Research paper results

The purpose of this guide is to provide advice on how to develop and organize a research paper in the social of research flaws to ndent and dependent ry of research terms. Choosing a research ing a topic ning a topic ing the timeliness of a topic idea. An oral g with g someone else's to manage group of structured group project survival g a book le book review ing collected g a field informed g a policy g a research results section is where you report the findings of your study based upon the methodology [or methodologies] you applied to gather information. The results section should state the findings of the research arranged in a logical sequence without bias or interpretation. A section describing results is particularly necessary if your paper includes data generated from your own ey, thomas m. Clinical chemistry 56 (july 2010): ance of a good results formulating the results section, it's important to remember that the results of a study do not prove anything. However, the act of articulating the results helps you to understand the problem from within, to break it into pieces, and to view the research problem from various page length of this section is set by the amount and types of data to be reported. Be concise, using non-textual elements appropriately, such as figures and tables, to present results more effectively. In deciding what data to describe in your results section, you must clearly distinguish information that would normally be included in a research paper from any raw data or other content that could be included as an appendix. In general, raw data that has not been summarized should not be included in the main text of your paper unless requested to do so by your providing data that is not critical to answering the research question. The background information you described in the introduction section should provide the reader with any additional context or explanation needed to understand the results. A good strategy is to always re-read the background section of your paper after you have written up your results to ensure that the reader has enough context to understand the results [and, later, how you interpreted the results in the discussion section of your paper]. Organization and most research paper formats in the social and behavioral sciences, there are two possible ways of presenting and organizing the results. Both approaches are appropriate in how you report your findings, but use only one format or the t a synopsis of the results followed by an explanation of key findings. This is more common in longer papers because it helps the reader to better understand each finding. In this model, it is helpful to provide a brief conclusion that ties each of the findings together and provides a narrative bridge to the discussion section of the your : just as the literature review should be arranged under conceptual categories rather than systematically describing each source, organize your findings under key themes related to addressing the research problem. A thorough explanation of the results] or a sequential description and explanation of each key general, the content of your results section should include the following:An introductory context for understanding the results by restating the research problem underpinning your study.

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Results in research paper

This is useful in orientating the reader's focus back to the research after reading about the methods of data gathering and ion of non-textual elements, such as, figures, charts, photos, maps, tables, etc. Systematic description of your results, highlighting for the reader observations that are most relevant to the topic under investigation [remember that not all results that emerge from the methodology used to gather information may be related to answering the "so what? Do not confuse observations with interpretations; observations in this context refers to highlighting important findings you discovered through a process of reviewing prior literature and gathering page length of your results section is guided by the amount and types of data to be reported. However, focus only on findings that are important and related to addressing the research problem. It is not uncommon to have unanticipated results that are not relevant to answering the research question, and this is not to say that you don't acknowledge tangential findings, but spending time describing them only clutters your overall results section. Short paragraph that concludes the results section by synthesizing the key findings of the study. This is particularly important if, for example, there are many results to report, the findings are complicated or unanticipated, or they are impactful or actionable in some way [i. Problems to writing the results section, avoid doing the following:Discussing or interpreting your results. Save all this for the next section of your paper, although where appropriate, you should compare or contrast specific results to those found in other studies [e. Often the results of a study point to the need for additional background information or to explain the topic further, so don't think you did something wrong. Note that negative results, and how you handle them, offer you the opportunity to write a more engaging discussion section, therefore, don't be afraid to highlight ing raw data or intermediate calculations. However, if you are inexperienced writing research papers, consider creating two distinct sections for each element in your paper as a way to better organize your thoughts and, by extension, your paper. Think of the results section as the place where you report what your study found; think of the discussion section as the place where you interpret your data and answer the "so what? As you become more skilled writing research papers, you may want to meld the results of your study with a discussion of its ll, dana lynn and aleksandra kasztalska. University of southern journal of journal of journal of journal of business and these tips for your academic article's research results section and organize your findings in line with academic writing article is part of an ongoing series on academic writing help of scholarly articles. Previous parts explored how to write an introduction for a research paper, literature review outline and format, and how to write a research ics and researchers publish their scholarly articles to show the results they have obtained using gathered or collected data. Research papers present the process of testing hypotheses or models and how their findings help shape or advance a particular research topic.

