Alternative energy research paper

Onlineresearch e and university level research papers, essays, and term iption ative energy research world's sources of fossil fuels are drying up faster than the earth can renew them. Fossil fuels, like coal and oil take the earth thousands of years to reproduce so an effective alternate energy source must be explored. This form of an energy source is used in many things such as generators, electricity, automobiles, aircraft, watercraft, and many other things. While this is a very strong and versatile energy source it still is an excellent energy source. Since oil is running out we have to start thinking about alternative fuels that are available to us. Should the government fund and give large tax breaks to research into alternative energy ative fuel is any other method of powering an engine without using petroleum. Some of these alternative fuels and methods of powering an engine or the economy are: coal, hydrogen, nuclear power, biofuels, athabasca oil sands in canada, venezuelan orinoco tar sands, green alternatives, and thermal depolymerization. The majority of these alternative fuels are arranged to be cheap, non-polluting, and infinite sources of energy. The third problem is that hydrogen is an energy carrier, meaning that it does not produce energy. The electrolysis process consumes more energy than it r power is also an option to powering a vehicle. It is also a problem because we do not have the time or the money to build 10,000 power plants to produce the energy we get from fossil fuels (life after the oil crash). It will take $3-5 billion per plant, without including the cost to repair old reactors, and converting nuclear energy appropriate for cars, boats, and airplanes. There are solid biomasses that can be made into fuel, like: wood, straw, animal waste, husks or shells from crops, and bagasse (alternative fuel). It is said that athabasca contains two thirds of total global oil deposits (alternative fuel). According to the department of energy it will only lower oil prices less than fifty cents. Alternatives like, solar, wind, wave, and geothermal power are fine ways to power the nation, better yet the world. There are three ways to produce geothermal energy: geothermal electricity, geothermal heating through deep earth pipes, and geothermal heating through a heat pump (geothermal power). Solar power can be made by: generating electricity using solar cells, generating electricity using thermal power plants, generating electricity using solar towers, heat buildings, heat buildings through heat pumps, and heat foodstuffs through solar ovens (solar energy). Like water is a thousand times heavier than air, even a slow stream of water can produce large amounts of energy. There are many forms of waterpower: hydroelectric energy, tidal power, tidal stream power, wave power, ocean thermal energy conversion, and deep lake water-cooling (water power). To replace a drilling platform that pumps 12,000 barrels of oil per day we would have to build 706 wind turbines (wind energy). The amount of energy distributed by one gas station in one day is equal to the amount of energy that four manhattan size city blocks of solar equipment produces. To power the whole earth with solar panels it will take 220,000 square kilometers (solar energy). Of these alternative energies and fuels cannot compare to the efficiency oil produces for us. These alternatives were too expensive, there was not enough time, and more energy was put in to produce than it produced, or it was an underdeveloped idea. All of the alternative energies need a little bit of maturity to produce something as proficient as ly many countries have become increasingly interested in indigenous, renewable energy sources, such as tidal energy as an alternate to fossil fuels for the production of electricity. Tidal energy is a huge source of renewable energy and holds great potential for future electricity generation. Though, even using modern day technological advances the amount of energy generated will still not totally cover and resolve the world's energy supply problems. Imagine if we relied mostly or entirely on wind power, if we had no wind going things would be thrown into chaos and confusion, people would be helpless in some places, looting would be abundant and many other problems would be curiosity of mankind has led to the discovery of various types of energy, the most essential being nuclear energy. Nuclear energy provides us with relatively cheap electricity, it helps expand the making of drugs and the equipment in the medical field, and the most vital of all, nuclear weapons. When einstein and hahn first began exploring this fascinating kind of energy, their intentions were not to use it as weapons of mass destruction. It's now staring to look as though it's been more trouble than what it's victorian government has designed on installing 2000 megawatts of energy production by 2010, which is the equivalent of 1200 to 1500 wind turbines. Each turbine stands between 100-130 metres tall, the equivalent of a 35-40-storey building, and the next generation is said to be even sounds good, positive, it's clean and renewable energy, pollution free, but it was where the turbines were to be placed that outraged the public. Electrical energy is essential to billions of people around the world as we rely on it for the simplest things like light to read and water for the shower, but the conventional sources of power come from burning fossil fuels such as coal, gas, oil, or from nuclear fuels. An alternative generation of clean energy source like wind farms are a growing importance and a global priority for future generations, as a modern 1. As the supply of wind farm energy is greater then electrical energy, and depending on the normal economic theory, electrical prices will drop and the power quality should best advantage of coastal wind farms apart from the general advantages above is that wind turbines can actually be placed on concrete pillars in the water off the shore. At port phillip, western port and corio bays, 300 wind turbines are planned to be erected across these bays by the nepean wind energy company. The facility could produce almost half of the state government's target for wind energy in a single project, and the company claims the project will result in a reduction in the state's output of greenhouse gases by 1. These wind farms will also allow energy users in melbourne and geelong to contribute to producing pollution free energy and it is said that 'a project of this scale has the potential to give melbourne an iconic and sustainable d essays sciencesolar power - science research paperhow human beings alter the atmospheric energy budgetwater erosion degrading the land in australia - science essaythe political and economic issues of global warming and the ozone layer - earth science essaythe history of the scientific method - science research learning | science journal |. Online research papers is made possible by people like you submitting and commenting on research papers, research articles, book reviews, poetry, and creative writing ative energy/ commons based to: navigation, search. Notes for further development into paper political economy of intellectual property in the emerging alternative energy development - the structure may alternative energy field represents a unique case for studying the trends regarding the political economy of intellectual property (ip) in an emerging market. These issues are at the center of our research under the industrial cooperation project at the berkman center for internet and society at harvard university (icp). This research is part of a broader project being led by yochai benkler, professor of entrpreneurial legal studies at harvard law school. Within the icp, we are seeking to understand the approaches to innovation in the alternative energy[1] sector looking specifically at wind, solar and tidal/wave technologies. The intention is to map the degree to which open and commons-based practices are being used compared to proprietary this sense, our research is guided by the definition of the “commons” molded by prof. Began our research with the intention of limiting our scope to the us only, but given the global scope of the alternative energy market, and the fact that almost all the market leading companies have grown in foreign countries where the markets for this technology have been biggest and which can be considered historical centers of technology innovation, we chose to include germany, denmark, and spain. Under this context, developing countries will appear as actors asking for technology transfer and technology cooperation models, under the justifications of the need for energy to fuel industrial growth and universal access to european countries represent three of the biggest markets for wind and solar technology, and are home to some of the biggest companies producing the technology. Also decided to broaden the scope of the research by exploring the development of governmental policies for alternative energy technology development and innovation as they relate to the global debates about appropriate governmental responses to climate , our goal is to follow the alternative energy market and identify the levels of openness and closedness in the areas where innovations are happening, dialoguing with a bibliography that covers the political economy of intellectual property and how intellectual property impacts innovation. We will also be looking for the presence of commons-based arrangements of knowledge production within the alternative energy innovation process to determine if they appear, and if so, where and how they chose wind, solar and tidal/wave technologies with the expectation that we would find variations among their approaches to openness and closedness, since the technologies represent different levels of maturity and patenting activity. 4] solar photovoltaic (pv) technology is less mature and can be quite expensive, therefore the research and innovation around solar pv technologies is sure to play a critical role in bringing its costs down and generating more efficient technology. The maturity of solar, wind and tidal/wave technologies are a subset of the many alternative energy technologies that exist, and they are all representative of energy supply technologies, meaning they are focused on bringing energy to a point of final use. 6] there is another set of technologies called energy end-use technologies that are part of our discussions of the cleantech industry as a whole. These energy supply technologies should not be confused with their close relatives listed below, which are not part of our research:Solar thermal - uses the suns energy to heat water for home and commercial heating and cooling - uses building design to take advantage of the sun’s direct heat and energy to efficiently heat and cool buildings at different times of the day and during different or tidal/wave technologies used for mechanical work rather than for conversion to excluded these technologies because they are less common than the energy supply technologies we are researching, and because energy supply technologies can have a bigger impact on reducing global carbon emissions by reducing the use of coal for electricity generation. Anthropogenic ghg emissions divided by type of ative energy technology is important to note that the term "alternative" energy sources is a contemporary moniker that stems from the fact that these energy technologies are alternatives to the mainstream energy sources such as coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear fission. The 1973 oil crisis spurred the first global push for these alternative energy sources as high petroleum prices threatened the world's (and more specifically the developed world and the united states in particular) access to cheap and plentiful sources of energy. Soon after the embargo began the 1973-74 stock market crash followed, which had debatable links to the embargo, but nonetheless influenced governments in their attempts to address their energy supply security concerns. The affected countries responded to the oil crisis by exploring policy and investment strategies to reduce their dependence on the middle east for their oil, and alternative energy technologies secured a prominent role in these reactions. In the united states, the presidency of democrat jimmy carter marked a period of significant investment in alternative energy sources as well as the introduction of government policies that supported the development and diffusion of these the origins of alternative energy supply technologies are all based in the 1800's, the practice of using the wind, sun, and tides/waves as sources of energy for work, are much older. Sorenson 1991, 8) solar energy is the basis of most energy on earth, including the energy in plants from photosynthesis, solar thermal heating, the fossil remains of organic material in oil and coal, and wind, which is created when air, heated by the sun, rises and cold air from another area moves into that space. In order to test the lights he needed his own dedicated source of electricity, so he built a 60 foot wind turbine with an electric generator in it and wired it to a collection of batteries to store the energy. The us during the 1970s, nasa funded research at the lewis research center in cleveland, ohio, to refine the design and function of electrical wind turbines. 4] soon after the oil crisis, the us government started to fund the federal wind energy program, and research and development (r&d) funds were devoted to the cause. In the 1980’s the government drastically reduced their r&d funding for wind and other alternative energy technologies (for reason that are explained later in this paper) and shifted the focus of alternative energy developments over to tax credits. Wind technology market shows a high degree of consolidation with a small group of companies controlling the majority of the market for large commercial scale wind turbines (see figure 7 later in the paper). De vries 2009, 1) in a recent report on patents in alternative energy technologies, the authors pointed out that the top four wind turbine manufacturers own 13% of the technology patents and control 57% of the market for wind turbines. 2009, viii) this is by far the most consolidated market within the various alternative energy market for wind turbine components is quite competitive. The rotor consists of blades used to harness wind energy and convert it into mechanical work, and a hub that supports the blades. The tower supports the rotor and nacelle, and raises them to a height where higher wind speeds maximize energy extraction.

