Research paper drug addiction

Examples psychology research paper examples drug addiction research sample drug addiction research paper is published for educational and informational purposes only. If you need help with writing your assignment, please use our custom writing services and buy a paper on any of the psychology research paper addiction research paper . Drug is a chemical substance produced exogenously (outside of the body) that, when taken into the body, changes normal body functions. Psychologists are very interested in psychoactive drugs that change central nervous system (cns; brain and spinal cord) activity, and thereby affect perception, thought, emotion, and behavior. Although people use many psychoactive drugs for acceptable medicinal reasons, this research paper focuses on those psychoactive drugs that people use primarily for recreational, nonmedicinal reasons (e. An adult drinking alcohol to relax or smoking cigarettes to stop the jitters are examples of recreational use of licit (legal) drugs in this country, and smoking crack to feel euphoric or injecting heroin for the “rush” are examples of illicit (illegal) recreational drug use. Most of the information about how drugs make a person feel come from self-reports of licit and illicit users of drugs, whereas most of the data about how the body affects drugs and how drugs work in the brain comes from well-controlled experimental studies using nonhuman . Drug use, misuse, abuse, and pills to treat everything from the symptoms of the common cold to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, drug use is prevalent in the united states, and pharmaceuticals are a multibillion-dollar industry. Nonetheless, society sends mixed messages about drug use, with commercials warning against the evils of illicit drug use and advertisements offering wonder treatments in a “purple pill. Drugs in and of themselves are not “evil,” but every drug can be misused and abused. Misuse generally refers to the deviation from instructions on the label of over-the-counter drugs or the doctor’s instructions for prescription drugs. For example, taking more or fewer pills per dose or day, not using the drug the full time course as prescribed (e. Antibiotics), using the drug past the expiration date, using the drug with other drugs (e. Alcohol with barbiturates), or sharing prescriptions with others without a doctor’s permission are all forms of drug misuse. Drug abuse, which also can occur with licit and illicit drugs, refers here to use of a psychoactive substance to the extent that it produces some sort of physical, cognitive, behavioral, or social impairment. Keep in mind, however, that the public often thinks of drug abuse as specific to illicit drugs like methamphetamine, cocaine, heroin, and lsd (lysergic acid diethylamide), even though alcohol, for example, is a licit drug that people can abuse. What follows is an introduction to the use, misuse, and abuse of psychoactive drugs and their effects on behavior, beginning with how drugs enter the body and what happens to them once they . Drug administration, absorption, metabolism, and cokinetics is the study of how drugs are absorbed into the body, metabolized once in the body, and excreted from the body. The goal of drug absorption is for the drug to circulate in the blood, and more specifically for a psychoactive drug, the goal is for it to circulate in the brain. Most humans administer drugs either orally (swallowed by mouth), sublingually (substance placed under the tongue), subcutaneously (injecting under the skin), intramuscularly (injecting into muscle tissue), intravenously (injecting directly into the bloodstream via a vein), transdermally (applied to outer layer of skin), intrarectally (using suppositories), intranasally (sniffed into the nostrils), or by inhalation (breathing gases and solids into the lungs). Intraperitoneal (into the peritoneal cavity), intraventricular (via a cannula into the ventricles of the brain), and intracranial (directly into a target area of the brain) injections are forms of administration used mostly in research with laboratory animals. Psychoactive drugs administered directly into the brain will have the most rapid effects because they will reach their cns sites of action most quickly. Drugs administered through all other routes must be lipid-soluble in order to get through the formidable solid lipid barrier of the brain known as the blood brain barrier (bbb). Provided the psychoactive drugs administered directly into the bloodstream can pass the bbb, they will reach their cns sites of action relatively quickly. Inhalation results in fast absorption into the bloodstream because gases and drugs in smoke (e. Although swallowing a pill is a simple, common method of drug administration, absorption is a tenuous process. Users of psychoactive drugs choose their favorite drug partially because of how quickly the drug exerts its psychoactive effects. For example, heroin is the preferred drug for some opiate addicts because it is more lipid soluble, is absorbed into the brain faster, and produces a faster, more intense “rush” than morphine drugs can stop working in the body, they must be either broken down into other substances (metabolized) or removed from the body (excreted). Enzymes in the liver metabolize most of the psychoactive drugs described in this research paper into less lipid-soluble chemical products (metabolites). Several variables affect the rate of metabolism, including species, genetics, age, drug experience, and drug interactions. Regarding the latter, some drugs will inhibit or enhance the activity of enzymes responsible for metabolizing certain drugs—for example, ssri-type antidepressants like fluoxetine