Research proposal on hiv aids
Plag-free" tation services:Dissertationdissertation chapter:abstractdissertation chapter:introductiondissertation chapter:hypothesisdissertation chapter:literature reviewdissertation chapter:methodologydissertation chapter:resultsdissertation chapter:discussiondissertation chapter:conclusiondissertation proposalthesisthesis statementthesis proposalresearch ch proposal research of thesis of a for rhetorical , can a thesis statement be a question? Pretty good senior thesis topics for a literature to make a legal thesis criminally years ago, the subject of hiv (human immunodeficiency virus), which has been found to be the cause of aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), would not have been the topic of a major and serious worldwide catastrophe. Like a simple exponential growth equation, the aids virus has increased victim numbers by about forty million all over the has also shown that it is not discriminating; it has infected all races and all heritages. The aids crisis extends far beyond its death toll, because more than seventy percent of the thirty-six million people with hiv/aids live in sub-saharan africa. The disease has been described as a development crisis; it is profoundly disrupting the economic and social bases of families and entire nations at a rate of infection at 16,000 per t immediate action, aids will surpass the effect of the black plague that killed forty million people in the late fourteenth century. There are no known cures or affordable vaccines to prevent aids; the only option is for a program to prevent further spread of the epidemic, minimize its impact, and provide care and nurture for those affected. Aids is at war with africa, and in any war, support is needed from allies. Without much needed assistance, africa may lose this war against not only its people, but also its economy, which could lead to political s from history make the problem of the aids epidemic more comprehensive. Aids has reached that point where if immediate action is not administered then chances of stopping the spreading infection will become extinct as will many lives along the road of the first epidemics of time, the bubonic plague which was also paraphrased as the black death, began in 1346. The aids crisis is at the point where the disease is destroying any hope for the country of africa to develop into a prospering state. In another prominent theory, however, it is believed that aids originated in africa by means of a virus similar to hiv found in the african green monkey. There is evidence to support and dispute both theories, however, and it remains uncertain exactly when or how aids began in africa. Although many theories also exist as to where aids began in africa, most evidence points to the theory that it began somewhere in the region of east central sub-saharan africa. Many sources also agree that aids probably began closer to the great lakes region since the countries that contain or border these lakes are the countries in which the largest numbers of aids patients have been documented to date. Programs need to be developed in which education is provided about the risks of these of the main reasons that the aids problem remains unresolved in sub-saharan africa is the numerous different cultural traditions and behaviors that exist toward sex. The cultures of this region are extremely diverse and include a wide variety of traditions dealing with sexual relationships, circumcision, and tribal healing methods that contribute to the spread of aids. One of the constant problems of battling aids in sub- saharan africa is the people it targets. Azt, one of the newer aids drugs that prolongs life, costs between $500 to $1000 a month. While south africa had previously passed a law that would allow it to make cheap, generic versions of these types of drugs, but drug companies worldwide took south africa to court in a lawsuit saying that patents were being violated, profits were tumbling, and expensive research was being stifled. More money must be provided for prevention and health with the financial, educational, and cultural changes needed to rid africa of aids, government assistance is required to help organize the needs of its people. The epidemic’s greatest impact is likely to be felt by individuals living with hiv/aids, the health sector, and the poorest households.