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Research paper on renewable energy

Of the market but ge energy (usa) is growing quickly and has nearly caught up with 18. Patent for the solar cell, and in 1901 nicola tesla received a us patent for a "method of utilizing, and apparatus for the utilization of, radiant energy". Sorenson 1991, 9; perlin 2004, 616-617) throughout the 1960s solar research was funded by governments and in research labs, mostly for applications in the space industry for satellites and space-based vehicles. When the oil crisis of the 1970s occurred the us government founded the solar energies research institute - later renamed the national renewable energy laboratory (nrel) - to develop new, lower cost solar energy technologies. Us president jimmy carter further supported the r&d efforts of the solar industry by allocating $3 billion for solar energy research, and installing a test solar water heater in the white house as well as a solar pv array on the roof. These developments came to a halt in the 1980’s when president ronald reagan took office and drastically cut the r&d funding for solar energy, while also removing the solar pv array from the roof of the white house. Us represented 80% of the global solar energy market at the time, and soon, the other industrialized countries followed the united states’ lead. Bradford 2006, 98) throughout the 1980’s and 1990’s solar research was limited to research universities, inventors and state energy agencies, and the assets and patents of the original solar energy technology companies were purchased by large oil companies like mobil, shell, and bp. The researchers assumed that the innovations for which they could not identify funding sources were developed in the private sector. Countries such as spain and germany have used generous renewable energy subsidy programs - referred to in this paper as demand-pull policies - to rapidly install massive amounts of solar pv technology. Researchers at harvard's belfer center came to the following conclusions on solar pv innovation in the us:"in sum, the strengths of the u. Lako 2008, 31) nanotechnologies are increasingly gaining ground in solar cell research, for instance, to produce dye-sensitized solar cells or multi-junction thin-film solar cells. A state with very strong renewable energy support policies, [10] initiated the first long term power purchase agreement of concentrating solar electricity signed between two public utility companies and the us solar developer solargenix (which is now owned by a spanish solar company named acciona). It uses 760 parabolic troughs and has over 300,000 m2 (square meters) of mirrors and limited energy storage to guarantee the capacity. June 2004, the governors of new mexico, arizona, nevada, california, utah, texas and colorado voted a resolution calling for the development of 30 gw of clean energy in the west by 2015. The us department of energy decided to back this plan and to contribute to its financing in june of 2004. It is believed that the world could cover a significant portion of its electricity demand from tidal and wave energy sources. The potential global energy contribution to the electricity market from wave technology is estimated to be approximately 2000 twh/year, which is equal to 10% of world electricity consumption. The global tidal range energy potential is estimated at approximately 3000 gw, with around 1000 gw (~3800 twh/year) available in shallow waters. Tidal energy conversion technologies are predicted to supply up to 48 twh/year from sites around europe. While research and development on ocean energy exploitation is being conducted in several countries around the world, the technologies for energy conversion have not yet progressed to the point of large scale electricity generation. Perez, 2009, 2) the first bona-fide tidal energy plant was constructed in france, at la rance in brittany between 1961 and 1967. To date several international and domestic companies have filed applications with the federal energy regulation commission (ferc) for test projects off the coasts of california, oregon and washington. Perez 2009, 5) there are many different designs for wave energy conversion technology, even when compared with other alternative energy technologies. Meanwhile in april 2009, the federal energy regulatory commission (ferc) signed an agreement to remove the regulatory barriers for hydrokinectic (ocean energy) development on the us outer continental shelf, which opens the door for new developments. Perez 2009, 10) in 2007 and 2008 ferc started to expedite permits for ocean energy projects and 2007 saw a marked increase in the number of permits for tidal energy market for ocean technologies started to grow in 2004 and maintained healthy growth though 2007 when the total investment in the technologies including both public and private sources, was $76 million. The future promise of tidal/wave technology is great both in terms of total amounts of energy that can be generated, and the predicted cost-competitiveness of the public and private investment in ocean technologies ($ millions). Company participates in"promotion, construction and sale of solar and wind farms; engineering, design, manufacture and sale of wind generators; energy solutions". Nanomanufacturing technology solutions for the global semiconductor, flat panel display, solar and related s, analyzes, develops for manufacture tidal electric power power technologies, y focuses on offshore wave power technology, specifically their powerbuoyâ® cturer of offshore wave power technology, specifically the pelamis wave energy converter. This is a relatively mature technology that is deployed for commercial power energy manufacturer producing a floating slack-moored energy converter of the overtopping ps and manufacturers tidal power stations. The maturity of solar, wind and tidal/wave mentioned above, each of these technologies is at a different stage of maturity, which influences its chances of commercialization, its cost of deployment, or - in the case of the most mature technologies - its market cost and the level of subsidies required to attain market competitiveness with incumbent energy technologies. In figure 5 below, various alternative energy technologies are graphed on a time continuum, which maps the stages of technology development starting with basic research, moving to development, then demonstration, deployment and ultimately, maturity. The y axis tracks the cost of the technologies showing that the research stage is typically a low cost, but the cost increases in the development stage and can peak between the development and demonstration phases, which then leads to a trip "down the hill" of decreasing costs as the technology approaches more far reaching deployment and maturity. The final technology we are focusing our research on, wind, shows two vastly different costs for offshore and onshore deployed technology. Onshore wind is the most competitively priced and most mature of the current alternative energy technologies. Hydropower is not typically included in alternative energy technology growth studies due to its limited growth potential. Economies of scale have brought the price of wind technology down and onshore wind is approaching cost competitiveness incumbent fossil energy technologies. 4 d tidal/wave technologies, there is great potential for energy from the tides and waves, but currently, the technology is immature and will need time and development to enter the deployment stage and achieve economies of detailed assessments of the development stages of these technologies, see figure 6 of the art of re : (lako 2008, 13). Are many reasons why we are conducting this research, most notably, because climate change has the potential to be one of the most difficult and dangerous forces that humankind will face. Paul lako of the energy research centre of the netherlands, assess the current and future growth of wind energy in the us, eu and the rest of the world and determines that pacala and socolow's wind growth prediction is within the realm of possibility. Lako 2008, 17) it is assumed that after 2054, the r&d investments taking place now will pay off in the form of commercial scale innovative technologies that can further reduce contributions of software to innovation in alternative energy inspiration for our research is derived from the past and current success of commons-based peer-production [18] - as defined by yochai benkler - which has been the source of innovation in online networks like wikipedia and open-source software such as linux. While the majority of this paper tackles the more complicated task of defining instances of commons-based peer production in the development of alternative energy technology, we would be remiss if we did not spend some time discussing the role of software, and more specifically open-source software, in the successful development and operation of alternative energy technologies and the interconnected role it will play in electrical transmission grids. The us secretary of energy, steven chu, has recognized the valuable contributions that open-source software can make to energy efficiency in buildings and has called for more development in the area. As it stands, the lawrence berkeley national laboratory, where chu used to be the director, has been working on energyplus software, which is a free open-source building design software that allows the user to identify areas of the design that can be improved to increase energy efficiency. 19] meanwhile, a new product called open studio is an open-source plug-in for the already free google sketch-up, which allows the user to implement energy efficient design elements into their plans. Energy efficient building design presents one practical and high impact use of open-source software, the role of software in the world's energy economy will become much more pronounced with the further development of renewable energy technologies. Incumbent fossil fuel sources of electricity have created a centralized energy system, which is to say that large central electricity plants fueled by coal and natural gas, generate electricity, which is transported over the electrical transmission and distribution system to end-users. Renewable energy technologies such as solar pv panels, wind turbines, and tidal or wave generation plants, represent a distributed energy system, which means that many smaller and widely distributed plants will be generating electricity that will be fed back into the transmission and distribution grid. To add another layer of complexity, these energy sources are all intermittent which means that they will only produce electricity when the sun is shining, wind is blowing, or tides and waves are in movement, which is not necessarily happening in sync with the rising demand for electricity from consumers. 21] it will be necessary to have powerful and well designed software to record all of this data, and interpret it in order to provide efficient feedback to the transmission grid operators and energy plant operators about demand and supply of electricity. 23] this is an area where commons-based peer-production in the open-source community could have a huge impact on future energy efficiency efforts. One person posting on the o'reilly radar commented: "the alternative energy space is doing so much good for the world, and has such a great need for rapid innovation and change. It seems a shame that the norm is to shroud new alternative energy innovations in secrecy. Clear information on this rather than the growth index and the technological alternatives - based on this ip profile of biggest for-profit companies in ae). To the united nations environment programme (unep) and new energy finance, the cleantech industry grew to over $155 billion in 2008, up almost forty-eight percent from 2006, worldwide. The technologies that form alternative energy - and companies that explore them - vary immensely in type, innovation cycles, maturity and techno-economic global investments in clean technologies by terms of constituencies, the presence and influence of actors vary among countries, imprinting different forms to the organization of alternative energy innovation. In developing countries, such as brazil, the government typically takes a very strong role in funding and coordinating innovation in energy, as in the biomass efforts of petrobras. For instance, the private sector accounts for the majority of expenditures for energy r&d in international energy agency (iea) member countries, although governments account for a large fraction as well. As long as the external costs and benefits related to climate change, fossil fuel depletion, and security of supply, are not fully included in the energy prices, the competition between renewable energy and conventional electricity supply is biased in favor of the latter. Waltz, 2008) thus it is correct to affirm that the global market for clean energy technologies relies on government support and regulation, which helps these technologies attain cost competitiveness with fossil fuel energy generation. Currently, as shown in figure 6, the cost of generating electricity with alternative energy technologies is higher than with coal, which provides 50% of the electricity generated in the us and 80% of the electricity in china. 12] (schell 2009, 1) government support policies that subsidize the cost of deploying alternative energy technologies are referred to as demand-pull policies. The market leading companies, have generally developed in the areas of the world with the most generous demand-pull policies, and, predictably, under governments that have prioritized the growth of alternative energy technologies. In germany, spain and denmark a demand-pull policy called a feed-in tariff[13] (fit) has been responsible for the rapid growth of their alternative energy technology markets, and has thus encouraged the development of many of the leading technology companies. Rickerson & grace 2007, 1) china, on the other hand, has taken advantage of the growing market for solar energy technologies, and has funded significant r&d to create cheap and efficient solar photovoltaic cells that are being sold in foreign markets, most notably the us and europe. Market for alternative energy technologies in the united states has grown due to a myriad of indirect and direct factors. Indirectly, global climate change concerns and volatile fossil fuel prices, along with us energy security concerns tied to its dependence on unstable foreign sources of oil, have pushed alternative energy into a strategic position of importance. Direct factors affecting the growth of the market have been a recent increase in private vc funding for alternative energy technologies, and a growing public-sector opinion that supporting these technologies is in the best interest of the country.

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Research paper on renewable energy resources

Billion of venture capital and private equity funds were invested in renewable energy and energy efficiency firms, an increase of 43% compared with 2007. This has been due to complicated political and economic factors that have not plagued european nations to the same degree, which allowed policies that encourage the adoption of renewable energy to flourish. In terms of its public research and development (r&d) and demonstration funding (supply-push policies), the us reduced its investment in the 1980s - like many other developed countries - and has only recently begun to increase the funding for alternative energy and cleantech developments. Current market growth comes after a long lull that followed the original us push toward energy independence and alternative energy technologies in the 1970’s. The 1973 oil embargo caused the us and europe to prioritize alternative energy investment and development, providing a buffer from the volatility of supply and demand for oil. The supply-push and demand-pull policies targeting alternative energy technologies, which were initiated during this period, defined the market leaders (germany and denmark) and those left behind (the us). Ultimately, the us was able to take a haphazard approach to alternative energy policies due to its prodigious stores of coal, oil and natural gas and political leadership that favored these industries. Now, spurred in part by the increasing momentum of the cleantech movement, alternative energy producers, consumers, and various regulatory and advocacy bodies are each responding to and evolving with the field, and thereby creating new market demands and offerings. Noted in figure 6, wind energy technology is the most cost competitive of the available alternative energy technologies, and has thus far been the most successfully and widely adopted technology in both the us and abroad. 2008, the white house started to explore ways to support better development of wind energy innovations. They announced a memorandum of understanding for a two-year collaboration with six leading wind energy manufacturers - ge energy, siemens power generation, vestas wind systems, clipper turbine works, suzlon energy, and gamesa corporation. Through advanced technology research and development, and siting strategies aimed to advance industrial wind power manufacturing capabilities. 26] the specific areas of research that will be addressed by the doe and the collaborating companies are:1) turbine reliability and operability research & development to create more reliable components; improve turbine capacity factors; and reduce installation and operations and maintenance costs. Workforce development including the development, standardization and certification of wind energy curricula for mechanical and power systems engineers and community college training assistant secretary andy karsner made the following announcement:“the mou between doe and the six major turbine manufacturers demonstrates the shared commitment of the federal government and the private sector to create the roadmap necessary to achieve 20 percent wind energy by 2030. To dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance our energy security, clean power generation at the gigawatt-scale will be necessary to expand the domestic wind manufacturing base and streamline the permitting process. First, the historical failures of the doe labs to understand the private sector and how to successfully launch technologies in the market, and second, the importance of collaboration and information sharing towards the development of better onally, in february 2010, the department of energy (doe) released new estimates of the u. The new study, which was carried out by the national renewable energy laboratory (nrel) and aws truewind, finds that the contiguous 48 states have the potential to generate up to 37 million gigawatt hours annually. The estimates show the total energy yield that could be generated using current wind turbine technology on the nation's windy lands. Because wind speed generally increases with height, turbines built on taller towers can capture more energy and generate more electricity. No single clean technology will be sufficient to replace conventional carbon emitting energy sources as professors pacala and socolow have demonstrated through their study of stabilization wedges. Direct competition with the powerful coal, natural gas and oil industries and their lobbyists will make balancing government funding difficult because the government is simultaneously and extensively subsidizing both fossil fuels and clean ative energy policies in the united united states has a deeply politicized energy policy history. While the environmental wing of american politics, now tied to the political left, has urged subsidies to renewable energy - specifically to sun and wind - for decades, they neglected support for geothermal energy. The political right has meanwhile been just as enthusiastic in its support of subsidies to oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy. Due to these pressures, and a long regulatory history, the role of the government in the energy sector has been intense and interventionist. Even with the growing geopolitical and climate change realities, neither political party has attempted a balanced, technology-neutral approach to energy policy. Congress; each energy technology, both alternative and incumbent, seeks its own separate legislative deal for federal backing. Weiss and bonvillian 2009) this leads to the government picking technology winners, which is a policy destined for failure in the new energy future where a wide array of new technologies will be necessary to address the climate change the us, the first favorable government subsidy policy for alternative energy was introduced in 1978 - the public utilities regulatory policy act (purpa)[16] - which encouraged the installation of over 1400 mw of wind power capacity in california. Figure 8 below shows other us demand-pull policies used to encourage deployment of alternative energy and clean technologies. Supply-push policies fall under the r&d investments in the us, and will be explained in the next -pull technology deployment policies in the united tly, the us is considering a carbon cap and trade bill, referred to as the waxman - markey bill or the american clean energy and security act of 2009. This negates the need for subsidies to reduce the cost of alternative sources of energy by raising the cost of incumbent sources of energy and creating price parity. This model, while economically more efficient, is much less popular, especially among financial conservatives as it gives the government the power to choose a carbon ble energy policies and technology a response to the global threat of climate change requires an unprecedented response in terms of the large variety of ghg mitigation technologies and government policies to encourage the development and adoption of these technologies (pacala and socolow, 2006, 1), the necessary innovation to meet the challenge will not necessarily be met through the policies currently in use. The way in which various energy policies affect the drive for higher efficiencies and energy outputs of myriad renewable energy technologies are the subject of heated debates. It is beyond the scope of this paper to analyze the full portfolio of energy policies being used around the globe to encourage renewable energy diffusion and, by some estimates, innovation, but a short discussion of the subject is necessary to frame the issue. As nemet (nemet 2006, 4) argued in a paper on demand-pull policies and the california wind energy market, when demand-pull policies are used to grow the market for a renewable energy technology through subsidies or other payments - “increasing the expected profitability of investment in innovation may not provide sufficient incentives to induce efforts toward innovation. This is linked to the theory of vannevar bush (bush 1945) referred to as the “post-war paradigm” in which the model of technology transfer was described as a progression from basic science to applied research to product development to commercial products. Overall though, the theory stands that companies would need to invest in the science through r&d funding in order to have the knowledge to exploit opportunities emerging from the research. Demand-pull energy technology policies are based on the idea that by subsidizing renewable energy technology and making these technologies competitive with the incumbent fossil fuels and nuclear energy sources, firms will be driven to innovate and create cheaper and better technologies to try and compete more effectively in the market. Other factors that can affect this demand-pull theory are the prices of fuel for energy plants, or the geographic variations in demand. Despite the recognition that both of these policies are necessary to encourage innovation, especially in renewable energy technologies where barriers to profitable development are high, political debates (nemet 2006) exploration of the demand-pull policies, he uses a case study of the california wind market from the 1970’s through 1995. And non-profit organizations and their roles in the us alternative energy us department of energy (doe) laboratories are the main centers of government funded research in the us. There are seventeen labs in all, and each has a different mix of research focuses, though none except for the national renewable energy laboratory, are exclusively focused on alternative energies. Many combine research in fossil energy and weapons, with particular topics of research in alternative energy the seventeen labs, the following twelve have the most prominent roles in non-nuclear alternative energy research:Los alamos national d in los alamos, new mexico, los alamos is most well known for its secret nuclear bomb research during world war ii, or the "manhattan project. 