inhibit some of the enzymes responsible for metabolizing codeine into the active analgesic uent to metabolism and recirculation in the blood, the kidneys excrete the more water-soluble metabolites from the body in urine, although there is excretion of small amounts of the drugs and their metabolites in exhaled breath, sweat, saliva, feces, and breast milk. Not surprisingly, urine drug tests are frequently used to determine the presence of metabolites some time after the metabolism of the original drug, rather than the presence of the original drug at time of . How drugs work in the codynamics is the study of how drugs work in the body. In other words, these specialized cells (neurons) are responsible for everything we think, feel, and active drugs work in the brain primarily by affecting neurotransmitter activity at the synapses. The effect of psychoactive drugs on synaptic activity can occur anywhere in the process of neurotransmitter production, storage, release, receptor binding, and reuptake or specifically, the administration of neurotransmitter precursors can increase the amount of neurotransmitter molecules available in the brain. Other drugs can destroy or block the enzymes necessary for conversion of the precursors into neurotransmitters (e. Drugs that bind to receptors and mimic the actions of a particular neurotransmitter are direct agonists (e. Drugs that bind to receptors without stimulating the receptor and prevent neurotransmitter molecules from occupying the receptor binding sites are direct antagonists (e. There are also drugs that work as agonists or antagonists by binding to sites other than where the neurotransmitter molecule binds (noncompetitive sites). Finally, drugs can affect what happens to neurotransmitters after they are released from their receptors by interfering with either the enzymes that break the neurotransmitters down (e. Various drugs bind to receptor sites with different strengths, and may selectively bind to just one or a few receptor subtypes or nonselectively bind to multiple receptor subtypes. Recent technological advances have allowed scientists to isolate the unique subtypes of receptor proteins, such that they can produce large quantities of each of the specific receptor proteins and then test the affinity of new drugs at each of the receptor subtypes. Drugs that bind to only a very specific receptor subtype or have greatly enhanced affinities for very specific subtypes of receptors will have fewer side effects as compared to drugs that bind less discriminately to an entire set of receptors. Bromocriptine) that are structurally more similar to dopamine have more negative side effects than the newer developed drugs (e.

Research paper on drug addiction

Ropinerole) that have more discriminate receptor affinity for d3 than d2 y, not all drugs are equal. Scientists who study drugs, pharmacologists, typically measure many participants’ responses to doses so low that they cause no measurable effect to doses so high that they cease to cause any additional effect. They then plot the number (or percent) of participants who respond to the drug at each of the doses tested (dose response curve). The plot indicates the drug’s potency (number of drug molecules required to elicit a given response), efficacy (the maximum effect of the drug, with additional amounts resulting in no increase in response), and variability (individual differences in responsiveness to the drug). Drug safety and federal food and drug administration (fda) has extremely specific guidelines in place for the testing of a new drug’s effectiveness and safety. Safety refers to the drug’s potential to produce everything from predictable, tolerable, unpleasant side effects to unpredictable, intolerable, severe toxicities. Given that undesirable side effects are unavoidable, the goal is the most favorable combination of the most desired drug effects and the least unwanted side effects. The greater the distance between the ed50 and ld50, the less the risk of drug-induced toxicity at beneficial dosages. Be cautious, though—this margin of safety is under the best of controlled testing conditions, far from the circumstances under which many humans may take the drug (e. A second drug can have an additive effect, a synergistic effect (a greater effect than would be expected when just adding the two drugs), or an antagonistic effect (the second drug reduces or blocks the effect of the target drug). Even drugs not meant to have any effect (placebos) can influence a target drug’s effects because of the user’s . Tolerance, dependence, and nce is the need to take increasing doses of a drug in order to achieve the same effects as previously achieved with lower doses. Likewise, when the same dose of drug has less and less of an effect with repeated administrations, tolerance has occurred. Metabolic tolerance occurs when, with repeated administrations of the drug, the body produces more and more metabolic enzymes, thereby speeding up the rate of metabolism of that drug. Thus, one must take more and more drug with each administration to maintain the same concentration of drug in the body as during previous episodes. Cellular tolerance is down regulation (reduction in numbers) of the receptors in the brain or reduced sensitivity of those receptors to the drug because of the continuous or repetitive presence of the drug. The result is the need for more drug in order to get the same level of effect in the brain. Behavioral tolerance can be observed in the presence of conditioned drug-taking cues and be absent in novel environments or situations. The drug serves as the unconditioned stimulus (us) and the drug effect as an unconditioned response (ur). Doctor’s office, nightclub, crack