Governments can play an important role in mitigating these impacts, especially by prohibiting discrimination against hiv-infected persons in health care settings and in the workforce and by strengthening anti-poverty policies, but the most important lesson for governments to learn is that it is imperative to prevent the impacts of aids in the first place, through vigorous, effective interventions aimed at changing the behavior of those most likely to contract and spread infection. Today’s leaders can decide whether their children will grow up in a world where one out of four potential marriage partners is infected with a fatal sexually transmitted disease and aids patients occupy half of all hospital beds, leaving fewer beds for other patients. Involvement in the aids crisis in africa has one goal alone and this is to reduce the human suffering and death of this epidemic. More spending needs to be directed toward the african government, while interventions are placed on the education of human rights and disease aids epidemic, it’s been said, is no more an african problem than the holocaust was a european problem. This option would be devasting to the reduction of aids epidemic because the government in africa can not possible afford the resources that it would take to rebuild a community without this disease. The program also splits the cost for the eradication of three different disease including malaria, tuberculosis, as well as aids/hiv. The cost of the production of the drugs for aids alone would exceed this amount, not only to mention the lack of support of medical supervisors and staff to administer these last option that constitutes a combination of all possible options available makes it the best one. The project will be called the “aaa” or action on aids in africa, and in alliance with the imf, the world bank, and the un, the plan for eliminating the threat of aids in africa will come to a close. Funding of $20 billion will be presented to the project over a five year goals of the plan are as follows:· every african living with hiv/aids should have access to troviral therapy on or before december 2003. Every african aids orphan should be in school and receive appropriate medical care on or before december 2003. Every african country with five percent or more of its population living /aids should have their debts cancelled and the savings channeled and social programs on or before august conquer these goals, one-half of the funding will be provided toward treatment of patients with hiv/aids now. A country shall be in national distress if over five percent of it’s population is infected with hiv/aids. These programs should also employ expert staff on the treatment of aids in poor countries while also providing funding for the start of intervention treatment centers. These will provide information on safe intercourse, along with provide information on condom use and last of the funding will be geared toward the cure with water act, this act shall state that all countries having been designated to receive such funds will be provided with clean water to rid off the chance of other diseases that may heighten the risk of having aids. Many of the drugs being used to treat such patients will require that the stomach be full of water, and the risk of water borne illnesses must be eradicated during this the help of the imf, the aaa countries will receive assistance on help with rebuilding their states through aid administered in conjunction with the world bank and other assistance programs such as unaids and the global fund. That many would agree to option c is clearly the best option for treatment and prevention of aids in africa. The global coalition is key to help eliminate the threat of aids in africa of becoming the modern day black death. If you need a high-quality custom research proposal – feel free to contact our professional custom dissertation writing company which provides college and university students with custom undergraduate, master’s, mba and ph. 1 general recommendations on undertake a series of immediately doable laboratory, epidemiological and mortality studies on the south african aids epidemic to gain better insight into the link between hiv infection and the development of ake further studies in south africa on the virus, to look at the natural history; the rate of disease progression in hiv infected people; the effect of the co-factors in viral questions in research that would seek to understand behaviour within the cultural and the ethnic ch into general anti-aids drugs that attack both hiv and the following research projects and studies were proposed by indicated panelists during the period following the panel proposals that follow (proposals 1,2 and 3) have been put forward by the group that was set up by the presidential aids advisory panel during their meeting in south africa in may 2000. 2 proposal 1: quality assessment of hiv testing: establishing a baseline and validating hiv elisa testing in south basic idea in the validation of hiv elisa testing in south africa is to proceed in stages, graded in order of simplicity, and designed so that the results of each stage will determine what, if any, form the next stage will take. This study is based on the fact that:A virus named human immunodefeciency virus (hiv) has been validity and quality assessment of hiv testing is critical for accurate estimates, diagnosis, monitoring and surveillance (mostly for epidemiological data) of the hiv/aids epidemic.