Writing the results section of a research paper

Thus, the ‘results’ section is essential in expressing the significance of an academic findings of your research should be included in a separate section of your academic article, as it is the only section that contains data and s to consider in writing the results section of a research paper. Good place to start for your results section, it’s to restate the aim and objective of your research paper, so that your readers can refocus on the core of your academic article. So far in your research paper, your readers covered the introduction, literature review, research methodology and now it’s the time and place to bring their attention back to the purpose. A short paragraph is sufficient to restate your paper’s , it’s key to consider that this is main section of your research paper where you present and explain the data you have collected or gathered and the findings of your data analysis and academic writing should be clear, impartial, and objective. Each result, which confirms or refutes your assumptions, should be noted in an unbiased manner to increase the credibility of your results section gives you the opportunity to:Summarize the collected data in the form of descriptive statistics on the findings from relevant and appropriate inferential statistical analyses and interpretation that are aimed at answering your academic article’s research questions or supporting your hypotheses, and show your research an organized research results section, it’s best to use sub-sections. These sub-sections or divisions can be based on:Your research questions, hypotheses or models, statistical tests you have to clearly report your research you have used statistical analyses in your academic article, and found answers to your research questions, report those facts in relation to your question. Clear, coherent presentation of your research paper’s results should exhibit logical explanations without ming or rejecting hypotheses in your research defining the section of your research’s outcomes area, it’s important to keep in mind that the research results do not prove or demonstrate research findings can only affirm/ confirm or reject the hypotheses and assumptions elaborated upon in your academic any case, your results:Help with the understanding of a research problem from within,Assist in dividing the research problem into different parts and concepts,Add to the exploration of an issue from various vantage izing key findings in your results a coherent results presentation, you should:Offer summarizing notes of your outcomes the explanations of your key discoveries for your discussion example, in your empirical analysis you notice an uncommon correlation between two variables. In the results section, it is okay to bring up this outcome, however, posing new hypotheses for this uncommon result should be presented in the discussion tables and figures to highlight research valuable academic article should focus on using tables, figures and/or graphs to:Provide accurate views about the research findings,Summarize the analysis,Help with the interpretation of these outcomes, better understanding of the overall d of using only descriptive text for your scholarly article, consider other visual ways and representations that improve the academic writing of your research s, tables and graphs are useful methods for gathering a great deal of information into one place that can then be mentioned in the content of your article. If any research question or hypothesis is confirmed by your data and analysis, you can point to a table or figure that illustrates your you present tables or figures in your results section, make sure to describe at least some of the data included in these visual representations so that readers can clearly understand how the table works and what interpretations can be concluded from can also use appendices if you have many other helpful figures or tables that cannot be fully included in the text of your academic using a helpful combination of text, figures, and tables, you, as authors and academics, can use this section to effectively share your studies’ findings with the scientific ting research findings and statistical significance. Systematic description of your research results and a correct data analysis and interpretation are related to statistical significance, as they help avoid speculations or misinterpretations by readers of your academic a valuable research paper:Data must be directly and clearly presented,Statistical tests need to be used, figures obtained and included in the study have to be of statistical significance should always be presented with your results to show that your research findings objectively confirm or disprove your need to report the research results with enough details so that readers can see which statistical analyses were conducted and validated to justify or disprove your hypotheses. It is important to mention relevant research findings, including those that were are statistical insignificant, not validated within your model’s framework, and are at odds with your initial if not all of your research results are confirmed, you should not ignore them. These negative results that do not support a particular hypothesis should be noted in the results section, and then explained in the discussion g a research results section that do not address the negative results, invalidates the research paper and does not reflect appropriate academic ch results comparison with similar academic largest part of interpreting and discussing your research findings should be reserved for the discussion / conclusion r, there are instances when it is appropriate to compare or contrast your results with findings from previous and similar studies. Aspects for your research results a good structure and organization of your research, keep in mind these aspects:Start your research results section by restating the purpose of your research, so that your readers can re-focus on core of your academic e helpful and quality tables, figures, graphs that can synthesize your sure you include details about your data analysis and interpretation, as well as statistical significance the statistical insignificant research findings for your academic article’s the past tense when describing to your research not use vague terms and be as concise as possible when you are reporting your research de your section with a short paragraph that summarizes your study’s key aspects do you focus on when writing your research results section? Next, we examine the discussion and conclusion our more on writing high-quality research sabilities of d policies and sabilities of sibilities of the publisher in the relationship with journal sabilities of l duties of here to post a structure, format, content,Journal-style scientific contents | faqs | pdf. Perhaps more important than the first, is that this the paper to be read at several different levels. The take home is that the scientific format helps to insure that at a person reads your paper (beyond title skimming), likely get the key results and journal-style scientific papers ided into the following sections: title,Authors and affiliation, abstract,Introduction, methods,Acknowledgments, and , which parallel the experimental process. Section headings: each main section of the paper begins with g which should be capitalized, the beginning of the section, and double the lines above and below.

