Literature review on childhood obesity

Ript raduate research e ture review - a 21st century epidemic: childhood obesity in north :  nafisa m. This review will discuss the cause and effect of childhood obesity as well as compile recommendations and initiatives currently in place to decrease childhood and adult obesity. For children of the 21st century, obesity is one of the most common metabolic and nutritional diseases. Researchers have identified three main causes of obesity and they include genetics, overeating and lack of exercise. The effects of obesity on children have a huge impact and can range from low self-esteem to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Parents and healthcare professionals can work together to make prevention more effective and one day perhaps abolishing this american heritage dictionary formally defines obesity as condition of increased body weight that is caused by an excessive accumulation of fat. However, insurance companies rarely cover any costs that are associated with treatments for obesity (kempster, 2003). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the increasing epidemic of childhood obesity in north america and its implications. The following sections will describe: (1) mechanism of obesity, (2) causes of obesity, (3) measuring obesity, (4) preventing obesity, (5) possible recommendations and future growth, fat cells increase in number and when energy intake exceeds expenditure, fat cells increase in size. Has shown that obesity is also associated with increased levels of a hormone called leptin (moran et al. In children today, obesity is the most common metabolic and nutritional disease, where as thirty years ago, obesity was rarely seen in children. In the past twenty years, there has been an exponential increase in the incidence of obesity among children. 2000) showed that there was a 17% increase in obesity rates among boys and a 15% increase among girls, since 1981 to 1996. This alarming increase in childhood obesity has been occurring in all westernized countries, and specifically in canada. While childhood obesity rates were similar to other countries like scotland, england and spain in early 1980's, by the 1990's canadian rates rose by leaps and bounds (canadian press, 2003). Peter nieman, (2004) a practicing pediatrician, has identified three main causes of childhood obesity: genetics, overeating and lack of exercise. He emphasizes that it is important to understand that the causes of obesity are often a combination of these three factors. Only one percent of obesity is due a hormonal cause (nieman, 2004), that is, mutations that lead to altered secretion of hormones or hormonal action. In a recent press release, burger king's ceo, brad blum told the public how burger king would help reduce childhood obesity, "we hope to reinforce the importance of physical fitness as part of everyday life, help kids fuel the fire within and understand the concept of energy in and energy out" (kuntzman, 2004). Viewing has been proven to be a significant factor in childhood obesity, since viewing during childhood years could have lasting effects on lifestyle later in life (hancos et al. According to the heart and stroke foundation of canada, almost one in four canadian children, between the ages of 7 and 12 are obese because television viewing encourages a sedentary lifestyle and also contributes to childhood obesity by aggressively marketing junk food to young audiences (media awareness, 2004). This also explains why the obesity rates are increasing faster amongst boys than girls in canada (canadian press, 2003). The replacement of many physical activities by technology has helped childhood obesity rates increase to make obesity the latest "epidemic" of industrialized nations, such as canada and the united states. Other causes of obesity that were identified by researchers include sex, socio-economic status and race. In canada, there is an increased risk of childhood obesity as you move from the west to the east coast (willms et al, 2003). Childhood obesity has been shown to be less pronounced in western canadian provinces when compared to the eastern canadian provinces (canada press, 2003). Study done by willms et al (2003) showed that parents' weight also plays an important factor in the causes of obesity.