Proposal 2: determination of the robustness of the current hiv elisa tests that are being used in south africa. An additional 100 blood samples from "hiv/aids" patients from the most densely affected region in the country will be obtained by dr blood samples will be taken to the major laboratory in south africa that does hiv elisa testing, where drs makgoba and roberto stock (an investigator from the institute of biotechnology in mexico, an expert on immunodiagnostics of all varieties and protein purification and biochemistry), along with south african colleagues of the panel's choosing (scientists, students, technicians) will have prepared a series of elisa plates that have been coated to contain:Antigenic preparations form the most common strains of mycobacteria in south africa. Preparations from common parasitic infective agents in the parts of sa that are heavily hiv/aids infected and from which your samples are nic preparations from the most common (non-tb) bacterial and viral infections in these populations. 4 proposal 3: molecular african hiv researchers need to be assisted to gain even greater awareness of the power and usefulness of the beacon technology as a general diagnostic tool, but particularly with reference to multiple drug resistant tuberculosis. It is not being proposed that the beacon assay be used as any form of gold first proposed step is to set up and calibrate the abi prism machine as well as teach south african researchers how to operate the machine and how to synthesise, purify and use molecular beacons. Once this is done, decisions will then be taken as to what degree and how the use of the beacon technology on the samples collected for the quality assessment of hiv testing (as in proposal 1 above) would be proposals that follow were suggested by members of the presidential aids advisory panel either during the panel meetings in may and july 2000 or during the internet debate between the two meetings. 5 proposal 4: do most people with hiv infection show signs of aids within five (5) to ten (10) years? Since the time of infection of these men is not known, and since they are currently healthy, their times to aids would be randomly distributed from a maximum of 5-10 years to a minimum of one day to aids. On average they are half way into their hiv to aids latent period of 5-10 years, or 750-1500 days (1/2 of 5-10 years) from getting aids. Therefore in the hiv positive group there should be 1 or 2 aids cases per day, and in the negative group there should be no aids cases. The cost would be one conventional hiv test per person, and perhaps a second one if a aids disease co occur and a phone call per person or to their supervisor every 2 months to find out how they are. 6 proposal 5: preadsorption and virus isolation experiments - the need for a gold standard in the diagnosis of hiv proposal on the preadsorption studies has strong similarities with proposal 2 above, but is included in this document as it appears as a package with the proposed experiments on virus ers: dr eleni papadopoulos-eleopoulos and dr val turner. Diseases, which are said to indicate aids (the syndrome, that is, the "s" in aids, can manifest in the absence of hiv the late 1970s, all the hiv experts claim that:The main cause of aid is a new agent, leads to the appearance of s, the patient who has aids and is infected with hiv, the cause of aids in that patient is defined to be means that once the existence of hiv is accepted, it is not possible to refute the hiv theory of aids by claiming that:Hiv does not fulfil the koch does not fulfil the farr is caused by recreational drugs and sex plays no role in the causation of is caused by antibodies neutralise of the above arguments against the hiv theory can be easily refuted :Regarding the koch postulates, if the existence of hiv is accepted and if the antibody tests are considered to prove hiv infection, then the koch postulates have been are many examples (tb, malaria, hepatitis b) showing that the farr law which stimulates that the epidemics of infectious diseases have a "bell-shaped" epidemiological curve does not scientific and epidemiological evidence shows that sex, namely high frequencies of passive anal intercourse, plays a role in the acquisition of both a positive antibody test and aids was diagnosed five years before antiretrovirals started to be used, the antiretrovirals cannot be considered as an argument against the hiv 1935 evidence existed which shows that antibodies to infectious agents do not neutralize them. Several experiments have been proposed including the following:Test a number of african patients who clinically have aids for hiv antibodies and/or perform pcr fy young american military recruits who have been found to be hiv positive 10 years ago and determine how many have progressed to the relationship between retroviral particles in the plasma as determined by electron microscopy (pictures) and the viral load gh these experiments are useful, they never can prove or disprove the hiv theory of aids. Regarding the first experiment listed above, finding for example that only 50% of african patients who satisfy the clinical definition of aids in africa have a positive antibody test will show that the african clinical syndrome has a poor positive predicting value for hiv infection and will reduce the number of aids cases by 50% but will not disprove the hiv theory. With respect to the second experiment listed above, even if a very small proportion, for example 10%, of military recruits had developed aids in ten years, it does not prove that hiv is not the cause of aids. Finally, the third experiment listed above, even if it shows that no correlation exists at all between retroviral-like particles observed in the plasma, it does not prove that hiv is not the cause of aids or even that the patients are not infected with the very beginning when the hiv theory was introduced, we wanted to perform pre-adsorption experiments. These experiments like the ones outlined above even if they show that all the antibodies present in aids patient's sera can be adsorbed by antigens other than hiv are not going to disprove the hiv theory or that the patients are infected with hiv. There are several indications that this has not been achieved so far:According to montagnier, what he called "purified hiv" did not even have particles with the morphology typical of 1997, for the first time, two groups of researchers published pictures showing the results of their efforts to obtain hiv isolation (purification). Nonetheless, these researchers did claim that although they could not obtain "purified hiv" particles, the material obtained from "infected" cultures did contain some particles which were "hiv". However as we have repeatedly pointed out elsewhere including at the johannesburg meeting of the presidential aids advisory panel :The particles did not have even the most basic characteristic of retroviruses, the dimensions.