Do not underline the g or put a colon at the e of a main section heading:When your paper reports on one experiment, use subheadings to help organize the dings should be capitalized (first each word), left justified, and either s or e of a subheading:Intensity on the rate of electron , authors' names,And institutional affiliations. Use descriptive words that you would ly with the content of your paper: the molecule studied,The organism used or studied, the treatment, the location of. A majority of find your paper via electronic database searches and engines key on words found in the title should be centered top of page 1 (do not use a title page - it is a waste for our purposes); is not underlined or authors' names (pi or first) and institutional affiliation are and centered below the title. Remember that the title becomes the most on-line computer searches - if your title is insufficient,Few people will find or read your paper. Similarly, the above title could en stimulates nose-twitch courtship behavior in abstract summarizes, in one paragraph (usually), the s of the entire paper in the following prescribed sequence:The question(s) you investigated. Express the basic design of or briefly describe the basic without going into excessive detail-be sure to key techniques major findings quantitative results, or those results which answer ons you were fy trends, relative change or differences,A brief summary of your conclusions. State the implications of s your results gave can only make the simplest the content of your article, the abstract allows you ate more on each major aspect of the paper. A simple rule-of-thumb is to imagine that another researcher doing an study similar to the one reporting. Strategy: although the first section of your paper, the abstract, by definition,Must be written last since it will summarize the paper. To ing your abstract, take whole sentences or key each section and put them in a sequence which paper. Confirm that all the information appearing ct actually appears in the body of the paper. This is accomplished by discussing the y research literature ( summarizing our current understanding of the problem the purpose of the work in the form of the hypothesis, question,Or problem you investigated; and,Briefly explain your approach and, whenever possible, the possible outcomes literally, the introduction the questions, "what was i studying? For example,In the mouse behavior paper, the words hormones and likely appear within the first one or two sentences ish the context by providing. In the mouse behavior paper, for example, begin the introduction at the level of mating general, then quickly focus to mouse mating behaviors hormonal regulation of behavior. The articles listed in the literature relevant papers you find are a good starting point to rds in a line of inquiry. Es are particularly useful because they summarize research done on a narrow subject area over a brief time (a year to a few years in most cases). You should also indicate the ures used to analyze your results, including the at which you determined significance (usually at 0.

Example: notice how tution (in red) of treatment and control identifiers passage both in the context of the paper, and if taken to measure a600 of the reaction mixtures exposed to light 1500, 750, and 350 ue/m2/sec immediately after chloroplasts were added (time. Function: the function of s section is to objectively present your key results,Without interpretation, in an orderly and ce using both text and als (tables and figures). The results section with text, reporting the key results and referring figures and tables as you proceed. The n should be organized and/or figures that sequenced to present your key findings in a logical text of the results section should be crafted to follow ce and highlight the evidence needed to answer the questions/ investigated. A conceptual model) and tieing the observed result to that idea:The results of the ment (fig. This group showed the highest ation (84%), with longer (5 d) or shorter (12 h) ing smaller gains in germination when compared to the writing the results questions (faqs). Cm taller than female majors; the answer to the that the outcome of a is is not a key result, but rather an analytical helps us understand what is our key ences, directionality, and magnitude: report your results so as to provide as ation as possible to the reader about the nature of relationships. Table s section is a text-based presentation of the key includes references to each of the tables and text should guide the h your results stressing the key results which answers to the question(s) investigated. You must each table and/or figure individually and in sequence ( clearly indicate for the reader the key results that s. Key results depend on your questions, they might s trends, important differences, similarities, correlations,Maximums, minimums, ate each value from a figure or table - only the key trends that each t the same data in both a table and figure - this is ant and a waste of space and energy. Decide which shows the result and go with raw data values when they can be summarized as means,Test summaries (test name, p-value) are usually hetically in conjunction with the biological results t. The section shown in red would simply not appear except ces to report a statistical outcome and over-use of the word "significant": your results will read much more cleanly avoid overuse of the word siginifcant in any of its scientific studies, the use of implies that a statistical test was employed to make a the data; in this case the test indicated a larger mean heights than you would expect to get by chance the use of the word "significant" to this your parenthetical statistical es a p-value that indicates significance (usually when. E, in reporting a study of the effect of an on the skeletal mass of the rat, consider first giving on skeletal mass for the rats fed the control then give the data for the rats fed the ve results - they are important! If you did not get the anticipated results, mean your hypothesis was incorrect and needs to be reformulated,Or perhaps you have stumbled onto something unexpected that r study. Literature | results in function of the discussion is to interpret your results of what was already known subject of the investigation, and to explain our new the problem after taking your results into discussion will always connect to the way of the question(s) or hypotheses you posed and the cited, but it does not simply repeat or rearrange the d, it tells how your study has moved us forward from you left us at the end of the ental questions to answer here include:Do your results provide answers to le hypotheses? Do not waste entire ing your results; if you need to remind the reader of to be discussed, use "bridge sentences" the result to the interpretation:Of the lead-exposed neurons relative to controls suggests that... Be wary of mistaking the reiteration of for an interpretation, and make sure that results are presented here that rightly belong in your work to the findings of other studies - us studies you may have done and those of other stated previously, you crucial information in someone else's study that helps ret your own data, or perhaps you will be able to ' findings in light of yours.