29] today, the manhattan project is often used as an example of the level of r&d funding and government support that should be the model for devotion to alternative energy research if the us is to address global warming with the urgency many feel is needed. It is one of the largest science and technology institutions in the world and conducts multidisciplinary research in national security, the space program, alternative energy, medicine, nanotechnology, and supercomputing. Alamos started a commons-based information project called the “global energy observatory”] or “geo,” which is a "wikipedia-like mass editable online database of energy sources and energy flows. It is an open but moderated , national renewable energy is the flagship renewable energy lab of the national laboratory system, and is managed for the doe by the alliance for sustainable energy, llc. It is located in golden, colorado with prime siting for research in solar technology, wind technology and geothermal technology. The lab focuses on renewable electricity conversion and delivery systems, renewable fuels formulation and delivery, efficient and integrated energy systems and strategic energy analysis. These maps are used to determine what types of renewable energies are viable options for different areas of the us, and to encourage development of new alternative energy plants. The lab is charged with conducting unclassified research across a wide range of scientific disciplines," and sustainable energy is one of their main disciplines. 31] the lab focuses mainly on solar energy used to produce biofuels through a simulated photosynthetic process, and bioenergy and biofuels for transportation. The lab's helios solar energy research center collects data on solar energy for biofuels production. The lab works with china through their china energy group, which works "collaboratively with energy researchers, suppliers, regulators, and consumers in china and elsewhere to better understand the dynamics of energy use in china, to develop and enhance the capabilities of chinese institutions that promote energy efficiency, and to create links between chinese and international institutions. National d just outside of chicago, the lab's energy research focuses on energy storage, alternative energy & efficiency and nuclear energy. Their energy storage research looks at systems for electric-drive vehicles and a green-energy are also working on promoting energy independence through improved chemical fuels, advanced biofuels, and solar energy systems, as well as through the optimization of fuel and engine dynamics. Their nuclear energy research looks at advanced reactor and fuel cycle systems to enable the safe and sustainable generation of nuclear energy. National d on long island, new york, the lab does research on solar energy, efficiency, energy modeling and analyses tools, water/energy issues, and nuclear technologies. National d in idaho falls, idaho, the lab conducts research in biofuels and renewable energy, energy storage and transportation, energy efficiency and energy resource recovery. Livermore national d in livermore, ca, the lab conducts a broad range of scientific research in national and global security including nuclear and renewable energy fields. Energy technology lab has mutiple locations, in morgantown, west virginia; pittsburgh, pennsylvania; houston, texas; albany, oregon; and fairbanks, alaska. It conducts a great deal of research into the reduction of environmental damage from fossil sources of energy, looking at the following technologies: turbines and fuel cell hybrids, fuel cells, fuel processing for fuel cells, gasification, carbon dioxide capture for pulverized coal and for integrated gasification combined cycle (igcc) systems, reciprocating engines, sensor/control methods for all these energy systems, and carbon capture and sequestration. Ridge national d in oak ridge, tennessee, the lab conducts research in bioenergy, energy efficiency, and transportation. Northwest national d in richland, wa, the lab does research in energy efficiency such as: advanced fuel-efficient transportation, including vehicle electrification and hydrogen technology, processes to convert biomass to fuels and chemicals, improving the energy-efficiency of residential and commercial buildings, enabling the effective use of renewable resources. National locations in albuquerque, nm and livermore, ca, the lab conducts research in: solar photovoltaics, concentrating solar power, solar thermal energy, wind energy, fuel cells, geothermal energy, energy storage, and bioenergy. The lab is currently conducting collaborative work with the dutch on wind energy through an mou signed with the technical university of delft in the netherlands. 6333 to work closely with the dutch institution, helping the two entities share knowledge and do joint research. River national d near savannah, georgia on the georgia/south carolina border the lab's research areas include: biofuels, fuel cells, hydrogen, and nuclear production of hydrogen. Acore is an organization of member companies and institutions that are dedicated to moving renewable energy into the mainstream of america’s economy, ensuring the success of the renewable energy industry while helping to build a sustainable and independent energy future for the nation.

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42] acore is home to the center for economic research, which is: "aimed at communications and data development for policy makers, media and thought leaders to promote all renewable energy options and to talk about their significant role in the u. 43] the website provides free information about various alternative energy technologies for the benefit of the general public. Acore organizes three major conferences each year that focus on the three major areas that shape and advance renewable energy innovation and development in america: policy, markets and finance. The conferences convene companies, institutions, and individuals who will share information and advances in driving renewable energy forward. New energy congress (nec) is a global association of of experts who review the most promising new and emerging energy technologies. 45] each year they publish a list of the top 100 most promising global alternative energy technologies. The nec and pure energy systems, a website powered by media wiki and published under a gnu free doc license, were founded by a scientist named sterling allen, and are meant to provide free access to the public on promising alternative energy technologies, and to encourage sharing and collaboration on the technologies, including improvements and upgrades. Is an independent, entrepreneurial, non-profit organization that focuses on consulting for energy efficiency in the built environment, energy resources, mobility & vehicle efficiency and sustainable cities. Rmi operates like a for-profit consultancy keeping its research and data closed to the public and open to their clients. Website includes an rmi library that provides free publications from rmi on various topics of research including energy, buildings and land, climate, energy security, and energy efficiency. Is the doe's main office for energy efficiency and renewable energy and it handles the commercialization and deployment process for all of the doe energy labs alternative energy technologies. Awea is a national trade association that works as an advocate in the us government for wind power developers, equipment suppliers, services providers, parts manufacturers, utilities, researchers, and others involved in the wind industry. The awea tries to ensure that wind energy gets fair treatment and equal consideration in renewable energy policy discussions. 49] in addition, awea represents wind energy advocates from around the world, and provides up-to-date information on wind projects being constructed, companies that work in the field, technology developments and policy rnia energy commission (cec). California energy commission supports public interest energy research that advances energy science and technology through research, development, and demonstration programs. The organization works to expand markets, strengthen research and development, remove market barriers and improve education and outreach for solar energy professionals. Their main role is advocacy for solar energy within the us government, but they also coordinate with state and regional chapters and other groups including the american solar energy society, solar alliance, solar electric power association, solar nation and vote solar as well as numerous renewable energy, business and environmental groups. D investment in the united of 2007, federal support for energy r&d had fallen by more than half since a high point in 1978, and private-sector energy r&d has similarly fallen. 2006) since 2007, with the renewed interest in clean technologies and most recently, the economic meltdown and subsequent american recovery and reinvestment act (arra), which designated billions of dollars for energy r&d, the landscape has changed. Figure 9 shows the overall expenditures for us government energy research, development and deployment (rd&d). Advances in energy technology will not occur on the scale required without significantly increased investment by both government and business, and in the years after 2009, the challenge will be to find that money in the government’s coffers. Department of energy laboratories, which have historically been an ineffective model for cleantech development and commercialization. The main reason for this ineffectiveness is that most of the labs do weapons research, which is developed for one guarantied client - the u. Of the 12,400 phd scientists employed in the doe's labs, 5000 of them work at the top three weapons labs despite the us's shrinking arsenal, and far fewer phd scientists work at the energy labs. The largest alternative energy lab, the national renewable energy laboratory, employs 350 phd scientists, and there is no system in the doe that encourages collaboration between the public and private sectors. Weiss & bonvillian 2009, 152 - 153) as a result the lab system knows how to develop products for the military, but as a whole, lacks the experience and private sector business acumen to launch energy technologies from initial innovation through demonstration across the “valley of death”[17] and into commercialization. Energy technology innovation experts often note that it will take an r&d effort similar to historical us technology pushes like the manhattan project or the apollo project, this challenge differs fundamentally. 2008) in contrast, the current energy technology push requires a more logically designed innovation system that brings the publicly funded r&d labs closer to the private sector and the private market to ensure an effective technology transfer of multiple technologies. The recent release of arra funding has increased the us energy r&d funding a great deal as noted in figure 9 above, but sound policies that avoid selecting technology winners and encourage all promising technology development, must follow. Figure 10 shows the historic investment in r&d for wind, solar and ocean technologies, and gives a clear indication that funding has stagnated since the 1970s allowing countries like japan and china to make significant inroads in alternative energy and cleantech development. In tandem with this funding reduction has been an ineffective patchwork of energy policies that lack fundamental stability and consistency. It has been observed by researchers at harvard's kennedy school of government that between 1978 and 2009 the average standard deviation of the variation across six fossil energy and energy efficiency technology areas was 27% meaning that there was a one in three chance that a particular technology area's funding would increase or decrease by more than 27%. 2009, 8) additionally, over the years funding to the labs has changed to involve more small grants to individual investigators for basic research, rather than large project investments. Figure 12 the r&d spending on solar, wind and ocean energy technologies is displayed as a percentage of each country’s gdp. Given the overall size of the united states and japan’s gdp’s it is not surprising that alternative energy technology is such a small percentage. Alternative energy technologies form a much larger percentage of denmark, germany and spain’s : authors illustration with data from (iea 2009). The us department of energy funds 46 research centers through its energy frontier research centers (efrcs), which are designed to address energy and science “grand challenges. See efrc's institution received funding for a particular center doing research on a particular type of clean technology, and in some cases more than one center at a particular institution was awarded funding, as is the case with the massachusetts institute of technology (mit), which receive efrc funding for the solid-state solarthermal energy conversion center, and american reinvestment and recovery act of 2009 (arra) funding for the center for excitonics, which is also conducting research into solar pv technology. The efrc represents an increased emphasis on the importance of university based research, and expands the r&d funding for this newest edition to the government's energy technology innovation efforts is a program sponsored by the doe's advanced research project agency called arpa-e. It has been modeled after the us department of defense's successful darpa program, which funds research in defense technology [52]. Arpa-e is handing out $151 million to 37 energy projects that it has termed bold and transformational. Madrigal 2009) the doe noted that: the grants will go to projects with lead researchers in 17 states. In supporting these teams, arpa-e seeks to bring together america's brightest energy innovators to pioneer a low cost, secure, and low carbon energy future for the nation. This exemplifies the financial risk factor of the program's stated goal "to overcome the long-term and high-risk technological barriers in the development of energy technologies. Role that universities play in innovation and development of new energy technologies varies with each institution, and it can sometimes be hard to determine which universities are having the biggest impact, but a recent article published by the cleantech group, llc. The institution is the home of the mit clean energy prize, which is regarded as the premier student clean energy innovation and venture creation competition in the country. Each year a $200,000 prize is awarded to the top student energy venture as determined by the award selection committee. This prize has helped launch several energy ventures, including flodesign, fastcap systems, levant power, husk insulation, and covalent solar. Mit also hosts the mit energy initiative, an institute-wide initiative designed to help transform the global energy system to meet the needs of the future and to help build a bridge to that future by improving today's energy systems. University of california at berkeley - uc berkeley is to connected to the lawrence berkeley national laboratory, one of the premier us doe labs, which provides additional research access and exposure to both students and the business community. The most important ones are the energy and biosciences institute—a partnership of uc berkeley, berkeley lab, and the university of illinois, funded by bp with $500 million over ten years and the bio energy institute, which is a partnership of three national labs and three research universities in the san francisco bay area, funded by the u. The university of texas at austin - the university of texas at austin is a historical leader in energy innovation, r&d and teaching, especially with the oil and gas industry, but the university is using its leadership of the conventional energy industry as a launching pad for continued leadership in the cleantech sector. Ut is a part of a multimillion dollar darpa-sponsored project to produce jet fuels from algae, and was awarded $35 million by the department of energy to conduct research on carbon sequestration. Stanford university - stanford established the precourt institute for energy, a $100 million research institute focused on energy issues, and independently invests more than $30 million each year in energy research. The school of engineering hosts the stanford technology ventures program (stvp), which is is focused on accelerating high-technology entrepreneurship education and creating scholarly research on technology-based firms. Independent of energy research, stanford has developed an ambitious $250 million initiative to sharply reduce the university's energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. University of michigan, ann arbor - "with research expenditures of over $1 billion and an innovation pipeline unparalleled among the nation’s public universities, the university of michigan can rightly take its place among the leading cleantech universities in the u. The student-led wolverine venture fund and the frankel commercialization fund managed by the zell lurie institute made recent investments in environmental operating systems, and accio energy. University of colorado at boulder - cu boulder has created a new joint energy institute with the national renewable energy laboratory (nrel) called the renewable and sustainable energy institute (rasei). The institute partners leading researchers from cu-boulder and nrel on cross discipline research across multiple areas. Among the 19 major corporations that comprise the rasei leadership council are xcel energy, conocophilips, toyota, saic, good energies, wells fargo and vestas. In addition, dozens of companies are involved in collaborative research with the university and its partners across several major cleantech initiatives. 56] with more than $350 million of annual research funding, the university of colorado at boulder leads the rocky mountain region in world class research. University of wisconsin at madison - university of wisconsin's solar energy lab, founded in 1954, is the oldest of its kind, and more recently, the university has begun to focus research on bio-energy and is home to one of three department of energy-funded bioenergy research centers, the only one based at an academic institution. To coordinate the energy-related research and education, a group of professors came together in 2006 to create the energy institute, focused on sustainability opportunities through “real world” design and engineering practices. Cornell university - cornell is known for world-class research in the physical sciences, engineering and nanotechnology fields, and is a natural spawning ground for cleantech research. Cornell's campuswide center for a sustainable future is unique in fostering innovative multi-disciplinary research into new energy sources, environmental and biodiversity initiatives, and economic development projects for global implementation of these programs. Georgia institute of technology - while georgia tech is one of the nation's top research universities with over $500 million of current sponsored research activity, their venturelab program is leading the institute's march into cleantech.