house) where the drug is administered can serve as conditioned stimuli (css) that, when paired with the drug (us), come to elicit conditioned responses (crs) that are similar to the ur or opposite the ur (compensatory responses). Drug may develop different types of tolerance, and to all, some, or none of its effects. Some effects of a drug may even show acute tolerance, which occurs during a single administration of the drug. As a drug is absorbed into the blood, there is a gradual increase in the blood drug concentration, the ascending portion of the blood concentration curve. As long as drug administration has ceased, the blood concentration will eventually reach a peak level. When more metabolism than absorption is occurring, the concentration of drug in the blood begins to decline, depicted as the descending portion of the blood concentration. Finally, cross-tolerance is tolerance that occurs to one specific drug and subsequently tolerance occurs to the first administration of a different dependence sometimes accompanies tolerance but does not require it. Dependence exists when a person must continue taking a drug in order to function normally and avoid the symptoms of withdrawal (physiological changes associated with the cessation of the drug). Physical dependence signifies that the body has adjusted physiologically to the repeated or continued presence of the drug. Removing the drug upsets the balance the body has established with the drug present, and results in often-unpleasant symptoms opposite those produced by the drug (e. Chills, runny nose, fever, increased sensitivity to pain with opiate addiction), dependence and withdrawal are not unique to illicit drugs. It takes the body from several days to several weeks to readjust to the absence of a previously administered drug that has produced dependence. Thus, physiological dependence and withdrawal promote drug-taking behaviors, as people continue to take the drug, at least partially, to avoid the terrible effects of withdrawal. That is, an individual may be dependent on a drug for its pleasurable effects (i. What follows is a description of a few of the most well-studied drugs with emphasis on the use of the drug; behavioral, cognitive, and mood-related effects of the drug; and the cns mechanisms by which the drug produces its effects on ants produce behavioral excitation, increased motor activity, and increased alertness by enhancing excitation at neuronal synapses. However, after reviewing caffeine studies, nehlig (1999) concluded that caffeine does not affect the dopaminergic cns centers for reward and motivation, as do cocaine and ne is one of the most-used psychoactive drugs in the world. According to the 2005 national survey on drug use and health (department of health and human services, 2006), about 71. Dopaminergic mesolimbic system) that occurs during nicotine withdrawal may be responsible for the motivation of cravings, relapse, and continued 1932 amphetamine, a synthetic drug similar in structure to ephedrine, was patented. It did not take long for word to spread that amphetamines (speed) caused euphoria, quickly making them an abused recreational drug. As schedule ii drugs, amphetamines have high potential for abuse and dependence, but also have accepted medicinal use with strict restrictions. Currently, treatments for narcolepsy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) are accepted uses of amphetamines and amphetamine-like drugs (methylphenidate). In the cns, these drugs increase activity at synapses that release epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine by either causing the neurotransmitters to leak out of their vesicles into the synaptic cleft and/or blocking reuptake into presynaptic terminal buttons. Federal law categorizes cocaine as a schedule ii drug (high potential for abuse and dependence, but has currently accepted medicinal use with strict restrictions). Users snort the powdered hydrochloride salt form of cocaine, and when they dissolve that in water, they can inject the drug. Regarding withdrawal syndrome, as the stimulatory cns effects of cocaine subside, the user experiences depression, anxiety, lingering sleepiness, boredom, reduced motivation, and an intense craving for the drug.

Research paper on drug addiction and abuse

Many of these drugs work at the gaba receptor complex, and all have potential for misuse, abuse, and l (ethanol) is a cns depressant used throughout the world and history. According to the national highway traffic safety administration, automobile crashes involving alcohol in 2000 cost the public almost $115 billion, with an estimated 513,000 people injured and 16,792 killed (pacific institute for research and evaluation, n. In the united states, opium, morphine, codeine, and methadone are all schedule ii drugs (high potential for abuse and dependence with acceptable medicinal uses with strict restrictions), whereas heroin is a schedule i drug (high potential for abuse and dependence with no acceptable medicinal use). Although it is illegal in this country, it is widely used as a recreational drug. Urine tests detect the opiates as well as their metabolites, and therefore are not useful in determining the exact form of the drug used. Morphine is an agonist at mu receptors located in several brain areas including the nucleus accumbens (addiction and abuse), thalamus, striatum, and brainstem (respiratory depression, nausea and vomiting), in the spinal cord (analgesia), and periphery. Depression and intense cravings for the drug last for several months after the individual has stopped using heroin, for example. Marijuana and centuries, people in many parts of the world have used some form of the cannabis sativa hemp