Current investigations should be arranged in consultation with professor schoub or dr gray, and performed in the laboratory or laboratories responsible for routine serological tests for hiv by the elisa method or western blot or clinical purposes and for surveillance, a diagnosis of aids (aids/hiv, hiv disease) is made by the demonstrations of antibodies to antigens of hiv obtained from original lav-bru, htlv3 or similar complex cellular co-cultures. But, irrespectively of the state of health of an individual or community, a positive result by either method supports and in many cases mandates a diagnosis of aids. The latest revision of the icd assumes that all seropositive persons are at risk of aids and that the majority will proceed to develop signs, sooner or later. Although false-positive, false-negative, cross-reactive and indeterminate results frequently occur for various reasons or for no obvious reasons, it is further assumed that a "true" positive result can be identifies as a reliable indicator of infection with live hiv and therefore of active disease which will progress to aids or aids-related conditions (arcs). Errors in either direction are frequent and can cause catastrophes in relationships, families and communities, especially in countries where stigmatisation, social exclusion and expulsions occur when positive results are known or ility of sero-diagnosis is therefore the critical element in the identification and management of all forms of hiv/aids, and for assessment and prevention of vertical as well as horizontal transmission. To improve quality control in diagnosis and surveillance, it is suggested that the following method and precautions be adopted this will measure the overlap between hiv/aids and other prevalent disorders, give ongoing estimates of sensitivity and specificity of serological results, and provide a data-base for checking projections. Whose blood contains antibodies to hiv) is diagnosed as having aids or a related condition (arc, or aids-defining disease (add)), or being at risk of it. But it is known that many conditions unrelated to hiv/aids can also give positive or indeterminate results for shorter or longer periods. These conditions include tuberculosis and malaria, recent vaccinations, certain tumours, pregnancy and other altered states of health which are commonplace in populations where aids is prevalent, especially in africa. For doctors and health authorities, it is essential to know the full implications and seropositivity in itself mandates a diagnosis of aids, the overlap has to be ascertained by recording details of any other conditions present at the time in samples of blood sent to designated laboratories from clinics, hospital wards and surveys. This produces data sets in which the frequencies of these three grades of results are shown in relation to clinical diagnosis of presumed aids, at risk of aids from behaviour or contact, aids-defining diseases (adds), aids or adds plus other named diseases or conditions, and other diseases or conditions without thousands of samples of blood being routinely tested as at present, this procedure will yield data sets from which the frequency of true positive (aids only) results can be measured against those in the other categories. If, for example, 10 out of a hundred samples are true positive but 10 positive results are obtained also from those with other diseases without unequivocal clinical signs of aids, a person with a positive result in that sample is as likely to have some other condition, and so on according to the alternates indicated in the text of the full e direct identification of hiv itself is not required and is indeed impracticable at present for routine diagnosis, indirect serological tests are the measures used for decisions about all aspects of hiv/aids, and especially for assessing and controlling vertical, perinatal and puerperal transmission. These dangers apply to underestimates no less than to overestimates of aids and also to risks of overlooking other diseases submerged in the over-riding classification of hiv/aids. The present proposal, which should be discussed and implemented co-operatively with existing clinical and laboratory services, is designed to minimise these investigation could be extended to sentinel surveillance and all cases of aids (with controls) admitted to hospitals. These data might then be used for more critical analysis of the hypothesis that hiv is the essential cause of aids. Will indicate the weighting that might be attached to a given proposal is submitted in outline so that it can be circulated for comment and revision.. It is accepted that further detail will be required for implementation which should be arranged if possible with the national institute of virology, with those responsible for testing and surveillance, and for compilation of registration data in south gh sentinel surveillance as organised by the who requires serodiagnosis by elisa, using recombinant antigens prepared from co-cultures of hiv, it should be noted that the bangui definition of aids agreed by the who and member states in 1987, is regarded as sufficient to warrant a diagnosis of aids or aids-related conditions without any serological test. 9 proposal 8: study to find out the real meaning of hiv pal proposers: dr harvey bialy and dr roberto take blood from four groups of people and run the tests highly diluted, undiluted and at a wide spectrum of dilutions in first group would be a group of healthy people of many different age second group would be a group of people from the aids risk third group would be a group of people with clinical conditions unrelated to aids; fourth group would be a group of patients with full manifestations of groups would be subjected to both elisa and western blot tests. 10 proposal 9: to test the reliability of one of the main laboratory methods currently used to quantify hiv in the blood of seropositive individuals - using the electron er: prof. If this would appear difficult, we should then consider doing part of the work either in europe or in new y, it would be of considerable importance for me to be informed of the experimental proposals presented by dr. We propose to take 60 chimpanzees divided into three groups of 20 each as follows:Group a is the hiv negative b is infected with hiv but otherwise treated exactly as group c is treated with hiv and is put on a life-time course of the three drug anti-hiv cocktail known as are two outcomes of the study:Which animals come down with aids-defining and other diseases?
National institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism (niaaa) ations to support research to identify and characterize the role l, drinking behaviors, and drinking environments in the epidemiology l history, pathogenesis, prevention, treatment and control of hiv/ goal of this program announcement is to encourage multidisciplinary,Interdisciplinary, and collaborative studies that focus on a range iologic and intervention issues within hiv and alcohol. Substance use, mental illness, homelessness, hepatitis, stds, tuberculosis),Including the causes and implications of program announcement is intended to appeal to a broad audience of hiv/aids researchers, including alcohol researchers with no prior hiv/aids research, but with a keen appreciation for the relationship m drinking and hiv/aids and a strong interest in acquiring ence, hiv/aids researchers with no prior alcohol research experience e the importance of more intensive alcohol interventions to al outcomes among hiv+ individuals, and those with prior ence in the area of co-occurring hiv/aids and alcohol and other . Given the breadth of research objectives included in this announcement,Potential applicants are encouraged to carefully review all sections of cement for research public health service (phs) is committed to achieving the ion and disease prevention objectives of "healthy people 2010," a phs-. This program announcement,Research on alcohol and hiv/aids, is related to one of the priority areas. Racial/ethnic minority individuals, women, and persons lities are encouraged to apply as principal isms of pa will use the national institutes of health (nih) research project grant. Exploratory/ and small grants cannot be renewed, but grantees may apply for t to continue research on the same l consumption and its consequences together with hiv/aids are health burdens in many parts of the world. As hiv/aids research focused, there is growing evidence that alcohol consumption may play ant role in sexual transmission, susceptibility to infection, ssion of hiv disease. In addition, alcohol use, abuse, and dependence a significant impact on the occurrence and course of comorbid as hcv and tb, adherence to medications and provider advice, provider t attitudes towards treatment, and l emphasis has been given to research which examines the effectiveness entions that extend beyond the level of the individual, with the aim ng all of the resources of a given community to bear on the twin alcohol and other substance abuse and hiv/aids. This focus is, in turn,Consistent with goals articulated by the international aids research its attempt to stem the spread of hiv/aids in resource poor areas of . However, carrying out research on the effects of alcohol drinking behaviors on hiv-related health outcomes is challenging. Al findings have associated increased levels of chronic ption with diminished immune function, as evidenced by reduced levels 4 and cd8 activity, many questions about the relationship between ption, increased susceptibility to hiv infection, and ssion to aids remain unanswered. It is therefore uing importance to conduct research which seeks to clarify the role l in hiv transmission and disease progression, and to develop and tive interventions which both reduce the risk of alcohol-related ission and improve the treatment of hiv infected alcohol abusing and/l dependent complex and global nature of unresolved questions surrounding alcohol /aids relationships indicates the need for a multidisciplinary approach ch. Investigators representing a broad array of lines and engaged in cross-cutting fields of science are encouraged er designing hypotheses-driven studies that utilize ologies from epidemiological, clinical, and experimental l emphasis areas include:Epidemiology and natural history of alcohol use and hiv/aids: tanding of the epidemiology of alcohol use, abuse, and dependence in ion and aids will help to identify high-risk groups and pment of effective hiv prevention and treatment efforts, including ment of hiv/aids disease. For example, studies are needed to:O gain insight into the alcohol-hiv/aids relationship through ch on alcohol consumption patterns of groups at-risk for hiv infection. Characterize alcohol use and alcohol use disorders in high-risk groups /aids and co-occurring medical and psychiatric conditions. Describe more fully the role of gender, race/ethnicity, cultural nmental factors in the intersection of alcohol and hiv/aids epidemics. Develop school-based interventions, including middle school, high school, e curricula focusing on the relationship between alcohol-related behaviors and hiv/aids. Of hiv/aids and alcohol abuse/dependence currently al decision making, and how provider practices could be modified e clinical outcomes. Research is needed to determine whether and l affects disease progression in various organ systems in hiv+. Specifically research efforts are needed to:O develop and test therapeutic regimens which are based on a)ctions between alcohol and antiretroviral medications, b)changes in lism in individuals with alcohol-related liver dysfunction and logic impairments, c)results of testing for drug resistance, and. Investigate impact of alcohol on hiv-specific complications athogenesis and pathogenic processes involved in aids dementia, athy, cardiomyopathy, enteropathy and wasting, among other conditions.