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The commercialization services office assesses the commercial potential of research results and assists in the development of new companies through the venturelab program. 59] one of the main objectives is the commercialization of aviation biofuels with partner boeing commercial r, within the ae the innovation pipeline, the obama administration announced, in february 2010, a multi-agency initiative to spur regional economic growth while making buildings more energy efficient. Million over five years to create a regional research center that will develop new building efficiency technologies and work with local partners to implement the technologies in area agencies are working together to leverage funding and resources to promote regional growth through an energy regional innovation cluster (e-ric) that is centered around an energy innovation hub focused on developing new technologies to improve the design of energy-efficient building systems. This energy innovation hub, one of three proposed by the administration and funded by congress in the fy10 budget, will bring together a multidisciplinary team of researchers, ideally working under one roof, to conduct research and work to solve priority technology challenges that span work from basic research to engineering development to commercialization e-ric will work to disseminate new technologies into the local marketplace and share best practices with the public and private sectors. By linking researchers at the hub with local businesses and supporting specialized workforce education and training in the area, the initiative will create an economically dynamic region focused on building efficiency technologies. Private r&d e investment in r&d for alternative energy technologies to replace the incumbent fossil fuel technology has been discouraged by the history of wild oscillations in the price of energy. In relation to transportation related alternative energy technologies, oil has been particularly volatile over the past two years during which time it rose to over $140 a barrel, then dropped precipitously, and has since begun to rise again. These peaks and valleys make private investors ambivalent about investing in alternative energy technologies because only sustained high prices for oil will provide the appropriate economic climate in which alternative energies can be profitable. Research has shown though that the rising prices for oil are tied to increased demand from developed and emerging economies, which, if sustained, could change the private investment climate for new technologies in the future. On a study conducted by the national research council in 2001, it has been estimated that between 1978 and 1999 almost two thirds of the total energy r&d expenditures in the united states were made by industry. 2006, 216) due to this research and the assessments of experts at the kennedy school of government at harvard university, it is believed that the private sector provides a larger portion of the r&d funding for clean technologies. 2007, cleantech companies have begun negotiating strategic alliances with fortune 100 companies like chevron texaco technology ventures - which invested in brightsource energy inc. The alternative energy sector is experiencing a more competitive commercial environment due to non-financial drivers such as regulation, political will, and fears over energy supplies, which present unique challenges for technologies such as wind energy, solar energy, and biofuels. The first quarter of 2009, venture capital (vc) investment in alternative energy technologies, which drives a disproportionate amount of financing in new energy technologies, retracted drastically. This was the lowest level of vc investment in alternative energy since 2005, before these technologies became a popular new trend in the silicon valley. Market analysts have expressed their opinion that most of the private sector investment in alternative energies is coming from vc firms followed by private equity firms, banks, brokers and finally institutional funds. Certain cases the government is providing free open access to information that is helpful to individuals and businesses interested in renewable energy, energy efficiency and sustainability. These sources are of interest to us as they are examples of open access information and the us government's attempts at openness rather than c maps, gis data and analysis tools from site provides free renewable energy resource maps that provide measures of potential energy in particular regions of the country. This information is critical to developers or individuals who want to assess the viability of installing alternative energy technology in a particular location. The government believes that by providing this information for free it is encouraging the development of new alternative energy plants. This type of information informs which regions in the us are appropriate for alternative energy developments, but the level of detail is fairly general. There is a burgeoning consultant market for more detailed regional analysis, especially for wind and geothermal resources which can require specific tools - and in the case of wind, measurements over time - to determine the best location for certain alternative energy maps and wind resource potential powering america provides high-resolution state wind maps and estimates of the wind resource potential that would be possible from development of the available windy land areas after excluding areas unlikely to be developed. Openei website states its mission as: "open energy info is a platform to connect the world’s energy data. It is a linked open data platform bringing together energy information to provide improved analyses, unique visualizations, and real-time access to data. Openei strives to provide open access to this energy information, which will spur creativity and drive innovation in the energy sector. Website is the first substantive effort by the us government to encourage open access to energy information, and is backed by the obama administration's pledges for increased transparency in the federal government. The government hopes openei will drive innovation (as stated in the mission), and encourage the private sector and individuals to come up with novel solutions to problems that the us government does not have the time, budget or staff to open labs are an offshoot of the openei wiki, which state their mission as the following:"recognizing the need for comprehensive technical assistance to support clean energy pathway development across the globe, the u. Government initiative will employ a multi-agency approach to providing needed technical assistance to developing countries on clean energy and responding to new and emerging global climate change policies, priorities and commitments. Established in 1995, the database of state incentives for renewables & efficiency (dsire) is an ongoing project of the north carolina solar center (based at north carolina state university) and the interstate renewable energy council (irec). Department of energy’s office of energy efficiency and renewable energy (eere), primarily through the office of planning, budget and analysis (pba). The site is administered by the national renewable energy laboratory (nrel), which is operated for doe by the alliance for sustainable energy, llc. Dsire is a comprehensive source of information on state, local, utility, and federal incentives and policies that promote renewable energy and energy efficiency. It also includes maps that identify policies by regions and states, and many helpful sources of information that allow individual and business investors and citizens in general, make educated decisions on the purchase and use of renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies and are numerous examples of user driven technology, or more specifically, individual innovations that provide alternative energy solutions to situations where lack of electricity is a hindrance to development or adequate living conditions. Examples include the following:Build it solar is an online information commons where plans and ideas on various energy conservation, water conservation, solar electric, solar thermal, bio-fuel, and assorted other solar projects are shared for individuals with an interest in building the technologies. Sites like these can be most helpful to those in rural areas who are not tied to the electrical grid, people in states that do not offer competitive rebate or subsidy programs for alternative energy adoption, or those who do not have access to these types of technology through local er solar er solar energy defines itself as: "a comprehensive resource of more than 9,000+ renewable energy links to relevant websites of individuals, governments and organizations. The links are cross-referenced to help homeowners, engineers, hobbyists, teachers and students find quick answers to issues relating to alternative energy. To build it solar, this site can be defined as an online information commons where individuals share information about do-it-yourself alternative energy projects that run the gamut from solar projects to wind, hydro, and m kamkwamba's homemade wind m kamkwamba is a popular example of an inventive solution for a lack of interconnected electricity in the developing world. He followed the information he found in a library book called using energy, and was able to successfully generate enough electricity to run four lights and two radios in his family's home. His story caught the attention of tedglobal conference director emeka okafor, who found william and has since invited him to speak at multiple ted conferences and has helped william find a school where he can build on his talents and help panels made from human the feasibility of this invention has been questioned, it was reported in september of 2009 that a teenager in rural nepal had invented a solar panel that used human hair, rather than silicon, to convert the sun's energy into electricity. The individual price was estimated at ₤23 per panel, but it is believed that economies of scale could reduce the price significantly given the ubiquity and affordability of human -op power is an example of numerous other co-ops in the us and abroad that rely on the strength of communities to install and pay for alternative energy infrastructure. By creating their own financing structures, raising their own capital, and doing their own installations, these co-ops are able to construct collaboratively owned alternative energy facilities that provide electricity to numerous people. While the network affect is more localized than and online network, the results impact many now ranks among the top countries in respect of the number of its patents for renewable energy technologies. The government of china had to implement diverse policies to overcome such barriers to renewable energy development as: (a) the high cost of developing renewable energy; (b) the difficulty of connecting renewable energy to the grid; (c) institutional impediments; (d) the lack of international investment; (e) a weak legal and regulatory frame- work; and (f) an uncertain level of future demand and thus of prices for renewable energy. Bradsher 2009) however china still faces trade restrictions, but this can change if they achieve the plan of building assembly plants in the emerging competitive threat presented by china may provide some insight into secretary chu’s push for us/china energy technology collaboration. The particular technologies that are appropriate for certain countries are specific to the needs of that country based on their overall emissions, their pace of growth, their natural resources, and their alternative energy resources (sun, wind, tides, rivers, etc. From here: http:///news2009/ sino - american energy geopolitical us and china have a tenuous political relationship and their current battle over the appropriate policies and technological innovations for climate change action has added new complexity. While the us has been a long-term leader in global carbon emissions, china doubled their energy consumption from 2000 to 2007, and surpassed the us claiming the top global carbon emitter mantle at 24% of global emissions. The culprit is coal, which provides 80% and 50% of china and the us’s energy respectively. It is the cheapest fuel available - cheaper than oil, natural gas, or any of the commercially available renewable energy sources - and the us has 27% of global coal reserves while china has 13%. Their is ample focus on the alternative energy markets in the us and china throughout this paper the following figures (xxx and xxx) are meant to provide points of comparison to the similar graphs in the sections on europe and e points in figures xxx and xxx include the relatively small percentage of electricity that the us and china are generating with alternative energies, despite their large total amounts of wind generation capacity as measured globally. This can be easily explained by the vast quantities of energy that each country consumes. They hold the top two global spots for energy consumption, and therefore, as pointed out in figure 14, the top two spots for carbon dioxide emissions due to burning fossil fuels, since the vast majority of their energy comes from fossil should also be noted that while our research has indicated that there is a great deal of innovation happening in alternative energy development in china, the patent totals displayed in figure xxx below, do not seem to support this conclusion. These patent numbers are reported from the chinese patent this section we aim outline the role each of our focus countries has played in the development and diffusion of alternative energy sources, as well as the patent application activity that has taken place among our focus technologies. Under the name of each country analyzed, we present a table with the generation capacity of each alternative energy technology, the consumption of electricity, consumption of renewable electricity and the number of patent application for each technology. Other sections of the paper may present the data on the top applicants around the world in regard to a specific studied an countries: denmark, germany and us and china may eventually play the most prominent roles in addressing global ghg reductions due to their high levels of greenhouse gas emissions and the growing political momentum supporting emissions reductions. As noted in the section above, a rapidly growing market, germany, spain and denmark, three countries which have used demand-pull policies called feed-in tariffs (described in footnote 12) to build markets for alternative energy technology, have become homes for some of the globe's most successful alternative energy technology companies. While germany has been a dominant player in the wind energy market, both in terms of the total amount of installed wind capacity in the country and the number of top global companies based in germany that are manufacturing wind turbines, denmark's vestas is the top global wind turbine manufacturer and as detailed in the wind technologies history above, denmark and vestas were the first innovators in the modern wind industry, holding many critical patents. Noted in figure xxx below, germany, denmark and spain have a good deal of wind energy capacity and solar pv capacity, and while denmark's wind capacity is dwarfed by germany and spain, as a percentage of total energy consumption within the country, it far outweighs germany and spain. Spain is the only country of the three that is generating electricity from solar csp plants, and none of the countries have tidal or wave installations generating commercial energy, despite the fact that each country has ocean coastline. It should be noted that denmark has several wave energy pilot plants that may produce commercial electricity in the future. These patent numbers are the combined total reported from the european patent office (epo) and do not represent patent applications in each individual l, europe still dominates the global alternative energy market with $49. Not surprisingly, the leader in this group was china with an 18% increase in alternative energy investment to a total of $15. Innovation in alternative energy technology: denmark's offshore wind mentioned earlier in the paper, denmark's wind industry developed as one of the first and most successful in the world and in those early years, they relied on practical hands-on approaches to innovation rather than more formal r&d practices. The design and production of various wind turbine components were undertaken by numerous small to medium enterprises and dedicated research institutes, which enabled the danish wind industry to benefit from collaborations in a distributed innovation network. Ren21 2009, 11) in 2008 japan unveiled a $9 billion solar subsidy program that is designed to get them back on top, help them meet their 2012 kyoto protocol goal of greenhouse gas emissions 6% below their 1990 level, and help them solve their energy security issue by reducing fossil energy imports. Figure xxx below it is clear that japan does not have the same amount of alternative energy generation capacity as the european countries, the us or even china, but their patent application totals, which are tabulated from the japanese patent office, are much higher than any other country. These patent numbers are reported from the japanese patent cal economy of intellectual property in alternative and alternative energy global climate change continues to dominate international negotiations around capping carbon emissions, as evidenced by the contentious discussions leading up to the unfccc[18] copenhagen summit, the intellectual property rights of the technologies that will facilitate the carbon reductions and how those impact in innovation diffusion process and technology transfer, have become a hotly debated s represent the most significant ip tool involved in this field, and until recently, the ip factor did not parallel the usual ip debate found elsewhere in regards to access, sharing or balance. Additionally, the public good perceived by innovation in renewable energy (energy efficiency and low carbon emissions to mitigate climate change) is less immediate and tangible than the specific need of access to an aids related this sense, political strategies from cleantech and alternative energy industry associations were much more focused on policies to foster the adoption of these technologies such as supply-push and demand-pull policies as explained in this paper - over fossil fuel-based energy.