plant as a recreational drug. Heart rate, respiration), is probably why even high doses of marijuana are not likely lethal, although they can peripherally affect the cardiovascular and immune psychoactive effects of thc are dependent upon type of administration, experience with the drug, environment, and expectations. Withdrawal symptoms are mild as compared to those that occur with most other drugs (e. Thus, physiological dependence does occur for many, and most experience craving for marijuana when they stop using the drug. The commonality among hallucinogens (psychedelic drugs) is their ability to cause users to disconnect from reality and hallucinate. Although there are a large number of natural hallucinogenics, lsd, mdma, and pcp are all synthetic drugs originally synthesized with hopes of medicinal value. Pcp was used as an anesthetic prior to being taken off the market in 1965, when it made it to the streets as a recreational drug, and mdma became a club drug in the 1960s. Ingest lsd orally, and the drug is absorbed in about 60 minutes with peak blood levels within 3 hours. People either take pcp orally (peak blood levels in 2 hours) or smoke the drug (peak blood levels in 15 minutes), and it is well absorbed into blood with both methods. A unique feature of lsd use is the infamous “flashback,” a reoccurrence of the drug’s effects without warning, even a long time after lsd use. Extremely high doses of pcp result in nce and cross-tolerance develops to the psychological and physiological effects of most hallucinogens rather quickly, making it difficult to stay repetitively “high” on these drugs. Furthermore, there are few if any withdrawal symptoms and therefore little or no physiological dependence with lsd, mdma, and pcp in most active drugs change cognitions, emotions, and behavior. Regardless of the initial reason for using a drug, some people misuse and even abuse some psychoactive drugs because of the drugs’ effects on mood, thought, and behavior. How people administer the drug (by ingestion, injection, inhalation, or absorption through the skin) affects how fast and intense the drug’s effects are. The route of administration can affect how quickly the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream, how rapidly it is broken down, and how long it takes to be excreted from the body. The primary site of action for psychoactive drugs is the synapse of neurons in the brain. Often drugs work by either mimicking or blocking the actions of one or more neurotransmitters in the cns. Dependence, withdrawal, and/or tolerance develop to some of the effects of most, but not all, psychoactive active drugs can be categorized many different ways. Drugs like lsd, mdma, and pcp are all classified as hallucinogens because at even low doses they cause sensory and perceptual distortions. Although a great deal is known about how many psychoactive drugs act in the brain and affect behavior, researchers continue to identify the most effective pharmacological, cognitive, and behavioral treatments for persons who abuse these , c. Pharmacologic review, 14, 1– to write a research ch paper ch paper research papers are not written to satisfy your specific instructions. You can use our professional writing services to order a custom research paper on drug addiction and get your high quality paper at affordable price. Essayempire is the best choice for those who seek help in research paper writing related to psychology high quality custom sional writers rism-free guarantee. Promo code: al justice » social and psychological aspects of crime » addiction and substance l and lics anonymous (aa). By using our website, you agree to the use of cookies as described in our privacy insign upmore job boardaboutpressblogpeoplepaperstermsprivacycopyright we're hiring! Help centerless log insign search paper - drug addiction and abuse5 pagesresearch paper - drug addiction and abuseuploaded byhera cabonegro  connect to downloadget docxresearch paper - drug addiction and abusedownloadresearch paper - drug addiction and abuseuploaded byhera cabonegroloading previewsorry, preview is currently unavailable. Help new research papers in:physicschemistrybiologyhealth sciencesecologyearth sciencescognitive sciencemathematicscomputer rivacycopyrightacademia © search returned over 400 essays for "drug abuse". Drugs can be abused in a variety of different ways by people from every walk of life. The cost of drug abuse on our society is astronomical, not only financially but also personally, emotionally, socially and professionally. All over the world, people suffer from the addictive properties of the many varieties drugs. Joe pitt holds a hearing on prescription drug abuse," opioid prescription drugs were involved in 16,650 overdose-caused deaths in 2010, accounting for more deaths than from overdoses of heroin and cocaine. West virginia has one of the highest rates for prescription drug abuse, and overdose in the nation. In order to change this it is important to understand what pharmacists do, their role in prevention, and the severity of prescription drug abuse. Pharmacists are known to dispense prescription drugs to patients and inform them about their use; however, one aspect of their career most people overlook is that pharmacists must keep a sharp eye out for criminals looking to abuse these prescribed drugs.... Today the problem of drug abuse is the most serious and severe problem not only in kazakhstan but throughout the world. There are 49, 984 registered drug addicted people, and among them the amount of children is 3, 071 (over 3 thousand drug addicted kids are registered in kazakhstan, 2011). Drug addiction is considered a disease, and it is in fact spreads like a virus among children.

