Research paper reference

This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the apa manual, offers examples for the general format of apa research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. Paiz, elizabeth angeli, jodi wagner, elena lawrick, kristen moore, michael anderson, lars soderlund, allen brizee, russell kecklast edited: 2017-10-02 10:51: reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page "references" centered at the top of the page (do not bold, underline, or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. After the ellipses, list the last author's name of the nce list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most t the journal title in in the punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its example: recall not recall or knowledge management research & practice not knowledge management research and lize all major words in journal referring to books, chapters, articles, or web pages, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper ize titles of longer works such as books and not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited note: while the apa manual provides many examples of how to cite common types of sources, it does not provide rules on how to cite all types of sources. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair paper: format of citations and you write your term papers, it will be important for you to document where you obtained the information cited in your report. Some may come from electronic sources such as the world wide web, melvyl and harvest databases available through the uc davis library, cd references and the like, and some may come from interviews. This skill will serve you well in writing papers of all types, not just those required for this class, we will be using the documentation style of the american psychological association (apa, 2001) modified with italics substituted for underlining. The rules are described in more detail, with examples, in section purpose of the term paper in ecs 15 is for you to learn how to do effective research on a subject and then write it up clearly, showing where you got your information. Research paper requires searching for information pertinent to a given subject, organizing it, and presenting it effectively in written form. Oral research reports are also useful, but this course does not cover the following sections, we will present the way that we want you to cite your references in the term paper for this course.

Writing references in research paper

The required format meets the accepted practices cited in li and crane (1993), a reference that is currently considered the best authority on citing electronic sources. You may be required to use slightly different formats for other papers, such as papers submitted for publication to refereed journals, each of which typically have their own styles. In-text citation to citing a reference from your reference list, please use the following conventions. If there are two references by the same author(s) for the same year, use letters after the year: (walters, 1993b). You include the author's name(s) in the text of a sentence in the paper, you may omit their names from the parentheses as follows: "austin (1996) includes valuable references to .... All references in that section should be complete enough for readers to obtain a copy for themselves. Your list of a list of references, one for each item cited in the paper, in a section called "references". The references are to be alphabetized by the fist author's last name, or (if no author is listed) the organization or title. If you cite more than one paper by the same first author, sort them by year of publication, earliest year first. Doing so means you have to renumber all the references whenever you insert a new reference. Author, date, and general format for the author, title, and date in your reference list is as follows:Author. For example, give the year of publication for a book, the year and month of publication for a monthly magazine or journal, and the year, month, and day for a newspaper or daily periodical.

Journals, magazines, and following apply to citing the name and identifying information for journals, magazines, newspapers, and periodicals in citing the name of a journal, magazine or newspaper, write the name in italics, with all words capitalized except for articles, prepositions and , number, and page the volume number in italics, followed by the issue number in parentheses (if there is an issue number), and the page number(s). For example:Englewood cliffs nj: : edward you choose to include any personal interviews, reference them with the person's name, their professional title and employer, and the date, time, and place of the interview. References found in electronic resource materials are available through melvyl and harvest, which are the electronic access points for the uc davis library. This section describes how you are to cite references that you have obtained from electronic basic form of your reference will be similar to printed references, but you will need to add some important additional information: the type of medium used, and the material's general, if you wish to cite an electronic file, you should include either the term "[online]" or the term "[cdrom]" (enclosed in square brackets) before the closing period terminating the title of the work cited. Samples of complete of the examples given above may be summarized by citing a few references in the form we would like you to use. Children's research and methods: what media researchers are doing, journal of advertising research, 32, rc2-rc3. How to navigate the new printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice at in-text citations: the y: mla (modern language association) style is most commonly used to write papers and cite sources within the liberal arts and humanities. Offers examples for the general format of mla research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the works cited butors:tony russell, allen brizee, elizabeth angeli, russell keck, joshua m. Both books provide extensive examples, so it's a good idea to consult them if you want to become even more familiar with mla guidelines or if you have a particular reference in-text citation mla style, referring to the works of others in your text is done by using what is known as parenthetical citation. This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference should appear on your works cited page. Oxford up, -text citations for print sources with known print sources like books, magazines, scholarly journal articles, and newspapers, provide a signal word or phrase (usually the author’s last name) and a page number. Future references employ the same edition of the bible you’re using, list only the book, chapter, and verse in the parenthetical indirect mes you may have to use an indirect source.