Review of literature on childhood obesity

A 1998 study in the new england medical journal showed that if parents' weights are normal or slightly overweight when the child is between the ages of one and three, there is no increased risk of obesity later in life. The are many causes of childhood obesity and only few have been discussed, new and more advanced causes of obesity appearing ing obesity in children. In addition, bmi for age and gender compares well to laboratory measures of body fat and it can be used to track body size throughout care professionals and parents are just realizing the effects of childhood obesity. The high incidence of obesity causes increased blood pressure, diabetes and also increased levels of low self-esteem and depression in the population (neiman, 2004). Low self-esteem and depression do not seem to be a direct effect of obesity, but dr. It has been shown that children that are obese at the age of four have a twenty percent possibility of developing adult obesity and those who are overweight during adolescence increase their risk of developing adult obesity to eighty percent. This is particularly frightening because the next generation of adults who will enter adulthood will already have a lot of health problems because of their childhood obesity (canadian press, 2003). Care professional have published many preventative recommendations for parents, teachers, school administrators, and officials indicating ways to reduce obesity among children in canada. 2004) have shown that intervention is not successful once the excessive weight gain and obesity have occurred. General recommendations for preventing childhood obesity include exercising, which can help maintain an ideal bodyweight, but there has been some mixed evidence about the role of exercise in weight loss in children (feldman et al. Breastfeeding has been shown to decrease the risk of obesity, for example moms that breast feed for three to five months after their child's birth, and their child is at 35% lower risk of obesity between the ages of five and six (anrig et al. Des spence (2004) created three core themes for a possible preventative strategy that would potentially reduce childhood obesity. Spence believes that a trial for one year would undoubtedly have a dramatic impact on obesity, fitness and conduct tion of childhood obesity can begin prior to conception. This can be done by educating future parents of the risks of high birth weight, maternal diabetes and obesity among family members (anrig, 2003). The best way to prevent childhood obesity is to teach children to eat less food that are high in fat by restricting intake of things like sweetened drinks, which are readily available in canada (medbroadcast, 2003). Have been some programs that have been created and implemented to help decrease the rate of obesity among children. This training program is delivered by healthcare professionals and provides education for parents on how to prevent obesity among their children and also how to encourage them to develop healthy lifestyles. The "take charge" program content embraces the need to avoid restrictive approaches in eating behaviors, since such approaches may actually increase risk of obesity in the future. Dieting among children is very risky as childhood is a period of growth and any lack of nutrients could be potentially harmful (bunce & hunt, 1987). There have been many multivariable intervention programs that have shown minimal effects on the rates of obesity, the above study mentioned focused on only a single variable: the consumption of carbonated beverages and its effect on obesity. This study provides hope that single-variable intervention maybe successful in limiting obesity and it also draws our attention to the significant contribution of soda consumption on obesity. Taking into account how children think and behave is important when designing physical activity causes of obesity, numerous recommendations and initiatives have been discussed that could potentially be effective for decreasing the rates of childhood obesity. The long-term benefits of reducing the obesity rates among children are many and include the prevention of obese children from entering adulthood with a long list of diseases. Leadership and advocacy from both health professionals and scientists is required to bring about these changes and bring the childhood obesity "epidemic" to an end. Childhood obesity in canada: a review of prevalence estimates and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Of general and central obesity from childhood into early adulthood in african american and european american males and females with a family history of cardiovascular disease. Internal regulation and the evolution of normal growth as the basis of prevention of obesity in children.

A service of the national library of medicine, national institutes of ute of medicine (us) committee on prevention of obesity in children and youth; koplan jp, liverman ct, kraak vi, editors. Preventing childhood obesity: health in the detailsinstitute of medicine (us) committee on prevention of obesity in youth; koplan jp, liverman ct, kraak vi, gton (dc): national academies press (us); tshardcopy version at national academies presssearch term < prevnext >. Reviewthe committee reviewed and considered a broad array of information in its work on issues potentially involved in the prevention of obesity and overweight in children and youth. Information sources included the primary research literature in public health, medicine, allied health, psychology, sociology, education, and transportation; reports, position statements, and other resources (e. Websites) from the federal government, state governments, professional organizations, health advocacy groups, trade organizations, and international health agencies; textbooks and other scientific reviews; federal and state legislation; and news ture reviewin order to conduct a thorough review of the medical and scientific literature, the committee, institute of medicine (iom) staff, and outside consultants conducted online bibliographic searches of relevant databases (box c-1) that included medline, agricola, cinahl, cochrane database, econlit, eric, psycinfo, sociological abstracts, embase, tris, and lexisnexis. To begin the process of identifying the primary literature in this field, the iom staff at the beginning of the study conducted general bibliographic searches on topics related to prevention interventions of obesity in children and youth. To maximize