, this simple question has the ability to raise meaningful research questions if we could apply this to the measurement iterative loop proposed by tugwell et al.
Each step in the loop has the capacity to generate several research 1the measurement iterative loopin this loop, the first step is to ascertain the burden of illness. Eg if the tooth has been lost then root canal treatment is not focus on research in this area should be an effort to transfer the burden from unavoidable to is to identify and assess the possible cause of the burden of disease. The etiology and risk-factor assessment of a multifactorial disease like pulpal and periapical pathology in itself generates a lot of research avenues. The practice of evidence-based medicine means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research. This systematic clinical research in our field includes both in-vitro and clinical research, with equal importance. The sensible transition to clinical research by making use of the conclusions of in-vitro research will contribute evidence to various steps of the measurement iterative loop. It is often observed that the thrust for clinical research is feeble and as a result there is insufficient evidence from laboratory research translating to clinical practice. The ideal place to enable contribution to the best clinical evidence would undoubtedly be the institutional organization, which has the balance between clinical expertise from the teachers end and the requirement for research projects from the students’ end.
The only missing link is a properly planned research, which can be fullfilled by employing the measurement awareness of evidence-based dentistry is growing not only on the research/clinical front, but also from patients seeking quality dental care. Hence, the possibility of a research study being acknowledged in scientific literature is often driven by the relevance of evidence that a particular research study can deliver. Pubmed]articles from journal of conservative dentistry : jcd are provided here courtesy of wolters kluwer -- medknow s:article | pubreader | epub (beta) | printer friendly | er 5, 2016december 5, consultants are skilled in both quantitative and qualitative methods and students choose and defend an appropriate research purpose of the methodology chapter is to give an experienced investigator enough information to replicate the study. A research design is used to structure the research and to show how all of the major parts of the research project, including the sample, measures, and methods of assignment, work together to address the central research questions in the study. The following subjects may or may not be in the order required by a particular institution of higher education, but all of the subjects constitute a defensible methodology riateness of the research section is optional in some institutions, but required by others. Specify that the research for the dissertation is experimental, quasi-experimental, correlational, causal-comparative, quantitative, qualitative, mixed methods, or another design. This section should not be a textbook description of various research designs, but d effort to match a rational research design with the purpose of the study. An unfortunate trend in some institutions is to repeat the research questions and/or hypotheses in both chapter 1 and chapter 3, a needless redundancy.
Sometimes an operational statement of the research hypotheses in null form is given to set the stage for later statistical inferences. In a quantitative study, state the level of significance that will be used to accept or reject the a quantitative study, a survey instrument that is researcher designed needs a pilot study to validate the effectiveness of the instrument, and the value of the questions to elicit the right information to answer the primary research questions in. Describe the pilot study as it relates to the research design, development of the instrument, data collection procedures, or characteristics of the g and a quantitative study, describe the geographic location where the study will take place, cite recognizable landmarks such as a nearby urban city. The effect is the difference in perceived effectiveness between a qualitative study, the instrument used to collect data may be created by the researcher or based on an existing instrument. If the instrument is researcher created, the process used to select the questions should be described and justified. Two types of questions are found in an interview protocol: the primary research questions, which are not asked of the participants, and the interview questions that are based on the primary research questions and are asked of the participants. If the instrument is researcher created, a pilot study should be conducted to test the a scientific study, the instrumentation used to collect data is described in detail, which may include an illustration of the describe how the data were collected. A paragraph must be inserted that states the study is deemed to be one of minimal risk to participants and that the probability and magnitude of harm or discomfort anticipated in the research will not be greater than any ordinarily encountered in daily life, or during the performance of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests.
A statement should be made that confidentiality of recovered data will be maintained at all times, and identification of participants will not be available during or after the al and external ty is the criteria for how effective the design is in employing methods of measurement that will capture the data to address the research questions. Pilot testing of instruments is a procedure to enable the researcher to make modifications to an instrument based on al validityis the extent to which the results of the study can reflect similar outcomes elsewhere, and can be generalized to other populations or situations. Triangulation validates the methodology by an examination of the results from several ize the research design and prepare the reader for the next : barbara von diether, edd. You would then describe those aspects of your study in as much detail as possible within the setting, instrumentation and procedure sections of your methodology. This field er 5, 2016december 5, consultants are skilled in both quantitative and qualitative methods and students choose and defend an appropriate research purpose of the methodology chapter is to give an experienced investigator enough information to replicate the study.