Study the impact of alcohol on fat redistribution and other aspects of fat,Protein, and carbohydrate metabolism and nutrition in individuals with hiv/aids. Level behavioral and psychosocial approaches to the treatment duals with co-occurring hiv/aids and alcohol abuse/dependence: entation of research-based behavioral/psychosocial interventions complement state-of-the-art pharmacologic interventions for the alcohol dependence in hiv+ individuals will be critically important to ement of improved clinical outcomes. Research is needed to terize and address the impact of behavioral and psychosocial factors to treatment and on drinking and hiv/aids outcomes, and to ve behavioral, affective, physical, cognitive and social consequences infection in alcohol-using and -abusing populations through entions. Specifically, research efforts are needed to:O integrate alcohol risk reduction goals into hiv/aids treatment programs,Including behavioral, psychosocial, and pharmacological interventions. Develop and test interventions to improve the quality of life of coexisting hiv/aids and alcohol use disorders (e. Strategies to impact of alcohol-related consequences on social, family, oning and well-being, and on the course of aids-related illnesses. Improve understanding of the relationship between alcohol use and abuse,Access to care, and delivery and cost of services for infected ical research on alcohol and hiv/aids: lack of knowledge on the alcohol on hiv infectivity and viral replication is a ment to understanding hiv-related morbidity and mortality. Therefore,Research that provides detailed knowledge of how alcohol and hiv, each in way or acting in concert, usurp host defense mechanisms and co-opt ar machinery to enhance viral replication is urgently ical research that delineates the multiple effects of alcohol on host defense mechanisms and disease progression will provide a for the development of new methods of therapeutic intervention. Ing topics serve to illustrate the types of research that would sive to this pa:O effects of alcohol on viral burden, immune function, and organ ction in hiv infected individuals or appropriate animal models. Drug-drug interactions between alcohol and antiretroviral drugs, d pharmacokinetics, metabolism and toxicity due to chronic or ity-based participatory research: community-based participatory public health is a partnership approach to research that equitably involves,For example, community members, organizational representatives, and all aspects of the research process. This announcement seeks to ity-based participatory research because it represents a ction from "community-based research," which emphasizes ch in a community as a place or setting, rather than conducting members of a community who are full and equal partners. Within the area of community-based participatory research, l emphasis areas include:O research on the characteristics of community-based organizations ions most likely to be successful in implementing effective entions in at-risk communities. Studies which identify and evaluate outcome measures and data s appropriate to the evaluation of research-based hiv entions implemented in community settings. Impact on the delivery of prevention, intervention, and treatment individuals with coexisting hiv/aids and alcohol use disorders. Chers and researchers in other nations to evaluate gies to arrest the spread of hiv infection and its ination and diffusion of research findings: despite advances in dge of effective approaches to preventing hiv infection, it is clear ation, strategies, and models for hiv prevention have not always ity program levels. It ely important that more effective collaborative relationships between ch community and the community of public organizations tion programs to high-risk populations be developed in such a way that nable research infrastructure is established and/or enhanced at the local communities. These models must ive training for community providers as well as ongoing assessment of s to research-based interventions when they are put into al to the success of these efforts will be an awareness of the cultures the interventions were undertaken and ways in which existing have to be modified to be successful. Interventions which leave in tructures capable of complex problem solving, program evaluation, g two-way communication with the research community should technology ted areas of research include but are not limited to:O studies that develop and test different models for transferring ch-based hiv prevention interventions into relatively resource poor. Studies of mechanisms that would enable community-based organizations and communicate with the research community on needed research to ses to ongoing or emerging hiv-related public health issues. Collaborative programs to train minority investigators to conduct clinical,Biomedical, and prevention research which explores the impact of alcohol hiv transmission, disease progression, and clinical ion of women and minorities in research involving human is the policy of the nih that women and members of minority groups and -populations must be included in all nih-supported clinical research a clear and compelling justification is provided indicating ion is inappropriate with respect to the health of the subjects or e of the research. Investigators proposing clinical research should read the amendment "ines for inclusion of women and minorities as subjects in ch - amended, october, 2001," published in the nih guide for grants cts on october 9, 2001.