retrieval, the search strategy incorporated synonymous terms on the topics of obesity, overweight, or body weight; dietary patterns (including breastfeeding); and physical activity (including exercise, recreation, physical fitness, or physical education and training). Topics of these searches included prevention of obesity in adults (primarily meta-analyses and reviews); prevention interventions focused on co-morbidities of obesity in children (i. Diabetes, hypertension); behaviorally focused interventions; and statistical information on trends in obesity and physical activity. Additional references were identified by reviewing the reference lists found in major review articles, key reports, prominent websites, and relevant textbooks. Committee members, workshop presenters, consultants, and iom staff also supplied committee maintained the reference list in a searchable database that was indexed to allow searches by keywords, staff annotations, type of literature (e. After indexing the citations, subject bibliographies were developed for the committee on topics including definition and measurement of childhood obesity and overweight; correlates and determinants (breastfeeding, dietary patterns, physical activity, television viewing, etc. Viewcite this pageinstitute of medicine (us) committee on prevention of obesity in children and youth; koplan jp, liverman ct, kraak vi, editors. Disable glossary linksother titles in this al academies collection: reports funded by national institutes recent activityclearturn offturn onliterature review - preventing childhood obesityliterature review - preventing childhood obesityyour browsing activity is ty recording is turned recording back onsee more... Related slideshares at ture review childhood hed on dec 12, you sure you want message goes the first to ture review childhood obesity. Literature review of the childhood epidemic in the united world health organization (who) considers childhood obesity to be one most serious public health challenges of the 21st century. Physical suffering and chronic diseases that obese children are likely ence are two of the negative outcomes of the obesity epidemic. The , and reduced economic productivity associated with obesity represent a ic cost for our nation. Older interventions of childhood obesity focused dual responsibility and education about the harmful physical effects of being and more successful interventions involve collaboration of community, regional,Public, and private organizations with state and local governments. This a united vision of changing the environments that lead to obesity and that supports healthy active lifestyles. This paper reviews the recent literature bes the repercussions of the prevalence of childhood obesity in the u. In addition,This paper identifies and explores the main focus of interventions for childhood case studies addressing these interventions will be presented. Search ed: childhood obesity, after-school nutrition, after-school physical exercise, , school physical education, built environment, food deserts, and inants of childhood obesity. Eleven independent research studies were cited as independent data website, (mayo clinic), and two ood obesity rate of childhood obesity in the united states has more than tripled since. Obesity occurs when a child is far above the average weight for his height and age. Obesity is defined as having an excessively high percent of body adipose tissue in relation to lean body mass (stunkard & wadden, 1993). Height, weight, age, and gender are all factors in bmi calculations:Childhood obesity rates grow with age.

Childhood obesity aged two to nineteen is more prevalent among african americans, and ans ethnic groups. Obesity rates of children related to poverty -poverty level measure percentage of obese than or equal to 50% 14. Bilger (2012), found that childhood weights are vely affected until a household is five times below the federal poverty level, ents 18. Children, they would not experience a substantial change y rates for children have remained the same for the past ten years, y among low-income children aged two to four declined for the first time in extreme obesity decreased in all racial groups except american indians (pan, blanck,Sherry, dalenius, & grummer-strawn, 2012). No recent comparable data for children’s consumption of fast complications of childhood children and teens are at a higher risk for developing serious ing heart disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis, and stroke (office of the l, 2010), along with various types of cancer including breast, colon, gall bladder,Kidney, endometrium, pancreas, thyroid, endometrium, esophagus, hodgkin’s lymphoma,Thyroid, ovary, myeloma, cervix, and prostate (kushi, byers, doyle, bandera,Mccullough, & gansler, 2006). The social and cations of childhood obesity include low self- esteem and bullying, behavior ng problems, and depression (mayo clinic staff). The total cost of childhood obesity is estimated $14 billion per year, which very likely will lead to higher lifetime healthcare costs. Research by the milken institute the leading risk factor of chronic disease is obesity (devol, bedroussian, charuworn,Chatterjee, kim, & klowden, 2007). Their analysis concludes that if by 2030, the could bring obesity rates back to 1998 levels, healthcare spending would $60 billion and productivity would increase by $254 billion (devol, et al. Obesity related chronic illnesses make up 75% of total annual in the untied states (chatterjee, kubendran, king, & devol, 2014). The brookings institution that lifetime costs of obesity are not nearly covered by shorter life expectancy. The economic effects of obesity spill over to the rest of y, primarily in the form of higher health care costs and reduced tivity. While the epidemic seems to have stopped growing at the fast rates of , our society and economy stand to gain significant socioeconomic benefits and s if we are able to reduce the prevalence of childhood obesity in the united of intervention. This section examines selected cases s the areas of community access to healthy affordable foods, healthy nments, and built environments that facilitate access to safe physical activity gies to reduce childhood obesity rates in the to healthy 2010 white house task force report on childhood obesity determined is a positive relationship between a lack of access to healthy, affordable foods levels of obesity. Similarly, the close proximity of supermarkets ated with a lower prevalence of obesity (lamichhane, et