That, in most cases, a responsible researcher will attempt to find the original source, rather than citing an indirect non-print or sources from the more and more scholarly work being posted on the internet, you may have to cite research you have completed in virtual environments. While many sources on the internet should not be used for scholarly work (reference the owl's evaluating sources of information resource), some web sources are perfectly acceptable for research. When creating in-text citations for electronic, film, or internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source in your works mes writers are confused with how to craft parenthetical citations for electronic sources because of the absence of page numbers, but often, these sorts of entries do not require any sort of parenthetical citation at all. Both corresponding works cited entries are as follows:To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon:. Based media creating in-text citations for media that has a runtime, such as a movie or podcast, include the range of hours, minutes and seconds you plan to reference, like so (00:02:15-00:02:35). Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair to cite other sources the body of the paper | on rules in lit. A complete listing of s for published materials may be found in the body (intro and discussion) of the hout the body of your paper ( intro and discussion), whenever you refer to outside information, you must cite the sources from which you ation. Provide a reference to as soon as possible after giving the rd text citation are exceptions among the ls, but generally, in biological journals, the most of citations are shown in the following examples (in red):Found that male mice react to estrogen treatment by a phase three of courtship behavior (gumwad 1952:209; bugjuice 1970). Bugjuice literature cited section will contain the complete reference,And the reader can look it up that the reference to the a page number (gumwad. 1970) is short, and if readers want to find the referenced information,They would not have as much two author papers, give s' last names (e. And then the a book, paper, or article has fiable author, cite it as anon. Is the abbreviation nce a paper found in another article, do so as follows:Of citations should be separated by semicolons, e.

Copy of this reference should be available in the ladd a copy is available in the biology al communications:Suppose some of the information was not gained from the gumwad and bugjuice publications,But rather in a personal conversation with or letter from on the subject, dr. However,The source is usually thanked in your acknowledgments for do the following:Do not use footnotes: footnoting, although commonly done in other literary writing, is only rarely done in papers. Of the cases, the information you a research article is an objective result or the author stated this information, i. Take the information and put it into your ; avoid paraphrasing since this can potentially complete citations used in the literature the literature cited you must te citations for each of the published sources cited paper. The format for entries in the literature cited s for books and for journal papers because different information must be provided. The same author(s) are cited for one paper having the same order of authors' names,The papers should be listed in chronological year of s' names must be listed in on in the same order as in the ce, b. J nutrition 33(6):113 - the same author(s) are cited for more papers published within the same year, place. J physiol 40(2): the citation of bugjuice's paper, her first name; no comma (if full name is given, a comma); if multiple authors, use commas between;. Of biology, e, lewiston, me are here: home > how many references should i include in a research paper? While we admit there are very few hard-set rules regarding this issue, in this article, we will try to provide more concrete guidelines that will help you assess whether you have enough references in your we do so, let us briefly explain why references matter and whether the number of references you include can project certain perceptions about the quality of your work. There is such a thing as having too many or too references are nces show that you have carefully reviewed the relevant literature and are now contributing something novel to the academic community. We emphasize “critically assess” in the last sentence because references are only as good as you apply them to your research.

Therefore, the famous adage “quality over quantity” is the key to deciding how many references are ty can matter due to would be remiss if we didn’t tell you that being at either extreme (having too few or too many references) can reflect poorly on your intellectual aptitude and your study’s validity. Here’s you don’t have enough references, particularly on a topic familiar to a wide audience, readers may think that you haven’t done enough research into existing literature. If you’re sloppy in conducting your diligence, readers will wonder whether your paper is worth reading. Unless you’re john nash, who cited only two texts in his seminal 26-page phd thesis (one of which was to his prior work), ensure that you’ve properly researched the relevant papers and included appropriate citations! You have too many references, readers may wonder if you did any original research at all. Unless you’re writing a literature review, your paper’s primary focus should be on your investigation and findings. Show your readers what you’ve discovered and how the new information you present fits into or departs from the academic community’s current understanding of your onally, let us highlight the difference between the number of references versus citations. References are the source materials; therefore, each reference should be listed only once in your references section. Citations are meant to identify the source of the information you use in your paper. Therefore, the number of citations you have is typically larger than the number of references. Factors influencing the number of references you following are some of the many factors that may influence the number of references you use:The number of references required for a paper will depend largely on your work’s purpose. Therefore, their reference lists will be more exhaustive than those of research papers whose primary focus is the current authors’ findings.