Although the problem of drugs may seem impossible to avoid, we still can prevent this problem throughout society by taking some powerful and effective actions.... Drug abuse & crime when i was brainstorming about my term paper topic i came up with an interesting topic which is drug abuse & crime. I thought it was imperative to learn about how drug abuse affects the crime rates in america. I will be discussing other subjects such as how many criminals are actually under the influence of a drug when committing a crime including illicit and licit drugs. Additionally, i will be discussing what drugs the criminals were under the influence of and the statistics surrounding drug abuse and crime and what programs are available to help with the problem.... Teenage prescription drug abuse years ago, the common image of an adolescent drug abuser was a teen trying to escape from reality on illegal substances like cocaine, heroin, or marijuana. Today, there is a great discrepancy between that perception and the reality of who is likely to abuse drugs. A teenage drug abuser might not have to look any further than his or her parent’s medicine chest to ‘score. Also, teens are looking to prescription drugs to fulfill different needs other than to feel good or escape the pressures of adulthood.... While the use of drugs like cocaine and heroin is in a state of decline in certain parts of the world, prescription drugs abuse is on the rise (unodc, 2013). Prescription drugs that were prescribed with the intention to do well are now one of the leading causes of self-harm. Drug abuse has no gender or social class, it can affect people regardless of social status and wealth, and now more than ever we need to understand the reason behind the abuse.... Teens start to experiment with drugs from a young age and do not think about drugs’ negative consequences. Butler (2010) claims that drug addiction will lead to problems at university or school and loss of alertness, which can cause to injury. Commonly known hallucinogen drugs are lsd, also known as acid or mellow yellow; pcp, also known as angel dust, tic tac, super grass, or rocket fuel; psilocybin also known as “shrooms” or magic mushrooms; dmt; and peyote. Hallucinogen drugs alter human perception and mood by changing the user’s sense of reality. Effects of hallucinogenic drug abuse are unpredictable and the intensity varies on the dose amount. Common effects of abuse include an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, feelings of detachment from self and surroundings, nausea, vomiting, panic reactions, delusions, blurred vision, dizziness, and hallucinations (drug-rehabilitation).... It has been discovered that most people who struggle with drug addiction began experimenting with drugs in their teens. Teenage drug abuse is one of the largest problems in society today and the problem grows and larger every year. Teens may feel pressured by their friends to try drugs, they may have easy access to drugs, they may use drugs to rebel against their family or society, or they may take an illegal drug because they are curious about it or the pleasure that it gives them.... This is why most people believe that physicians are the main cause for the rise of prescription drug abuse (garcia, 2013).... The initial decision to use drugs is voluntary, however once that decision is made, the decision to become an addict in involuntary. When these circuits are disrupted, so is a person’s capacity to freely choose not to use drugs. Addiction science: from molecules to managed care) drug addiction and/or abuse is a huge problem in our country today.... This love for drugs and alcohol becomes a regular activity, and then a teen may become dependent on the drug or drink, and can progress to addiction. Teenage drug abuse is an issue that can result from a wide variety of social influences, stressful events, and mental disorders. Drug abuse among adolescents is a troubling issue because it decreases focus, increases the chance of consistency in behavior during adulthood, increases the chances of developing emotional issues, permanently damages the brain, and damages tissues in every system that can lead to death. Previous scientific research has identified that social factors, including the media and peers, play an important role in psychological development and impact the adolescent's decision to start experimenting with substances (botvin 888).... Along the way, he started hanging out with the wrong crowd and doing all sorts of drugs like smoking marijuana and drinking alcohol. In his senior year he realized he wanted to do something different with his life and he joined the boxing team and quit drugs, but one saturday night that all ended. There has been an increase in the abuse of prescription drugs for a number of reasons. Some individuals who misuse prescription drugs believe they are safer than other illicit drugs because they are prescribed by a healthcare professional and dispensed by a pharmacist. The centers for disease control and prevention has classified this prescription drug abuse as an epidemic. In the 1950s and 60’s this drug was given to people who wanted to lose weight.... Almost everyone can say that they have had an experience with drugs, either it be with just witnessing it or using it. Throughout my life, i have had many bad experiences with drugs and it has taught me to stay away from them. Our society now somewhat looks up to the use of drug, with it being in the music industry or being in movies, it is in our culture and this could hurt us as a country down the road. Now, i’m not saying it is not okay to party once and awhile, but if a person is to party on a regular basis this could turn into an addiction to alcohol, illegal drugs, tobacco, and even caffeine.... Since the usage of drugs not only affects the body, it also affects many aspects of a person’s daily life. Firstly, it affects the social life, causing isolation, which is one of the most common effects that happen due to drug usage. Memorandum injectable drug abuse: growing challenge in north-eastern part of india from: ae28697 to: ministry of development of north east affairs, india re: scenario c-health and harm reduction date: 19 october 2013 introduction north-east (ne) india is connected to remaining part of india through a constricted passage known as siliguri corridor squeezed between nepal and bangladesh (hussain, 2011). Pharmaceutical drugs are necessary in today’s society but if they fall into the wrong hands they can become fatal. Even though they are here to help they can be just as dangerous as street drugs.