al. Healthier diet may prevent obesity or lower its occurrence (keener, goodman, lowry,Zaro, kettel, & kahn, 2009). One study concluded that having supermarkets in ity to communities is an effective strategy to fight the obesity epidemic. This study suggests prices could be a more effective intervention than providing access to able foods the authors also indicate that interventions in a child’s school, outdoor,Or food access environment are not enough to combat the obesity epidemic tful financial incentives (lear, gasevic, & schuurman, 2013). School e children and teens spend most of their day in school, it is important on that environment as a means to reduce obesity rates. Parents, schools, and local, state and federal governments support their study states that urban planning that encourages physical activity is an of addressing the obesity epidemic (day, 2006).. In addition, the ghts the importance of active planning in areas where obesity rates are higher levels are lower (day, 2006). The mission of heac was to nments and policies that change the social determinants that contribute ood obesity. Heac combined the strength of community involvement, ambassadors, with local institutions to work toward the common goal of y rates among children and increasing overall health of communities and worked in selected california neighborhoods that had the highest rates ood obesity. Ined a strong focus on school and after school programs for school e after school programs in california serve almost one million en; creating the possibility for effective anti-obesity prevention (fletcher, 2010). The ent funding went equally to all six communities and was directed toward nments that affect childhood obesity rates: school/after-school,Marketing/advertising, and the built methods include:• encouraging schools to adopt healthier food selections in accordance. All of the healthcare providers within communities reported higher rates of obesity prevention the program outcomes, we can conclude that the heac initiative sful in making healthy affordable foods available, providing increased access that are conducive to physical activity, and increasing awareness of the benefits of y lifestyle in the communities it served. After the pilot initiative but programs like public matters and er are active in the same areas of los angeles and are carrying on the of policy-driven community based approach to obesity second case study examined in this report is the central california y prevention program (ccropp).

The college of health and human services rnia state university fresno, teamed with the central california public rship to identify the need for intervention in the obesity epidemic of the of california. Ccropp was administered rnia state university fresno’s central california center for health and es under the oversight of the central california public health is funded by the james irvine foundation, the robert wood tion, and the california central california regional obesity prevention program was designed s the social determinants that contribute to the high rates of childhood obesity related illnesses in the san joaquin valley region of california. Goal is to create sustainable regional and community infrastructures that al activity and healthy 2010, the california childhood obesity rate was 38%, which is 6% higher national average (babey, wolstein, diamant, bloom, & goldstein 2011; cdc). Operated in eight counties within the san joaquin valley that had high rates ood obesity. The 2010 childhood obesity rates within the ccropp fresno kern kings madera merced san joaquin stanislauss tulare. Creating media campaigns that encourage healthy eating and the end of the ccropp initiative, community awareness of the need to the factors contributing to the high rates of childhood obesity was high. And ccropp bottom-up development model can be replicated by grass zers in marginalized, low-income african american, latino, and american ities with high rates of childhood obesity throughout the country. Their ork for using policy and environment to prevent childhood obesity includes:• engaging both public and private community, regional, and state sectors in. Quality of foods sold in school : hart research associates/ferguson research, is encouraging to report that childhood obesity rates have stopped growing, is only the first step. Ship from the community, state, and federal level should acknowledge and community-driven efforts to prevent childhood obesity. For profit and not for zations should support community-driven programs like heac and designing policy, local, state, and federal governments should consider of financial incentives as a key tool to reduce the incidence of childhood obesity , s. Combating the childhood obesity crisis: after school programs,The socioecological model, and the health behaviors initiative. Ity strategies and measurements to prevent obesity in the united states:Implementation and measurement guide. Courses and counting: david rivers on course - linkedin oint 2016: tips and course - linkedin ood obesity prevention literature ture review- major depressive on childhood obesity (essay sample). Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your can see my journal of public microsite search journal of public the faculty of public health of the royal colleges of physicians of the united -archiving ising and corporate journal of public mobile search s and review of ting obesity in pre-school children: a literature public health ment of health west midlands, government office for the west midlands, 5 st philips place, birmingham b3 2pw, s correspondence to karen l. Saunders, e-mail: rs@ for other works by this author on:Download citation file:© 2017 oxford university microsite search oundobesity in children is increasing worldwide, impacting on both long- and short-term health. Obesity prevention is an important contemporary public health priority and is firmly on the government's agenda in the uk. Prevention involves addressing the main risk factors of diet and physical inactivity and also involves a wide range of environmental factors including access to sport and leisure, family life, diet, education and sa literature review undertaken on preventing obesity in children aged