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Thus, it appears that few in the international ip community have paid attention to the crescendo of patents in the alternative energy market as evidenced in figure 4 and its effects into innovation and tech of technology: measuring innovation in alternative concept of innovation has disputed meanings. In this sense, [t]he great majority of energy innovation worldwide takes place in industrialized countries, although many developing countries – such as brazil, china and india – also have active efforts to develop and deploy new energy technologies. Recently, other stages were added (grubb, 2006; foxon and carbon trust, 2003) in the innovation chain: basic research, applied research, development, mark demonstration, commercialization and diffusion, resulting in the following figure, which correlates policy and innovation phase. Measuring innovation is even more important for emerging industries, such as the renewable energy sector, receiving large amounts of governmental spending both for research and development (r&d) as well as for market tion can be captured through quantitative and qualitative metrics. 2006) specifically, within the renewable energy, innovation has been caputered through the growth of patents (wipo, 2009; cleantech group at heslin rothenberg farley & mesiti p. Additionally, within specific types of renewable energy technology it is also correct to affirm that better efficiency comes from some grade of innovation, as watanabe et al. The past few years, all of the above indicators have been pointing toward increasing innovation within the renewable energy industry. 2006) have pointed: “there are numerous ways to measure energy technology innovation, but unfortunately no metric adequately encompasses the processes of innovation, spanning basic research to broad commercial deployment. Some metrics capture efforts on basic energy r&d, for example, whereas others serve as better indicators of technological deployment. For the earlier stages of innovation, these inputs include, but are by no means limited to, financial investments into energy rd&d, existing scientific and knowledge (“old stock”), and the practical problems and ideas from which new inventions arise. Obvious benefit of using investment to track potential innovation is that government spending data tend to be readily available and can be tracked year by year, however this is true in general when the data being tracked is government spending in early r&d phases on research on renewable. A recent white house report affirms that “the energy components of the recovery act represent the largest single investment in clean energy in american history and are leveraging private investment and fostering american innovation and ingenuity. The recovery act investments of $80 billion for clean energy aim to produce as much as $150 billion in clean energy projects. These investments are designed to accelerate investment in clean energy projects and pull private investment off the sidelines. Alternative energy/bibliography by research question| (white house, 2009)] these investments include growth in the generation of renewable sources of energy, enhanced manufacturing capacity for clean energy technology, advanced vehicle and fuel technologies, and smart electric ically, obama committed to the target of 3% of gdp on research and development, including a major commitment to energy projects – such as arpa-e - the advanced research projects agency for energy - and doubling the budgets for the national science foundation and the national institute of standards and technology, among other agencies. Billion to the 2008 budgets for these basic research agencies, with a special emphasis on encouraging high-risk, high-return research and supporting researchers at the beginning of their e of these investments made through the economic stimulus bill, vice president joe biden believes that the united states is on track to double renewable energy generation by 2012 and that, additionally, usa also will double its capacity to manufacture wind turbines, solar panels and other clean energy components in three years, according to the report. In this paper, we will discuss the specific case of usa in regard to how r&d investments have impacted in the number of patents in alternative-energy related areas, specifically in regard to pv solar technology. Also, when comparing the number of people engaged internationally, one must be especially careful because there can be many more people employed in a developing-country setting where the cost of labor may be cheap, but the research infrastructure may be much poorer. This input metric is difficult in an energy context because it is hard to ascertain when scientists and engineers are working purely in the energy domain. Regard to alternative energy, david cahen comments “we face, after over two decades of not-so-benign neglect, a serious deficit of alternative-energy (ae)-oriented basic science researchers. Indeed, a major problem in meeting the global energy challenge may well be the paucity of top scientists pursuing ae-related research problems. This deficit has the potential to self-proliferate, because a limited core of experienced researchers will encourage a limited group of talented students and post-docs to seek research opportunities in ae research in the future. In this sense, the recovery act investments in renewable generation and advanced energy manufacturing of $23 billion will likely create 253,000 jobs and leverage over $43 billion in additional investment that could support up to 469,000 more job, putting us on track to meet the goal of doubling our renewable energy generation, including solar, wind and geothermal, in just 3 tion output n et al. 2009), in a novel research, analyzed information and trends in the publication of text documents seeking to explore the relationship between joint publication patterns and trends, r&d funding, technology development choices, and the viability and effectiveness of industry-university collaborations with emphasis on the solar photovoltaic (pv) sector in the u. By doing that, they aimed to elucidate patterns and trends in technological innovation and the role of public research institutions (research universities and national laboratories) in the development of new industries in order to inform vidican et al. However, as we move into the 90s', there was a marked decline in the number of papers, which continued until around 1995, after which publication counts were observed to increase again. They also see a tendency of decentralization of publications over the decades from two core centers – california and massachusetts – to other regions of usa, due, in their opinion, to the localization of nrel in colorado [22], and the specialization of those initial areas in it and biotechnology, after the decrease of funding to research in energy. Related, the authors also observe that the publication pattern follows the public investment in r&d in y, they observe that, despite of the department of energy (doe) has initiated several funding schemes to foster research collaborations between public research institutions and the private sector, such as the pv manufacturing technology project (in 1991) [23], the thin-film pv partnership (in 1994) [24], or the industry alliance project (in 2007). Authors conclude that: “using bibliometrics offers valuable insights for understanding the outcomes of government research expenditures, the institutional players involved in the emergence of an industry, the technological trajectories over the years, and in general the level of interest in a particular domain of knowledge. Trade and (2008) develop an interesting exercise of analyzing innovation based on comparisons of patent and international trade data, and comparing the relative competition position of countries internationally, and finding which countries are innovating and on what they are aggregated terms, and with date from 1991-2004, the author finds that “germany has emerged as a leader in patents, while japan leads in exports [of renewable energy technologies]. The other major oecd-countries, such as uk, france, and italy, each only account for less that 5% of world trade of international patents of renewable energy technologies. 11) however, the grade of specialization on renewable energy in comparison to other technologies varies immensely by author then finds that “among the 6 largest oecd economies, both germany and japan have been specializing on renewable energy technologies. 11) finally, the author also points to his findings that even among the specialized countries, the specialization varies among renewable energy technologies. The author believes that these differences are consequence of the different regulations adopted in each ectual property and alternative global climate change continues to dominate international negotiations, the intellectual property rights of alternative energy technologies (and climate change related technologies) and its impact in innovation diffusion have become a recent hotly debated s represent the most significant intellectual property (ip) tool involved in this field. Other causes of this thematic disconnection may be (a) the fact that the public good perceived from innovation in renewable energy (climate change mitigation) is less immediate and tangible than the specific need of access to an aids related medicine and (b) that the role played by cleantech and alternative energy industry associations were much more focused on policies to foster the adoption of these technologies such as supply-push and demand-pull policies over fossil fuel-based energy, than in explicitly increasing ip standards for renewable and cleantech r, (i) the conclusion of the 4th assessment report of the ipcc that for the rise in average global temperatures to keep within 2oc above pre-industrial levels, global emissions must peak before 2020 and be reduced to 50–85 per cent below 2000 levels by 2050 and (ii) the increasing data showing a great concentration of patents and r&d investment within the world richest nations have changed this scenario, since “in all cases these proposed targets far exceed the current rate of deployment and in most cases they will require a rate far higher than the greatest ever annual deployment of the particular technology” (lee et al. All patents are not equally important, not all inventions are patentable, firms use alternative means to protect their intellectual property, and sometimes they patent strategically (harhoff et al. The same problem one encounters with respect to defining an energy technology when considering which patents are energy related and which are not (and when patents filed in a nonenergy sector might have implications for the energy sector) occurs in the patent realm. In addition, certain industries tend to patent more frequently than others and thus will vary in the energy context, depending on which industry is doing the innovation. Specifically in regard to alternative energy, one might encounters problems with respect to defining an energy technology when considering which patents are energy related and which are not (and when patents filed in a non-energy sector might have implications for the energy sector). Likewise, as pointed by (reichman (2008), another barrier to studies of patents in green technologies (defined by reichman those to cover technologies that facilitate carbon abatement, both energy supply and energy efficiency technologies) is that the u. Realization posed a great challenge to the present research, since the review of the literature bringing data on the growth of patents if far from unified in regard to the types of patented technology the literature covers. This problem is not just caused by the lack of specific classes, but actually to the core characteristic of multidisciplinary of innovation process within alternative energy technologies. Any case, and independently of the methodologies in use [25], firstly, all literature covered points to a crescendo of patents since the 90s, and secondly, the goal of bringing data on patents in this section is actually to provide us insights in regard to the trends of a culture of enclosure within the renewable energy technology field and where this is mainly happening, and not to be precise in regard to how many patents within the technologies we analyze actually interesting and recent wipo report [26] found that overall patenting activity in alternative energy technologies has risen from the 1970s to the present, as evidenced by applications filed at the uspto, jpo, epo, kipo and sipo and also through the pct system. Wipo, 2009) taking this data into consideration, kipi (2005) would affirm that the alternative energy technology appears to be in a growth phase, and for many of the specific technologies, in a “maturity period”[27]. Changes in the price of oil and increasing awareness of the issue of climate change can be considered significant factors in driving patenting activity during (certain) the late 1970s, the price of oil increased dramatically, increasing the impetus for alternative energy technologies. Oecd countries in particular focused on alternative energy research as a means of reducing their greenhouse gas emissions. The late 1990s heralded the beginning of a new surge in oil prices, which a number of major countries addressed by establishing national energy strategies as part of which energy research and development budgets were strengthened. As observed, it is true that the sensitiveness of governments in regard to the need of renewable energy technology innovation and diffusion raises in times of oil prices peaks. But the immediate effect is much more related to the development or broadening of a series of policies on the supply and demand side of renewable energy value chain, then a peak of patents. No study, however, try to measure the times of these on between regulation/policy and growth of other sections of this paper, we have analyzed the effect of specific policies and regulation in regard to innovation and diffusion of the renewable energy technologies. In this part, we develop a brief literature review of a couple of authors who developed a high level analysis of how policies impact in innovation in renewable energy, in general using data on patent (positive or negative) instance, waltz et al. He identifies a triple regulation challenge in regard to fostering innovation within renewable energy technology: what waltz call “traditional aspects of regulation” (such as standardization, intellectual property, spillover effect of r&d), affirming these are not specific to renewables; economic and antitrust issues (such as access to the grid and monopolist behavior); and environment and safety issues. Deep-water installations take advantage of powerful winds and avoid nimby problems but they also require sophisticated moorings, which are currently being developed and tested (walter musial of the national renewable energy laboratory speaking at the power of the gulf conference june 12, 2008 in northport, maine). 62-63) – investigated the increasing number of patents concluding that: “the early focus of innovation in wind was in blades (harnessing mechanical energy from the air), the generator (efficient conversion of mechanical energy into electricity) and the gearbox, a frequent cause of breakdowns. In recent years, wind has become a conventional energy source – placing a greater premium on effective integration with the grid, accurately modeling wind patterns and building in more difficult locations with high wind speeds. Investment in innovation has spread to software and control systems, short-term energy storage and offshore technologies. Most of these technologies aim to increase efficiency or adapt to current electrical grid 2008-2010, the variable speed control technology, which allows maximize energy collection while keeping minimizing the load on the drive train, was focus of a dispute in its matter and of its components and thereof, 337-641, at the us international trade commission. An impermissibly broad reading of the patents in this case would have significant adverse effects on employment and wind energy development in my state and the nation. While other senators commented that “promoting a diversity of technologies in the wind energy sector” was critical to meeting federal wind energy goals, and that “a combination of design innovations” was ’s notice terminating its investigation of ge’s complaint issued on january 8th found mitsubishi did not violate any claims of the three patents asserted by ge. Government — through american recovery and reinvestment act stimulus funds — have invested hundreds of millions of dollars in infrastructure for wind farm developments using its turbines to meet the demand for wind power created by the white house's goal of doubling renewable energy output over the next three favorable finding for mitsubishi may also allow the company to fulfill hundreds of millions of dollars in wind farm development contracts it holds with iberdrola sa and edison mission group, a subsidiary of edison is planning to continue the fight, both in an appeal to the u. District court for the southern district of -mitsubishi itc case could be a taste of what's to come in the increasingly high-stakes renewable energy sector. United states and japan are leading locations for patent filing in solar pv energy, followed by wipo and the epo. While the trend broadly reflects current markets and r&d capacity, emerging markets such as china are also seeing increasing patenting ically, japanese companies led the field in terms of applications for solar energy technologies, with canon (leader within the us since 2002 (cepgi, 2009), sanyo electric, sharp, matsushita electric, and kyocera holding top positions. As pointed before in this paper, ocean energy has a great potential[29]but still is a small portion of the current renewable energy market - the total installed capacity of emerging “second generation” marine hydrokinetic resources (a category that includes wave, tidal stream, ocean current, ocean thermal and river hydrokinetic resources) was less than 10 mw at the end of sector presents relative high patent activity with strong presence of start-ups and universities, but also traditional oil companies, such as shell and chevron. Of the key technical challenges for these are the unknown operations and maintenance (o&m) costs, which can reach almost 40% of total project costs in tidal and ocean technologies and also technical issues of energy transfer from offshore to onshore. For peter asmus “the next five years will be 'make or break' for ocean energy business”, adding “each of five major marine energy technologies remains unproven beyond small pilot projects”. And tidal technologies, our focus, have been object of major research and development from the1970s, decreased on the1980s and start to raise again in the 1990s with the focus on generators and turbine design. Applicants in this field are mitsubishi, followed by ocean power technologies[31]- which, is supported by the us navy, developing r&d on the powerbuoy 40 (a wave energy converter that is 16 meters high and 14 meters in diameter, most of which is submerged in the ocean), the hitachi zosen corporation, mitsui engineering and the nkk corporation.