The anti-drug abuse act of 1986 was policy pushed into legislation on the heels of public outcry over the death of university of maryland basketball star len bias. He hoped that propaganda and social encouragement would move america to change its perception on drugs. Going so far to ask influential figures like elvis presley, who later died of drug overdose, to help create a drug free america (deborah j.... Drugs abuse occurs when a drug is taken for unintended purposes and can lead to addiction. Physical addiction is caused by the brain, the brain produces fewer chemicals or neurotransmitters to make up for the extra chemicals therefore the brain needs the chemicals from the drug to reach the correct balance and individual becomes out of touch with reality. Psychological addiction is much simpler, the individual simply likes the way a drug makes him/her feel and must have it, therefore becoming addicted.... Alcohol and drug abuse      alcohol and drug abuse is one of biggest problems in united states today. Drug and alcohol abuse", these phrases we hear daily on the radio, television or in discussions of social problem. Most of us don't really view drug or alcohol use as a problem, if that includes your grandmother taking two aspirins when she has a headache or your friends having few beers or drinks on saturday night.... Drug abuse in canada introduction drug use and abuse is as old as mankind itself. But it was not until the nineteenth century that the active substances in drugs were extracted. The only way to have a drug free school is to follow the successful program of the military and workplace”. In today’s volatile times, drug use is becoming more casual in high schools around the country. Thus, i affirm that resolved: drug testing of high school extracurricular activity participants is aid clarification in this round, i now present the following definitions asdefined by the webster dictionary in 2005:extracurricular activity: not following or related to the curriculum, outside of one’s duties.... Most of the teenagers that are involved in drug abuse have either, broken families, parents that are drug abusers, a unstable environment where they are constantly moving from place to place, or there parents aren't exactly making a lot of money and they are never around because they are trying to make enough money for them to s... Examples of drugs that are abused are marijuana, stimulants, depressants, inhalants, hallucinogens, and heroin drugs have effect on how it is absorbed in the body. There are different kinds of ways drugs are absorbed in the human body, which includes injection, inhalation, and ingestion. The effect of drugs in the human body is impacted by the way it enters the body. Using needles to inject drugs through veins enters the blood stream quicker and have an instant effect, whilst taking drugs orally will have slower effects because it takes time to go through the digestive system before its effects are shown.... The program’s basic premise was meant to introduce kids to the danger of drugs, before the drugs got to them. The implementation of the dare program appeared to be what america needed to begin to put a dent in the war on drugs.... American drug abuse our society has found itself directly in the middle of a transcontinental drug surge. An estimated 23 million of the world’s population regularly take illicit drugs, and the drug enforcement administration estimated that 13. We awake to the kick of caffeine, soothe our nerves with tobacco, ease our tension headaches with aspirin, wind down the day with alcohol, and swallow an antihistamine to help us sleep – all perfectly legal, respectable, and even expected (“drug abuse” 195). The role of family in taking action on drug abuse the purpose of this piece of writing is not to compare the different methods of approaching drug prevention, or say what methods are not working. It is to simply state that the more the family takes action or gets involved with each others live, problems such as drug abuse will become obsolete. But despite years of anti drug campaigns within the school and media, drug abuse amongst teenagers in society continues to rise.... Alcohol and drug abuse among college students alcohol and drug abuse has been an active habit among college students sense the 1960s. Illegal drug use is one of the most common problems that affect americans every day. Shannon (2010) found that, “more than 35 million individuals used illicit drugs or abused prescription drugs in 2007” (p. Shannon (2010) referenced a survey from 2004 that states, “32% of state prisoners and 26% of federal prisoners” admitted that they were currently serving jail time for offences committed while they were, “under the influence of drugs” (p.... Society says drugs are evil and that they can turn a person into a rapist or murderer. Yet the united states of america has the highest drug abuse rate of any country in the world.... Prescription pill drug abuse is rapidly increasing in public health, not only is it a serious situation, but also it is growing rapidly across the country. Some of the most debatable topics among the world today include drugs and drug abuse. Drug and alcohol abuse is a problem no matter who you are, where you are, your age. But in a growing society where it seems doctors are competing for ones business prescription drugs have also become a growing concern. It has been shown in various researches that with the combination of medical treatments and behavioral therapy, one can take a successive step towards reducing the emergence of drug addiction or abuse. In this paper, i would expatiate on the issue by making the readers understand why people get involved in drugs and circumstances that surround the issue.... Drug addiction leads to an increase in crimes due to the cost of many drugs sold on the streets. There are different types of drugs that are classified in different categories, which will be discussed below. It has become a very common practice in cultures the use of drugs, especially alcohol, for various purposes, from celebrations to sorrows. Drug use, have an effect on those who consume, they tend to feel relief during consumption. However, the abuse of these substances can have negative long-term effects for human health, including a strong addiction that ends in severe cases of depression related disorders.