Consider how the results of other be combined with yours to derive a new or perhaps ntiated understanding of the problem. You may also choose to briefly r studies you would do to clarify your working sure to reference any s as shown in the introduction uce new results in the discussion. Authors always e reviewers of their drafts (in pi courses, be done only if an instructor or other ued the draft prior to evaluation) and any sources g that supported the research. 1st person, objectivity) are relaxed , acknowledgments are always brief and never the n the discussion and the literature literature cited section gives an alphabetical listing ( author's last name) of the references that you in the body of your paper. Types of content | on: an appendix contains information that is understanding of the paper, but may present information r clarifies a point without burdening the body of the appendix is an optional part of the paper, and is found in published gs: each appendix should be identified by a l in sequence, e. See tables and figures), numbered in a separate sequence from those found in the the paper. In multiple appendices are used, the table and figure indicate the appendix number as well (see ment of biology, e, lewiston, me paperwrite to conduct ments with g a results g a results shuttleworth 164. This page on your website:The next stage of any research paper: writing the results section, announcing your findings to the article is a part of the guide:Select from one of the other courses available:Experimental ty and ical tion and psychology e projects for ophy of sance & tics beginners tical bution in er 44 more articles on this 't miss these related articles:1write a research paper. The results section is not for interpreting the results in any way; that belongs strictly in the discussion section. You should aim to narrate your findings without trying to interpret or evaluate them, other than to provide a link to the discussion example, you may have noticed an unusual correlation between two variables during the analysis of your results. It is correct to point this out in the results ating why this correlation is happening, and postulating about what may be happening, belongs in the discussion is very easy to put too much information into the results section and obscure your findings underneath reams of you make a table of your findings, you do not need to insert a graph highlighting the same data. If you have a table of results, refer to it in the text, but do not repeat the figures - duplicate information will be common way of getting around this is to be less specific in the text. For writing a results section perhaps the best way to use the results section is to show the most relevant information in the graphs, figures and text, conversely, is used to direct the reader to those, also clarifying any unclear points. The text should also act as a link to the discussion section, highlighting any correlations and findings and leaving plenty of open most research paper formats, there are two ways of presenting and organizing the results. The first method is to present the results and add a short discussion explaining them at the end, before leading into the discussion is very common where the research paper is straightforward, and provides continuity. This is common in longer papers, and your discussion part of the paper will generally follow the same sure to include negative results - writing a results section without them not only invalidate the paper, but it is extremely bad science. The negative results, and how you handle them, often gives you the makings of a great discussion section, so do not be afraid to highlight them.

An appendix to streamline writing the results section if you condense your raw data down, there is no need to include the initial findings in the results, because this will simply confuse the you are in doubt about how much to include, you can always insert your raw data into the appendix section, allowing others to follow your calculations from the start. On that note, it is unnecessary show your working - assume that the reader understands what a chi squared test, or a students t-test is, and can perform it you have a streamlined and informative results section, you can move onto the discussion section, where you begin to elaborate your findings.. Take it with you wherever you research council of ibe to our rss blakstad on g a discussion section - interprete the e of a research paper - how to write a ch paper format - tips and ch paper example - a sample of an academic to write an introduction - introducing the research ign upprivacy ncbi web site requires javascript to tionresourceshow toabout ncbi accesskeysmy ncbisign in to ncbisign l listyale j biol medv.