This university is followed by energetech australia, mainly in the field of tidal growth of patents in correlation between investment and patents in the case of wind in the case of pv solar in the growth of patents in olders intellectual property r, this lack of attention from the ip community changed dramatically in the spring and summer of 2009 with the advent of the obama administration making public statements about sharing technology related to energy. Revkin & galbraith 2009) in late march during a speech at brookhaven national laboratory, secretary chu was asked by a reporter whether he thought there should be more international collaboration in some areas of energy research. If countries actively helped each other, they would also reap the home benefits of using less energy. And so it’s like all countries becoming allies against this common foe, which is the energy comments earned a quick response from the united states chamber of commerce, a leading lobby representing businesses, which expressed its concern that sharing the intellectual property of new alternative energy technologies with developing countries could erode the ip rights that have driven commercial efforts to innovate for generations. Green patent blog 2009) the initiative is aimed at pressing congress and the obama administration to ensure that global climate-treaty talks do not weaken protections on who can profit from new technologies that provide abundant energy without abundant pollution (burgos 2009) the creation of i. Has been widely noted, with some alarm, in the ip “watchers” community, and likely means the status of alternative energy as a less-observed ip sector is finished for e industry views the patents on these technologies as necessary to ensure a return on their r&d investment. Billion next year in research and development, expressed his concern over secretary chu’s comments about sharing ip. Role of business associations in alternative the alternative energy sector is flush with business associations, intellectual property rights do not appear to play a role in the advocacy activities of these associations. The majority of the associations are focused on being advocates for government support for their particular technology, as most alternative energy technologies are reliant of government subsidies, tax credits, and other preferential support to enjoy market competitiveness with incumbent fossil fuel energy sources - as mentioned earlier in this paper. For a partial list of business associations in the alternative energy sector see these associations. Is an international alliance of 82 countries that have agreed to collaborate to promote a rapid transition to renewable energy on a global scale. The agency aspires to provide access to relevant information such as reliable data on the potentials for renewable energy, best practices, effective financial mechanisms, and state-of-the-art technological expertise. 77] irena will provide advice and support to governments worldwide on renewable energy policy, capacity building, and technology transfer. Irena will also improve the flow of financing and know-how and collaborate with existing renewable energy organizations. A multilateral agency for renewable energy has been missing from the international community, and the founding of irena reflects a growing concern among governments around the world of the need to support renewable energy technologies. Ren21 2009, 17) it is still unclear how irena plans to address issues involving intellectual property ational energy international energy agency (iea) is an intergovernmental organization which acts as energy policy advisor to 28 member countries in their effort to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for their citizens. The agreements provide a legal framework for both iea and oecd member and non-member countries to collaboratively develop technology through coordinated research, development, demonstration and deployment. For over 30 years, this international technology collaboration has been a fundamental building block in facilitating progress of new or improved energy technologies. Addition the iea runs three open databases for free searches of renewable energy, energy efficiency ans climate change policies and measures. These are the energy efficiency policies and measures, the global renewable energy policies and measures, and the climate change policies and measures databases. These databases are among the most comprehensive amalgamation of national-level policies on renewable energy, energy efficiency and climate change policies and measures in iea member countries as well as several non-member countries, such as brazil, china, india, mexico, russia and south africa. Innovative program designed to facilitate collaboration between the national renewable energy lab (nrel) and outside entities is a crada or cooperative research and development agreement. 80] the crada agreements can be:"shared-resources" which means the research is funded by the government and is part of ongoing research at nrel. Funds-in" which means the partner will pay for all or part of the research, but nrel does not provide the partner with any funds. Disseminate the latest findings from scientific research on climate change, including elements related to its environmental, social, economic and policy aspects in a way that allow them to be understood by the non-specialist audience. These are not meant to replace conventional, presence events, but rather to complement them; and the iccip will encourage more networking and information exchange with an aim to catalyse new cooperation initiatives and possibly new logy collaborations and the role of intellectual ational technology collaborations could hold the key to significant future advances in alternative energy development. International energy technology collaborations are not new, as has been demonstrated by the international thermonuclear experimental reactor (iter) and the carbon sequestration leadership forum (cslf). The first is an international research collaboration on nuclear fusion, and the second is an international climate change initiative designed to improve carbon capture and sequestration technologies with coordinated r&d funds from international partners and private industry. China clean energy research center, which will provide the financial and infrastructure needs to enable joint research and development of energy efficient and renewable energy technologies between the us and china. Mcdonald 2009) after us president barack obama's visit to china in mid-november 2009, he and chinese president hu jintao, made joint announcements about a host of other cooperative climate change and renewable energy technology programs. Us-china energy efficiency action plan - "under the new plan, the two countries will work together to improve the energy efficiency of buildings, industrial facilities, and consumer appliances. And chinese officials will work together and with the private sector to develop energy efficient building codes and rating systems, benchmark industrial energy efficiency, train building inspectors and energy efficiency auditors for industrial facilities, harmonize test procedures and performance metrics for energy efficient consumer products, exchange best practices in energy efficient labeling systems, and convene a new u. Us-china renewable energy partnership - "under the partnership, the two countries will develop roadmaps for wide-spread renewable energy deployment in both countries. The partnership will also provide technical and analytical resources to states and regions in both countries to support renewable energy deployment and will facilitate state-to-state and region-to-region partnerships to share experience and best practices. China clean energy research center, the two countries are launching a program of technical cooperation to bring teams of u. Us-china energy cooperation program - "the program will leverage private sector resources for project development work in china across a broad array of clean energy projects, to the benefit of both nations. Mentioned earlier, secretary chu is advocating for the development of open-source building energy-efficiency software that will make it cheaper and easier for developers to implement energy saving measures in new buildings, both in the u. He offered an example of software that helps design integrated passive shading into a building, which is similar to other non open-source software applications that are able to pinpoint design elements like the most efficient window orientation for a particular building site, that takes advantage of the sun’s heat to maximize a building’s energy performance. Garthwaite 2009a) while other open-source energy efficiency software projects have been undertaken in the past, their success has been limited by insufficient development funding. The amendment calls on the president, the secretary of state and the permanent representative of the united states to the united nations to uphold the existing international legal requirements for ip rights and avoid any weakening of them for the unfccc in the context of energy and environmental technology. First, there is a need for more research into the effects of ip in the nascent cleantech industry. The weaknesses in these findings are the lack of detailed empirical evidence assembled from the various technologies that comprise the cleantech a paper by prof. The report focuses on the role of ip in alternative energy technology transfer for solar, wind and bio-mass technologies to china, india and brazil. Patent disputes have usually been resolved by cross-licenses or product modifications in a pattern common in non-monopoly a later paper, barton (barton 2008a) takes a closer look at the economic and policy challenges of meeting the emissions reduction targets of the unfccc through technology development and dissemination in developed and developing countries. He focuses on renewable electricity sources, carbon capture & storage and other mitigation technologies, biofuels, industrial efficiency, consumer conservation, and nuclear energy; he outlines the emissions reduction potentials, the modes of encouragement for the technologies, and the special issues in international technology transfer, making three points about the process that will be undertaken to disseminate these technologies. 2008), an independent research organization in the uk, asserts that these market incentives will create an atmosphere where innovation can happen and r&d funds will flow into the clean energy technology industry. The authors believe that the nascent stage of clean energy technology development leaves very little empirical evidence to support the argument that ipr does or does not create barriers. This means there is competition among the manufacturers of these patented is a possible copyright ipr barrier that could develop around microbial agent research for ethanol enzymes, which is protected under eu database report suggests alternatives to traditional patenting and licensing in order to encourage innovation in green logy pools (patent pools) - licensing the combination of patents that make up a particular technology in an affordable pool of patents. The eco-patent commons does this in a royalty free manner, but is not currently offering any alternative energy technology patents. This could be the basis of a global fund that buys up patent pools for critical carbon-abatement technologies and offers them to developing - rather than offering grants for r&d research, prizes can be offered for the most innovative solution to a particular most current and controversial debates taking place around ip and technology transfer have been connected to the unfccc copenhagen summit, where developing nations such as china, india and brazil hope to convince developed nations such as the us and the eu, to include a compulsory licensing option in the next version of the kyoto protocol climate change treaty. Group of us companies who are concerned about the weakening of ip protections at the copenhagen summit have joined forces with the us chamber of commerce and created the innovation, development and deployment alliance (idea) asserting that “robust ip protection is needed to encourage investment in clean tech research and development, create green jobs and find solutions to the world’s energy and environmental challenges. They believe that these issues will trump the assumed patent barrier a direct challenge to the us secretary of energy, steven chu, david hirschmann, the president & ceo of the global intellectual property center, asserted his belief of the importance of keeping ipr strong rather than loosening the rights as secretary chu had suggested in his speech at brookhaven national lab. A 2008 paper by the international centre for trade and sustainable development (ictsd), the authors suggested that compulsory licensing could provide the necessary framework for effective tech transfer to developing countries, while also suggesting other options such as financial mechanisms like a “multilateral technology acquisition fund,” which would buy ip rights for transfer to developing countries; prizes as incentives for alternative energy technology innovation; and institutional arrangements for open or collaborative innovation similar to the usa-china collaboration recently finalized by the secretary chu. He notes that research has shown that the industry has consolidated rather than expanded due to compulsory licensing, and more companies (not less) are located in oecd countries. Making a case for patent pools instead of patent thickets, he argued that while these are not a panacea, they will allow more effective access to the technology since sustainability technologies tend to involve a large number of different technologies combined with many of them being out of patent protection and in the public agen economics and the ipr company, two independent research companies, were contracted to assemble a report on the role of ipr in technology transfer in the lead-up to the copenhagen summit, and tried to assert a definitive conclusion on this complicated issue. The authors determined - based on this trend - that patents are not a barrier to tech transfer to the majority of these developing countries since there are hardly any alternative energy patents registered in these countries. The authors argue that if wind technology is too expensive for developing nations to buy, it is not due to the ipr protections, but rather, more likely due to the additional cost of alternative energy technologies as compared to conventional fossil-fuel based energy technologies, which are often subsidized to create artificially low prices. The authors suggest that transferring technology to developing countries could consist of financial support to compensate low-income developing countries for the economic burden of carbon abatement while preserving the countries’ incentive to minimize the costs of that weisbrot of the guardian newspaper in the uk, offered his support for compulsory licensing in a short article in may of 2009. Based on this historical background, weisbrot asserts that compulsory licensing would be a positive policy in the cleantech while the literature provides a helpful background on the issue, the relative scarcity of academic articles on this topic and the general assessment among the researchers that more research is necessary, leave an opportunity for others to step in and try to complete a more comprehensive study of the the model for compulsory licensing has been borrowed from the biotech/pharma industry, the broader discussion among ip scholars has been whether the biotech industry is a good model for the ip challenges faced in the cleantech industry and whether compulsory licensing will encourage technology transfer to developing countries (barton 2007). Cleantech products are sold on a market that is full of other cleantech competitors, as well as competitors from the traditional fossil fuel energy markets, and, in the case of alternative energy technology, the strictly economic market for the least-cost technology based on price per kilowatt hour (kwh) - the demand-pull policies mentioned earlier can change the metrics of this economic market, which is one of the reasons it is so differences between the cleantech industry and biotech/pharma industry are substantial, and point to reasons why a system of compulsory licensing like the trips model may not be effective for clean technologies. The cleantech industry includes alternative energy technologies such as the following - biomass & biofuels, geothermal, hydrogen fuel cells, ocean energy (wave, tidal, and ocean thermal), solar pv, csp, wind (onshore and offshore), and smartgrid technology. Some energy industry members argue that nuclear technologies and high efficiency/low-carbon combined-cycle natural gas turbines can also be considered alternative energy. In the larger cleantech industry, technologies cover energy efficiency, carbon capture and storage, and the automobile industry. Technologies include - hybrid vehicle technology, advanced batteries, solar thermal technologies, energy efficient home appliances, lighting, and industrial machines, building energy efficiency software & hardware, electrical transmission & distribution software and hardware, and myriad energy storage technologies. It goes without saying that the different areas of scientific research involved with these technologies covers the full spectrum from biology to chemistry, engineering, nanotechnology, materials science, optics, etc. The following is a review of the pertinent reports and their of future h the process of researching and writing this paper we have developed a number of questions that are appropriate topics for further research which will shed greater light on the issues we have chosen to address. Among these questions are the following:While appropriability regimes have been shown to differ between firms operating in different countries, not just between different industries, we wonder if their is a difference in the patenting rate of the same company depending on the country in which their international operations are taking for further development into paper notes for future based solar turbine in e patent pool e the opposition to compulsory license based on trade issues under the co2 governments around the globe have identified the challenge of climate change as worthy of compulsory licenses for critical technologies, which is modeled on the world trade organization’s (wto) agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (trips). For the purposes of this paper we will use two different terms for the two similar but different industries addressed in our research.