Most of the times people see alcohol as a tool that makes them feel more friendly, they even make use of this drug to loosen or open up in social situations in order to forget their inner issues.... Alcohol abuse is a serious problem, driving while drunk or under the influence of drugs is an even bigger problem that shouldn’t be taken lightly. Therefore, you should know the facts about drug and alcohol abuse before you do something you may regret for the rest of your life.... Drug abuse is generally defined as the use of a drug with such frequency that the user has physical or mental harm or it impairs social abilities. Drugs are used as pain killers to avert physical and/or emotional pain by providing the user with a temporary escape from life’s realities. The fda (food and drug administration) and the dea (drug enforcement administration) choose what substance falls into what classification.... When drugs enter the brain, they can interrupt the work and actually change how the brain performs its jobs; these changes are what lead to compulsive drug use. Not only does the needle-exchange program implicitly encourage drug use, it also contributes to drug use. Giving sterile needles to addicts doesn't address the underlying issues that they are avoiding, issues that lead to drug dependence. In 1995, the united states had the largest reported injection drug user population in the world: 1. In baltimore, where needle-exchanges have been considered a "success", fatal overdoses from drug abuse have tripled over the past decade.... In this paper i will be discussing five major issues the nation drug abuse institute looked at and had many different groups if people doing surveys. I will be discussing the trend with high school students and the drugs most of teens do. And then i will discuss the number of hospital visit amongst people who go see the doctor for related to illicit drugs.... The entire history of drug abuse is not known, but there are many methods and strategies in order to prevent the abuse of drugs. Also, there are drug education classes in order to teach the young people as well as the adults about the problem that is happening in our society today. Using drugs at an early age over a long period of time can cause a greater addiction, which becomes harder to overcome. Officers’s “flip” suspects in doing this they use a lower dealer to get to an individual who maybe higher up in the hierarchy many people think that doing drugs is only a one time thing during which they get the feeling of being “stoned. According to the daodas or department of alcohol and other drug abuse services, some common brands and names are: cigarettes, cigars, pipe and smokeless tobacco. Some common slang terms would consist of: dip, ‘cig’ or stogie ("daodas nicotine drug profile"). Office of national drug control and the present threat over the last decade, southwest border violence has elevated into a national security concern. Much of the violence appears to stem from the competing growth and distribution networks that many powerful mexican drug cartels exercise today. Juveniles and drug abuse in america a drug is a substance that modifies one or more of the body’s functions when it is consumed. According to this definition, some of our most cherished beverages such as tea, coffee, and cola are drugs. Surveys show that cocaine, marijuana, heroin, and inhalants are the most commonly used drugs among teenagers age thirteen through eighteen. One of the most startling findings from recent data is the degree to which to which teenagers are now involved in drug use.... Drug abuse in the nfl it's nothing new for the national football league's players to be abusing anabolic steroids and other performance enhancing drugs. Drug abuse in the league has recently focused around recreational drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol. Will they wait until many more players start to die before they tighten up their drug policies. The national football league (nfl) can stop most of these drug problems by having more random drug tests given, enforcing stricter punishments when players are caught using drugs, and requiring every team to educate its players... Drug abuse in our society you have only to switch on your television, radio or open a newspaper or magazine to be aware that the fabric of our society is being contaminated and eroded right down to its inner most core by the ever expanding evil plague of drug abuse. Facing everyday problemsin these recent years many people turn to drugs as an escape from the existance they hold. Drug use has rapidly increased in the last twenty years and has become a national crises. Due to the rapid increase in drug abuse our government has looked to rehab as an alternative to jail. When a person thinks of a drug abuser one usually pictures a person that looks like thay had just jumped out of a garbage bin.... Prescription drug abuse has in fact been an ongoing problem that is currently spinning out of control. There are many people within our society that are currently dealing with prescription drug addiction. Prescription drug abuse is the intentional use of a medication without a prescription; in a way other than as prescribed; or for the experience or feeling it causes (the science of drug abuse & addiction, 2014). Prescription drugs are developed to assist with various medical problems, and when prescribed by a medical professional are helpful for patients.... He joined the boxing team and quit doing drugs, but one saturday night and that all ended. Prescription drug abuse is one of the leading health problems facing the state of oklahoma right now. In 2012 the oklahoma bureau of narcotic reported that 534 residents died from prescription drug overdoses and over half of those were from medication prescribed by their own doctors. Narcotic pain medication is the desired drug of choice for many of our residents, causing a higher than average number of deaths by drug overdose.... Prescription drug abuse when people hear of prescription drug abuse they think of people that do not have a prescription using the drug for other reasons but this is not always the case.