Inclusion criteria were obesity defined by body mass index (bmi), weight-for-height index and/or skinfold thickness, <5 years, some form of intervention and some assessment of effectiveness. Further candidate articles were identified from citations and review articles that specifically addressed obesity prevention in pre-school children. Assessment of studies was undertaken with an academic colleague from the university of birmingham with experience in systematic the relatively underdeveloped field of work, with a small crop of peer reviewed papers, internet searches using the ‘google’ search engine were undertaken using the term ‘interventions preventing obesity in preschool children’. Following discussions with west midlands health technology assessment collaboration, a pragmatic approach was adopted and the first 200 results reviewed. 1view largedownload slideschematic of literature interventions identified in included papers were grouped around themes developed from the scoping search viz breastfeeding,8 physical activity,9,10 family-based interventions11,12 and professional support. The quality of each study was assessed in terms of study design including subject numbers, randomization, control for confounding and minimization of  1characteristics of included studies study methods participants intervention results comments/quality of paper armstrong and reilly8 cohort 32 000 children breast-feeding prevalence of obesity significantly lower in breast-fed children. Week school-based exercise programme can prevent bmi gain in girls and may induce a remission of obesity in pre-school-age children, but no statistically significant differences between children who exercised and those in control group, although the prevalence of obesity decreased in both groups. Longitudinal/cohort the framingham children's study, a longitudinal study of childhood cardiovascular risk behaviours, began in 1987 with the enrolment of 106 children aged 3–5 years (mean age of total sample, 4. Study methods participants intervention results comments/quality of paper armstrong and reilly8 cohort 32 000 children breast-feeding prevalence of obesity significantly lower in breast-fed children. View largearmstrong and reilly8 tested the hypothesis that breastfeeding is associated with a reduced risk of child obesity in a large, well-conducted cohort study in scotland, using a population-based sample of 32 000 children. The findings suggest that breastfeeding is associated with a modest, but significant, reduction in childhood obesity risk. There are limitations to the study given lack of information on other risk factors for obesity, including diet (once children began eating food), parental weight and physical -suwan et al. Evaluated the effect of a school-based aerobic exercise programme on the obesity indexes of pre-school children in thailand in a rct. The reduction in obesity in the exercise group was not significant, but was greater than the control group. This study was part of the ‘framingham children's study’ looking at childhood cardiovascular risk behaviours and began in 1987 with 106 children aged 3–5 years (mean, 4 years) and their parents. This relative risk estimate was slightly higher for children with more body fat at study suggests that physical activity can affect obesity early in life and found a strong effect of low levels of physical activity on body fatness. The only suggested difference in feeding style for obese mothers was the tendency to give children less control over -berino and rourke conducted a low-powered observational study to determine whether maternal participation in a home-visiting obesity prevention plus parenting support (opps) intervention would reduce the prevalence of obesity in high-risk native-american children compared with a parenting support (ps) only intervention. The authors considered a home-visiting programme focused on changing lifestyle behaviours and improving parenting skills, which showed promise for obesity prevention in high-risk children. There is a need for policy and practice to be evidence based, the review has considered some interventions that are good public health practice per se and should be encouraged in any case, for example, breast feeding and physical activity. What this study review confirms that there is a limited and immature evidence and a lack of comprehensive evidence on effective strategies to prevent obesity in younger children. Improvements in the evidence base are needed looking at points of intervention, such as those identified in this review, along with evaluation of those interventions. The evidence that childhood obesity persists into adulthood may justify shorter term monitoring at this age. Limitations of this review shows that the overall quality of studies is poor, there is no consistent research theme, inconsistent results across studies and compared with clinical decision-making where the evidence base is dominated by rcts with high internal validity, the evidence base for child obesity prevention is poor. The lower order rct by mo-suwan9 shows promise and results suggesting swimming may be effective in preventing obesity are worthy of follow-up. Indicates that breast-feeding is potentially useful for population-based strategies aimed at obesity prevention in children aged <5 years. Findings from some studies suggest there are implications for the development of obesity in children and a correlation is evident between certain parental–child interactions and the relative weight and activity levels of the children. If findings are replicated in different settings it may, for example, explain the equivocal literature on the influence of children's physical activity on weight.

Overweight children may in fact engage in equal frequency of activity, but less obesity will continue to be a problem without improved understanding of key factors likely to be operative during very early childhood and without identification of those where intervention would have the greatest effect. Effort is still required to establish an evidence-based approach to issues surrounding obesity in children. All rights ight and obesity e article e activity e exclusive offers and updates from oxford ing primary school headteachers' perspectives on the barriers and facilitators of preventing childhood ing the pragmatic and explanatory study design on outcomes of systematic reviews of public health interventions: a case study on obesity prevention -only interventions in the treatment of childhood obesity: a systematic review of randomized controlled g the balance right: qualitative evaluation of a holistic weight management intervention to address childhood d articles in pubmed. Psychiatric and somatic comorbidities of eating disorders and obesity in female adolescent and adult inpatients].