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The “alternative energy” industry refers specifically to energy supply technologies like the wind, solar and tidal/wave technologies that are the focus of our larger research project. The “clean technology” or “cleantech” industry refers generally to all energy supply, energy efficiency and carbon abatement technologies. The majority of the leading large wind turbine manufacturing companies in the market today were, in part, born from the wind power technology research and development that began in the late 1970s, most notably in denmark, the netherlands, germany and the united states. The efficiency rating of solar pv panels is measured by the percentage of the solar energy hitting the surface area of the solar panel that is converted to electrical energy. Other alternative energy-supply technologies include: biomass and biofuel technologies, geothermal technologies, hydrogen fuel-cell technologies and ocean thermal technologies. Solar panel energy conversion efficiencies refer to the percentage of potential energy in the rays of sun hitting a pv panel that are converted into electricity for use by the consumer. The standard test conditions for a solar panel give the sun a potential energy content of 1000w per square meter. Pv panels have standard energy conversion efficiencies of 8% - 17% depending on their design, and the material used in the panel construction. If a pv panel's energy conversion efficiency is 12% then the actual electrical output of a 1 square meter panel will be 120 watts. In congress with this policy are nevada's aggressive solar and wind access laws, which "disallow the adoption of any covenant, deed, contract, ordinance or other legal instrument which affects the transfer or sale of real property that unreasonably restrict a landowner from installing solar or wind energy systems on their land. A feed-in tariff is a government statute that requires electric utilities to buy renewable energy from producers at a premium per kwh price and guarantees these prices in long-term contracts of 10-20 years. The result is a low-risk investment structure for alternative energy plants since income can be predicted with a high degree of accuracy, and income is guaranteed due to the long-term contract. The public utilities and regulatory policy act of 1978 (purpa) was the first us policy that gave alternative energy a competitive advantage (carlin 2004, 351): it required utilities to buy energy from alternative energy producers; it paid premium prices for each kilowatt hour of electricity produced; it guaranteed the prices for the entirety of 20 year contracts; and it was ultimately unpopular because the high prices created windfall profits for alternative energy producers, and the purpa contracts were paid for by the electric utility, raising the price of electricity for all consumers. The valley of death is the period between technology research and late stage development where many innovations have historically been lost or “fallen” into the valley, rather than being funded and marketed properly to reach the commercial market. While it is important to track inputs to innovation – such as research and development spending – that is not enough. Others” here should be understood as research and development spending; number of engineers, scientists, and technicians employed; some other categories of investments, such as expenditures on information technology equipment. On september 16,1991 the solar energy institute was designated a national laboratory, and its name was changed to the national renewable energy laboratory. The activity is a partnership between the us department of energy and members of the us photovoltaic industry. The thin film partnership program works within focused research areas: amorphous silicon (a-si), copper indium diselenide (cuinse2 or cis) and related materials, cadmium telluride (cdte), environment, safety, and health (es&h), and module reliability. The distribution of applications among different areas of technology appears to be related strongly to the countries’ geographic and resource situation as well as the distribution of research and development budgets and supporting policies. Variable speed control allows maximize energy collection while keeping the minimizing the load on the drive train. Ocean power technologies has assumed a leadership position in field of wave-activated turbine power generation, having developed a device for converting wave energy into electric power while submerged one meter below the ocean surface. Pages with broken file linksalternative page was last modified on 19 may 2010, at 16: page has been accessed 153,418 commons based hare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. Related slideshares at ative energy research hed on oct 6, is a research paper i wrote about alternative energy, what it is, why we need it and specific types we can use. I am going to upload this paper to my wiki, and weebly you sure you want message goes you sure you want message goes the first to like ative energy research world’s supply of fossil fuels is rapidly running low, and america is seeking to turn that around with the use of alternative energy. Alternative energy will power the world in the near chers believe that the population will have to find another fuel source by the end twenty-first century (bowman, et al 2). If people down on energy use america may not have to find alternative sources for a long time. The large amounts of energy used daily scientists are up for trying alternative energy source they find. Time is quickly running out because researchers if the world continues using massive amounts of energy there is only close to one of fossil fuels left (witherbee 1). Between the decreasing amounts fuels, the harmfulness to the environment america is in need for alternative are seven types of useable alternative energy sources (witherbee 2). The major disadvantage is that there are many alternatives to but none of them are efficient enough to replace them (bowman, et al 2). The economy an lifestyle is built around the use of fossil fuels because it is the quickest and able way of getting energy, but alternative energy must replace the use of fossil it is too late (bowman, et al 1). A turbine is a machine that creates energy from a stream of steam, water, (lee and warthol 2). Another problem with wind energy is and other animals have been killed by wind turbines. However, in the end, iveness of wind power prevents it to becoming a solution to america’s energy r clean alternative to fossil fuels is geothermal energy. The two most popular types of geothermal power plants plants, and binary plants (alternative energy sources 2). The steam comes straight from the geysers and es that connect to a generator to produces energy (alternative energy sources 2). After the steam is created the left over water ed to a reservoir, this is an endless cycle (alternative energy sources 2). This way ng energy is about five to eight cents per kilowatt hour (alternative energy sources 2). The sun is a constant heater to the plant, that could also help out with america’s energy needs. Most of the energy ht is not captured because it can be found anywhere (rich and morley 3). In sunlight find photovoltaic cells that give scientists the capability to make energy (rich and morley 3). When the sun is shining at its brightest would have an excess of electricity to use, that is a good reason alone to look more energy. News is that with new technology the equipment is getting cheaper and easier to americalooksintothese alternativesitcouldreallychange the tbe an alternative tothe decreasingnumbersof fossil fuels,butitwouldbe e the highcosts,alternative the planetandthe people livinginitcouldreallybenefitfromthe explorationanduse of esof ,alternativeenergywill be the onlyoption. 27 march media in the course - linkedin core: exploring k-12 course - linkedin management tips course - linkedin ative speech paper - analysis of financial markets (financial innovation in ghana). Presentation based on healthcare white paper by grail microbiology research paper on biofilm formation in p. Ch and writing skills success in 20 minutes a 3 final term paper in social technological sent successfully.. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your can see my search returned over 400 essays for "alternative energy sources". Alternative energy sources can be described as energy that actually won’t pollute as much fossil fuel, in addition to being less harmful to the environment as well as humans, lower in cost, lastly, comes from sources of which we won’t run out of. Alternative energy is deemed “renewable”, the reason being it comes from energy that is refillable by natural processes upon usage.... In today’s rapidly developing world, vast amounts of energy resources are being utilized at an alarming rate, one which can certainly result in the extinction of our valuable natural resources. Moreover, majority of the energy resources utilized today are non-renewable natural resources like the petroleum products which account for nearly eighty percent of all the energy resources used. Thus, exploring alternative forms of energy so as to decrease our dependency on non-renewable forms of energy and consequently save the environment, has become more important than ever before.... With a growing population around the world, the need for energy is growing as well. We are accustomed to using fossil fuels as our central source of energy for everyday uses. Fossil fuels are a natural matter that is found in the ground of the earth formed in a previous time period millions of years ago that are nonrenewable and are used for energy today. They are the only ones that power their house with solar energy and own hybrid cars. The couple knows that fossil fuels make the air quality bad and want to make the effort to soon make the air quality better using alternative energy. The same things happen in the real world, many critics prefer fossil fuels than alternatives, and in many cases criticizing their effort to make the environment better.... The world needs to start making alternative energy sources more of a priority for a number of reasons. Alternative energy refers to energy sources that have no undesired consequences such for example fossil fuels or nuclear energy” (“alternative energy”). Alternative energy sources collectively only provide about seven percent of the total world energy supply (mclamb). Through out of history we always had a need for energy up to now we use non renewable such as fossil fuels however these will soon ran out and we have to look for different sources of energy. People have gone from first fire to nuclear power plants and still scientists look for new types of renewable energy. In today's world , with increasing rates of consumption and as a consequence - the limited energy resources, the rapid development of technology is gaining momentum production of energy from alternative renewable sources.... Eventually we will get to a point where we will need to find different ways of efficiently producing energy at a low cost. Twenty to thirty years ago it was hard to imagine what sources of energy (other than obvious possibilities like solar panels and windmills) that could efficiently supply the world. The advancement of technology today is opening new doors in the energy field that are likely to change the way we think about energy....