Indeed, if you examine many journals’ author guidelines, you’ll note that journals have a higher maximum reference limit for review articles than original research length of your reference list will also depend on your research paper’s subject matter. For example, if you are writing about a less studied field, such as a subfield of neuroparasitology, you may discover that there aren’t many papers to cite. If you find yourself in this situation, review the references used by relevant current literature and see if you can expand your research, and thus your reference list, with valuable content from r factor will be your institution or journal’s requirements. More commonly, journals restrict the number of references due to printing may happen that you don’t have access to certain literature that could have served as a reference. In such a situation, you may wish to look for an institution that may be able to provide you access to that literature for the purposes of reviewing the that more papers are being published than ever before in most fields, it is likely that reference lists will grow longer simply because there are more data points and discussions available to cite. Keep track of changes to the size of reference lists in publications related to your y, a paper’s length bears some correlation to the number of “right” number of , we provide tips on how to decide if you have enough resources. After all, references are meant to enhance your paper while still maintaining your research as the focal journals be your way to gauge how many references you should have is to survey academic journals for your article type in your field. Review their author guidelines for limits on the number of references for your article type, and make sure your reference list complies with those journal recent articles relevant to your topic; check how many references other authors have included in their papers for the same article type as yours, and how frequently those works were cited per in mind that the above methods will give you an estimate of how many references you should include but will not tell you how many citations you’ll need per page. Regarding the number of references and give you a general idea, the following are some estimates from a couple of studies that examined the citation characteristics of articles published in various ing to milojević’s study encompassing research in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, robotics, ecology, and economics, the highest and average number of references per article page were as follows:Ecology: highest, ~58; average reference per page, 6;. And robotics: highest, ~28; average reference per page, <1; ics: highest, ~ 32; average reference per page, >1 but < above findings were based on data compiled from the first 20 years of the author’s research. Thus, make sure to examine your target journal’s most recent and relevant publications for a better idea of how many references to include based on the specific type of article you plan to another study by falagas et al. Although the sample size was small (63 journals), gali halevi observed the following citation trends of a broader range of average number of references per article was the highest for the social sciences, physics, and astronomy, and arts & humanities (roughly 54 references per article).

The other hand, health professions and earth and planetary sciences had the fewest references per article at an average of 8 and 17 references, and engineering averaged at roughly 29 references per mistry, genetics and molecular and other biological sciences averaged at and natural sciences more frequently cited recent literature while social sciences and math were likely to include older that the halevi study is limited in size, fails to factor in article type and does little to account for variances across different fields and journals. Additional information regarding journal restrictions on the number of references, click dos and don’ts of using ’t repeat references within a reference ’t repeatedly cite yourself. Exceptions to this rule should be reserved for “seminal” works relevant to explaining what prompted your research. Roughly 85% of all cited works should be less than five years careful not to cite several references in one place without discussing the relevance of each work to your research. In other words, don’t say, “we referred to previous studies in this field (1-7)” unless you later explain how each of reference #s 1-7 apply to your m the quality of the work you cite. Are there any ethical issues regarding the paper that would disqualify it as a good source? Do your references come from reputable sources such as respected journals rather than random blogs and website links? Therefore, make sure the works you reference naturally lead readers to wonder about the research question you address in your paper. Similarly, the references you cite should support the story building you create in your research ’t completely ignore the paper that could disprove your hypothesis. You want to show objectivity and that you took a balanced and unbiased approach to conducting your research. Mention the potentially conflicting evidence and explain why you believe it is flawed or inapplicable to your qualitative research papers, you may have fewer ng you cite in your paper should be listed in the references section. If either rule is violated, something is y, remember that a paper will typically have more citations in the introduction and discussion sections than in other ie haustein.

Note this paper involved a limited sample size and did not factor in article type. A milojević, “how are academic age, productivity and collaboration related to citing behavior of researchers? To introduce evidence and examples: 41 effective to order author names and why that ce provides high-quality english proofreading and editing have helped thousands of researchers, students, writers, and ze the impact of their the first to comment! Follow-up replies to my must be logged in to post a must be logged in to post a i use first-person pronouns in a research paper?