The ues to require for all nih-defined phase iii clinical trials that: a) ations or proposals and/or protocols must provide a description of conduct analyses, as appropriate, to address differences by sex/gender and//ethnic groups, including subgroups if applicable, and b) report annual accrual and progress in conducting analyses, as appropriate,By sex/gender and/or racial/ethnic group ion of children as participants in research involving human is the policy of nih that children (i. Be included in all human subjects research, conducted or supported by , unless there are scientific and ethical reasons not to include them. Applies to all initial (type 1) applications submitted for receipt october 1, investigators proposing research involving human subjects should read the. Program staff may also provide additional ation concerning the ed education on the protection of human subject policy requires education on the protection of human subject all investigators submitting nih proposals for research involving ts. The absence of this information vely affect your priority in nih grant applications or applications and proposals for nih funding must be self-contained ied page limitations. Unless otherwise specified in an nih solicitation,Internet addresses (urls) should not be used to provide information necessary review because reviewers are under no obligation to view the internet ers are cautioned that their anonymity may be compromised when ly access an internet access to research data through the freedom of information office of management and budget (omb) circular a-110 has been revised e public access to research data through the freedom of information act. In addition, think about how to structure informed consent statements and other ts procedures given the potential for wider use of data collected ation phs 398 research grant application instructions and forms (rev. As part of the initial merit review, ations receive a written critique and undergo a process in which applications deemed to have the highest scientific merit, generally half of the applications under review, will be discussed, assigned ty score, and receive a second level review by the national l on alcohol abuse and goals of nih-supported research are to advance our understanding ical systems, improve the control of disease, and enhance health. In n comments reviewers will be asked to discuss the following aspects of ation in order to judge the likelihood that the proposed research a substantial impact on the pursuit of these goals. Is the work proposed appropriate to the experience the principal investigator and other researchers (if any)? Focus on whether the rationale for the study is well developed r the proposed research is likely to generate data that will lead to r research project grant or full-scale clinical trial. The opportunity to clarify or questions from potential applicants is inquiries regarding programmatic issues related to general niaaa l bryant, ific coordinator alcohol and hiv/aids research, , collaborative and special health programs of collaborative al institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Executive da, md one: (301) inquiries regarding programmatic issues related to the clinical tion research to:Margaret mattson, on of clinical and prevention al institute on alcohol abuse and alcoholism. This is consistent with the n to protect and advance the physical and mental health of toc for this funding opportunities and ment of healthand human al institutes of health (nih)9000 rockville pikebethesda, maryland e proposal: global tions and impact of hiv-related stigma in low-income communities of urban addis be your general goals and expected outcome. Hiv/aids is a highly stigmatized disease and although the presence of stigma is widely acknowledged, practical methods of intervention are rarely documented or analyzed for outcome and effectiveness. This project will address three main questions: 1) what is the general understanding of hiv/aids and its associated stigma in urbanized addis ababa? In conducting the research, in-country support will be provided by the stand for vulnerable organization (svo), whose aims are empowering vulnerable community members (especially women, children, and the elderly) by providing different forms of grassroots support, including hiv prevention and family economic development. Moreover, the findings will be integrated in an educational curriculum that will be piloted in tandem with the data ound & long term is the overall goal of this research? As the disease progresses, individuals not receiving effective treatment will eventually develop acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) (1). The aids epidemic is globally recognized and measures are being taken to encourage prevention and increase universal access to treatment, the matter of hiv/aids stigma and discrimination has largely remained unresolved for over 25 years (5). What research has been done has found that hiv-related stigma impedes measures like universal access (treatment), hiv testing, and the effectiveness of national responses programs (5).