If an older sibling is abusing drugs they are also setting a bad example for their younger siblings. If a teenager is using drugs this can hurt the whole family with constant fighting and can destroy relationships. Butler center for research) while on certain drugs the abusers may even pose a threat to the community, by reckless driving or starting fights not only could they hurt or kill themselves but also the innocent people around them. If a lot of kids start using drugs, the other kids who stay clean may feel pressured to fit in, people who use drugs may suggest for their friends to try it and create more drug abusers.... Drug abuse is “a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress” (american psychiatric association, 2000, p. The difference between using drugs and abusing drugs depends on three things, what the drug is for, how much of the drug is used, and the effect that the drug has on the person. Drug abuse typically relates to one using drugs in an excessive manner, whether the drug is legal or illegal. The multi-causal model of drug abuse takes into account social and individual causes of addiction, both distant and immediate, that lead to a disposition to using drugs, drug use and the social and individual consequences. Drug abuse intervention case analysis coley is a timber cutter that is addicted to crystal meth. Coley's addiction stemmed from his childhood where his mother was a speed addict and alcoholic and allowed coley to do drugs and drink with her throughout his young teens and late adult hood.... Hallucinogen drugs are drugs that can be found in nature or a laboratory and cause the users perception of reality to be distorted . The drug was first discovered in 1938 by a swiss chemist named albert hoffman while he was doing an experiment (parish). Now in society, the drug is becoming more and more popular among high school age students. Million teenagers,eighteen and younger, have used the drug at least once in their lifetime.... Through extensive research on the subject two solutions have been devised that have not been tried yet. Drug abuse dates as far back as the biblical era, so it is not a new phenomenon. The emotional and social damage and the devastation linked to drugs and their use is immeasurable. The ripple of subversive and detrimental consequences from alcoholism, drug addictions, and addictive behavior is appalling. Drugs and alcohol abuse”, are phrases we hear commonly on the radio, television or in discussions of social problems. The statistical association between alcohol or drug abuse with crime seems to be convincing when examined at the first glance; however, it is not possible to make a conclusion concerning a distinct cause and effect association between the two asp... Just don't do it", the slogan from bob dole's anti-drug campaign upon a cursory evaluation, may appear to have been an inefficient way of confronting the growing problem of national drug abuse. After all, it is hardly reasonable to believe that a potential drug user will specifically consider these words before deciding whether to get high or not. Gateway drugs and common drug abuse the oldest known written record of drug use is a clay tablet from the ancient sumerian civilization of the middle east. Some attempt to cover up the presence of other drug abuse but most abuse drugs because they will enhance their performance. Prescription drug abuse among teenagers ( 12-17 years) prescription drugs are medications that are prescribed to patients by a doctor to help in many ways, such as relieve pain, treat symptoms of a disease, or to help fight an infection. The question of drug use among athletes in what was previously considered by the unknowing public to be a rather pristine sport, cycling, is important in that it will affect all future tours and will place them and the athletes under scrutiny. To begin with, in europe until the 1998 scandal occurred, despite a few exceptions, cycling was considered a drug free sport. The 1998 drug scandal tarnished the tour de france and the reputation and image of other sports. In order to understand the problem, we first need to understand what is considered a drug. History of drug use drugs have been part of the american culture as far back as the 1800’s. Using drugs for medicinal purposes existed before the 1800’s but it was during the years 1850 to 1914 when america suffered from what was considered the first epidemic of drug use.... Over the past 15 years, prescription drug abuse within high school and college students has increased dramatically and the education system is on the verge of an epidemic, particularly concerning “study-drugs” such as adderal, vvyvanse, and concerta. Without implementing policies to control this growing problem, the country will result in an unjust education system filled with “system cheaters” - students who use prescription drugs for non-medical purposes. While most people blame this fiasco on the students using these drugs, the problem lyes also within the pharmaceutical industry as they are prescribing medication under false pretenses.... The purpose of this paper is to determine the level of substance abuse in the elderly community. This paper seeks to understand the issues and concerns that are consequently involved with substance abuse among the elderly. 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