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The united states has many directions to choose from in the oncoming future of energy. Options for the world's energy future may include surprises, thanks to innovative research under way around the world” (lepoire 1). Since the mid 1900’s, experts have been conducting research on the way our nation has been using energy. The united states have relied on other countries to gain knowledge with their energy sources.... Non-renewable resources will eventually run out and cause energy prices to skyrocket, which will destroy the worlds infrastructure. Investing in clean energy will have a beneficial impact on our economy through job creation, energy independence, and increased investing. Alternative sources of fuel and energy energy is the foundation of industrialized world; without energy, life as we know it would cease to exist. However scientists have found new ways to get energy that won’t hurt the environment as much as what was before the new alternative energies. New alternative energies will change into what the world will use to get their energy. They help create from none to barely any pollution for the environment unlike the resources the worlds been using to get energy.... How alternative sources of energy can be harnessed effectively in this age of power lack, substitute sources, which are required to fix the problem of both a lack of sources and polluting the environment, have been paid more and more attention than ever before. To be able to use these substitute sources successfully, it is necessary to come up with some legitimate alternatives.... The use of solar energy can also save the depleting fossil fuels and can be sustained for future generations. Apart from all this solar energy is a renewable form of energy unlike fossil fuels, provides several job opportunities and boost the economy and lastly it’s free and can increase the value of your property. Solar energy reduces the emission of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, and also reduce the dependence on the fossil fuels.... Without the continuous supply of energy that most of us take for granted, things would quickly come to a stop. Heating our homes, transportation, communication, health, even our daily food supply, which all depends on energy. But while energy delivers much that is good, it is also a primary factor, the primary factor. From smog, to acid rain, to climate change, to nuclear radiation, the effects of our current energy habits are fundamentally destructive, threatening our and all future generations.... The article, energy resources states that the use of these resources "is increasing at an unprecedented rate due to the rapid industrialization of a number of formerly third world countries. This alternative source does not rely on the incineration of carbon substances to produce energy in contrast to the commonly used fossil fuels and therefore, does not aggravate the air and water pollution issues that the world is currently facing. Solar energy also has only a few detrimental effects to society and these can be easily eradicated by modern technology and strict regulation. During the energy production process, solar factories release toxic chemicals; however, these chemicals do not pose a threat because there are already solutions that can remedy this situation.... This problem consists of the ever rising energy demand worldwide, which is directly proportional to the steady increase of the world’s population (see figure 1 in the appendices). For centuries, fossil fuel was, and still is the most conventional source for generating energy.... Beyond chernobyl and fukushima & why we need nuclear energy the most with the depletion of fossil fuel resources comes speculations and debates about alternative energy sources. The world, including the philippines, is practically dependent on a dwindling non-renewable source of energy. Everyone has been accustomed to the bad image of nuclear energy as a result of the chernobyl and fukushima incidents above all others.... Alternative energy sources and new technologies oil may not be the main reason for our military action against iraq, but the middle east has the majority of the world’s oil. Energy renaissance versus worldwide destruction, these two theories present common views regarding the utilization of nuclear power. Few energy resources have been spoken with such notoriety by some and praised as the final energy solution by others than nuclear power. However, the united states must increase its use of nuclear power in order to cover rising energy demand caused by the global energy crisis. When the middle east resolves its crises, oil prices fall along with the investment in geothermal energy (savage 10). In the united states, geothermal energy has received the most interest due to the current unrest (savage 10). Even though it is cheap, it is not renewable hence not an ideal source of energy. There is a plethora of renewable energy sources but why is wind energy superior to them all. Bush in 1849 at a company called green ohio energy, to harnest the power of the wind and convert it into renewable energy. Wind energy can be accuired by utilizing wind turbines that rotate when wind passes through the blades of the turbine.... Green energy green technology, or environmently friendly technology, is technology that does not harm the environment, one reason green energy is superior to other engergy sources, is it does noto deplete the earths natural resources. Another great reason to use green energy is it does not harm the environnment when making energy as much as other ways. One of the best ways of creating green energy is through wind turbines generate electricty through kinetic energy from the wind. When wind blows and catches on the blades they spin, which then makes a generater convert that into usable energy.... 8220;shifting power'; since the beginning of industry humans have been in search of fuel to power machines and generate energy. These fossil fuels are burnt in order to generate the energy required to complete various tasks. However, we are now realizing the problems that are created by using fossil fuels to generate energy. These problems are so great that they will force humans to find an alternative source of energy in order to avoid the inevitable disasters that lie ahead.... Alternative energy sources are becoming more and more popular, and because of this more alternative energy sources are being found. Biomass, compressed air tanks, and fuel cells are all alternative energy sources that can power cars, but fuel cells are the best. The future of wave power with approximately eighty percent of our energy, according to the u. Energy information administration, still being manufactured from fossil fuels that release pollutants to the air such as greenhouse gasses that include carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide and methane, it is not a bad idea to consider some alternative energy options like wave power. The term geothermal comes from the greek geo meaning earth and therine meaning heat thus geothermal energy is energy derived from the natural heat of the earth. Using nuclear power as our energy source could be our solution to lowering global warming. Not only do we currently use nuclear power to produce energy, we also use it as a weapon. So choosing to research biodiesel is a very popular alternative fuel that everyone’s talking about and know’s nothing about. So after doing some research i have a rough idea of what biodiesel is and what its made of. Biodiesel is a alternative fuel that is used in diesel motors so people don't have to run just straight diesel fuel.... General purpose: to persuade specific purpose: to persuade my audience that they should advocate the use of alternative power sources other than nuclear energy. Central idea: nuclear energy only contributes a small amount to the world’s electricity yet it has hazards and dangers that far out-way its benefits. There are many other alternative power producing sources that can produce energy more efficiently and more safely than nuclear power plants can. Considering all the facts stated above, the question in our mind should be: if this energy source is as good as it is said, why is it not used worldwide. This problem is the need for alternative energy sources which can be converted into electricity because the main energy source currently used is coal and the coal deposits will not last forever. The main alternative energy sources that many countries are currently researching are wind, solar, hydro and nuclear. But there is another source of energy that is heavily debated to see whether the pros outweigh the cons. The main reason for the heavy debate is not the energy source but rather the mining of the energy source through the process of hydraulic fracturing.... There have been intense debates on whether this source of energy is worth using up the water from the lakes and rivers, something that is important to protect the animals and plants. Wave power plants have a simple, yet practical way of harnessing the endless energy that ocean waves provide. Although the development of harnessing this renewable source of energy is still in its infancy, many predict that this underdog of a resource could be used worldwide in the near future. While both have negative connotations, they both are clearly still doing the job better than other alternative energy.

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With the continuous depletion of fossil fuels, there is an urgent need for alternate forms of energy, in particular technologies that are renewable, sustainable, and inexpensive. Of the united states electricity needs are met by solar energy; to contrast, coal provides almost 42% of the country’s electricity, despite the massive health and environmental effects associated with coal pow... Ways for recycling certain materials has grown more popular, also techniques for cleaner energy is being widely researched. After experiencing the replacement of manual and animal labour by steam engines in the industrial revolution, cheap fossil fuels then became the main source of energy. However, faced with the notable increase demand for energy, fossil fuel, as a non-renewable resource becomes scarcer and more expensive nowadays. To solve this problem, the world needs to replace fossil fuels with other sources of energy which are relatively low-cost and more secure. This essay will give an outline of three sources of renewable energy to be used in developing nations, which are solar energy, wind power and biomass.... Alternative energy resources and human dependence on oil introduction the modern world is fuelled by oil (youngquest, 1998). Hydrogen has the highest combustion energy per pound of any fuel which makes it the most energy efficient. A kilogram of hydrogen produces the same amount of energy as a gallon of gas. For example, change from our traditional fuel, such as fossil fuels, to an alternative, which can be wind turbines. Nuclear energy is by far one of the most controversial forms of ‘clean’ energy today. In comparison to coal and other forms of non renewable energy, nuclear power is one of the most expensive and hardest to produce types of renewable energy. In the effort to reduce the need for oil or petroleum as a source of energy many solutions are being discuss such as wind power, solar power, coal and the use biofuels such as ethanol as would be alternative fuel sources. In this paper, the pros and cons of alternative energy sources are discussed to see if they are the solution to replace oil as an energy source.... To prevent this, the united states needs to find an alternative to unstable and polluting energy sources before it’s too late (rouge). Space based solar power satellites, which are satellites that collect the sun’s energy and beam it down to the earth, solve for all these concerns (rouge).... Although billions of barrels of oil remain in worldwide reserves, the united states needs to invest in replacing petroleum with alternative energy sources because readily available oil reserves are running out and other sources are more difficult to access and use .... Technical and economic review of australian energy technology assessment (2012) findings on sugar cane waste power plants. Australian energy technology assessment 2012/2013 the bureau of resources and energy economics (bree) in collaboration with other governmental and private organizations conducted a technical and economic review of different electricity generation technologies called the australian energy technology assessment. The boy who harnessed the wind written by william kamkwamba and bryan mealer talks about the deforestation in africa, and the different type of experiments william conducted in search of possible alternative energy. If one converted to alternative energy, they are cutting out the need to make more energy the old way and keeps less contaminates in the air. Alternative energy can be used by an electric car instead of a standard car today. In a recent time, one of the biggest problems in the world is becoming shortage of sufficient energy. For about forty years after the end of second world war, the mineral raw materials provided almost all energy for humanity; as a result, people consumed it in big amounts. From the beginning of the twenty first century, the world power is based on non-renewable energy sources. Alternative energy investment the emergence of the industrial revolution in the 1760s has led to many issues facing the environment as of today. The usage of coal firing and natural gas as our primary sources of energy has dramatically degraded our various ecosystems and the health of others. By investing in alternative energy sources such as photovoltaic energy, wind power, and biofuels we improve our economy.... With the energy costs increasing and the available resources depleting many people are looking towards other renewable, easily derived energy resources. Ocean energy is an ideal resource meeting the requirements people set when looking for new sources. Although the technology is still being developed and evolved, with the technology known ocean energy has already shown to be more prospective than other energy sources already in use.... The blades and the hub that holds them are called the rotor (spilsbury, let's discuss energy resources wind power 6). The rotor is mounted at the top of a tower called the nacelle (spilsbury, let's discuss energy resources wind power 6).... Alternative sources of fuel can be obtained from a variety of energy sources, including those derived from biomass, various liquid fuels, and even energy from the sun (the new book).... The use of natural gas as an energy source, to produce electricity, is becoming more common in the united states. Due to growing concerns regarding global climate change and greenhouse gas emissions (ghg); the country’s dependence on foreign oil; and the fears that conventional natural gas supplies could be depleted within the next decade, the united states has begun developing alternative energy sources. Most critics would agree that clean alternative energy is the ideal source of electricity, but many argue about the available technology and efficiency of these sources.... In order to save the earth we need to look for alternative sources of energy in order to avoid the fossil fuels resources from being completely depleted. This means that fossil fuels, along with nuclear energy-a controversial, non-renewable energy source- are supplying 93% of the world’s energy resources. How does the development and use of ‘earth energy’ provide a viable and sustainable alternative form of natural energy. Outline • title; • introduction; • context; • aim/goal; • method; • results/body: • shortage of non-renewable forms of energy globally. Types of historical energies: coal, gas, oil and they are conditions at the time; • the geothermal energy: pros and cons • lack of adequate utilisation in kazakhstan. Conclusion; • evaluation; • furtherresearch; • bibliography; “how does the development and use of ‘earth energy’ provide a viable and sustainable alternative form of natural energy? Hydrogen energy is the next giant in alternative energy hydrogen economy is an alternative source of fuel and energy that does not damage the environment. Fossil fuels which is the fuel used by many countries is damaging the earth and has to be switched to a better alternative, such as the hydrogen economy. This alternative economy helps stop the destruction and does no harm to the surrounding environments.... Alternative energy sources are an important issue to consider and nuclear energy is certainly the most controversial. There are currently 104 nuclear power plants operating in the united states, but the licenses of those plants will expire in foreseeable future, the first one already in 2013 and the last one in 2046 (nuclear energy inst. The world is slowly running out of fossil fuels, and the transition to cleaner natural sources of energy is on the forefront of everyone’s mind. On the other hand, wind and solar power energy can produce enough energy but the infrastructures cannot support this type of energy conversion.... By 2020, hawaii is aiming to generate 20 percent of its energy from non-fossil fuels” (brown et al. Since hawaii has no pipelines or oil fields, they are forced to import petroleum to accommodate their energy needs (arent et al. Hawaii is disconnected from the rest of the united states, which means that hawaii has to take care of its own energy needs (croucher 2010, 79). Fossil fuels do deplete completely, there has to be something to take the place of that energy production.... The energy that is used today comes from fossil fuels, which is a nonrenewable limited resource that will eventually be used up. Alternative energy sources such as solar, hydroelectric, geothermal and wind energies can be used, to conserve the planets limited natural resources. Alternative energy is the use of another energy without the burning of fossil fuels and break up on atoms. Solar energy can be used to operate cars and provide electricity for homes and businesses. Impact factor measures the average number of citations received in a particular year by papers published in the journal during the two preceding years. Sjr uses a similar algorithm as the google page rank; it provides a quantitative and a qualitative measure of the journal’s more on journal example article on lides are short, 5-minute presentations in which the author explains their paper in their own in brief authors co-submit and publish a data article in data in brief, it appears on sciencedirect linked to the original research article in this ctive map application allows readers to interactively explore google maps (kml/kmz files) submitted with the article, and to download the original data ctive plot example article on application lets readers explore data and other quantitative results submitted with the article, providing insights into and access to data that is otherwise buried in sx authors co-submit and publish a method article in methodsx, it appears on sciencedirect linked to the original research article in this hing your article with us has many benefits, such as having access to a personal dashboard: citation and usage data on your publications in one place. This free service is available to anyone who has published and whose publication is in official journal of wren - the world renewable energy journal, renewable energy, seeks to promote and disseminate knowledge on the various topics and technologies of renewable energy systems and components. The journal aims to serve researchers, engineers, economists, manufacturers, ngos, associations and societies to help them keep abreast of new... Journal, renewable energy, seeks to promote and disseminate knowledge on the various topics and technologies of renewable energy systems and components. The journal aims to serve researchers, engineers, economists, manufacturers, ngos, associations and societies to help them keep abreast of new developments in their specialist fields and to apply alternative energy solutions to current ble energy is an international, multi-disciplinary journal in renewable energy engineering and research. The journal aims to be a leading peer-reviewed platform and an authoritative source of original research and reviews related to renewable ble energy covers research in the following areas: biomass conversion photovoltaic technology conversion solar thermal applications wind energy technology desalination solar and low energy architecture climatology and meteorology geothermal technology wave, tide and ocean thermal energies hydro power hydrogen production technology and fuel cells socio-economic and policy issuesthe journal also welcomes papers on other related topics provided that such topics are within the context of the broader multi-disciplinary scope of renewable energy. It should be noted, however, that papers are within scope only if they are concerned with power generation and that the power is generated in a renewable or sustainable way. For instance, a paper concerning development and characterisation of a material for use in a renewable energy system, without any measure of the energy that this new material will convert, would be out of ble energy accepts original research papers and review papers (the latter by invitation of the editor-in-chief only).

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