Hiv/aids is so highly stigmatized in some regions that it hinders many from acknowledging their status or seeking treatment. Even with the influence of stigma on hiv/aids prevention and control, it continues to be at the bottom of aids program priorities(6). A study conducted in ethiopia evaluated basic knowledge of hiv/aids across the population, measuring experiences and consequences of stigma (7). My research questions will encompass similar questions evaluated in previous studies to reconfirm their outcomes and create a background for the development of an educational g closely with my faculty mentors and community partner, my general aim is to understand hiv/aids related stigma in addis ababa. 1) evaluate the general level of hiv/aids knowledge and assess associated perceptions, barriers, and justifications for the stigmatization of those at risk for hiv/aids. 2) examine the factors that influence a caretaker’s decision to get themselves and their child tested for hiv/aids. Information gained from investigating these questions will be used to develop an educational program targeting hiv/aids stigma and barriers for employment—influenced by stigma—that exacerbate spirals into inspiration for this project stems from working with dr. This may be transferred into a resource guide for members of the community seeking ic aims & short term are the specific research questions that you will ask this summer, and what methods will you use to address them? Conducted studies on hiv-related stigma have found that hiv/aids stigmatization indisputably encumbers efforts to combat the hiv/aids epidemic. Literature reviews on stigmatizing behaviors, internal stigma, and awareness of hiv/aids in ethiopia reinforce the existence of stigma and explain how it is embodied in rural and urban ethiopian communities. In this project, i seek to add to the data on stigma and barriers to compile community specific data for analysis in developing an specific aim is to conduct research to assess the basic knowledge of hiv/aids of children and adults to identify markers between factual knowledge and associated stigma. As stated in the general goals above, this data is needed and valuable for providing svo information that can allow them to develop targeted interventions to effectively reduce barriers to hiv knowledge, stigma and design of my study employs qualitative and quantitative research methods. 1) the survey structure and questions will be derived from existing question sets pulled from the positive outcomes for orphans study conducted at duke at the center for health policy and inequalities research as well as other questionnaire toolkits from the literature on stigma related research. The positive influence this study may have in decreasing stigma in the community could be shared by svo with other organizations via circulation of the information on hiv and aids. Stigma in the hiv/aids epidemic: a review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward. Disentangling hiv and aids s t i g m a in ethiopia, tanzania and zambi. 8/day for 52 days for a total of $ ababa: $25/day for 52 days for a total of $es & equipment:$500 for interviewing documents, printouts, pilot implementation costs, and compensation for onal funding sources (applied):Career center internship funding global health institute center for civic engagement center for international ’ summer research rad research grant writing support is powered by wordpress at duke wordpress sites. Contact the duke wordpress l professionalsdata collectionquality controlhiv treatment guidelineshiv treatment centrestrainingloginpatients and publicinformation for patientshiv/aids epidemic updateabout hivuseful linksdownloadable documentsfilmsterminologyresearchresearch projectscollaborationsmonitoring reportspublicationspresentationsresearcher profilesabout shmbackgroundmissionorganisationfinancial informationannual reportsprivacy & cookie policysustainabilitycareerscontactnewspress and news releaseseventsenewslettermedia ch projectsresearch proposalresearch in progresscompleted researchcollaborationsmonitoring reportspublicationspresentationsresearcher ting a ts for using shm cohort data must be submitted using the request for data application form: request for data form (research proposal)all proposals must be submitted electronically to: ring@. Each proposal must include the following information:Details of the project leader and ption (including research questions, background, literature, and added value and implications of research). Data will only be supplied to those groups that contribute to the supply of data from the 26 hiv treatment centres in the netherlands and other established academic research groups. Others may only use the data in collaboration with ing submission, the proposal will be reviewed by the hiv monitoring working group.
If the research proposal is approved, the project leader will be notified and the project will be included under research in progress. If the research ends or is discontinued, shm should be expects the project leader to file a progress report at the beginning of each year, for inclusion in shm’s annual report. Progress reports should include:Progress summary including background, methods, results and overview of publications in peer reviewed journals or other printed publications resulting from the research cts of presentations, including authors, date and place of should be notified of any publications resulting from the research project once a publication has been accepted by a journal. These publications will be added to shm’s website under the research section of the research research -up for -up for ing hiv ing hiv monitoring (shm) makes an essential contribution to healthcare for hiv-positive people in the netherlands. Shm’s data also form the basis for the yearly hiv monitoring report and are used in hiv-related research in the netherlands and internationally. The outcome of shm’s research provides tangible input into hiv care and prevention polices in the isch medisch siteit van gdreef 9 1105 az amsterdam.