Specific ethical issues
2 specific ethical issues to informed consent, and describe how it fy the unique concerns related to the study of vulnerable tand the definitions of and the differences between anonymity and n the five general principles of the american sociological association’s code of should be clear by now, conducting research on humans presents a number of unique ethical considerations. In this section, we’ll take a look at a few specific topics that individual researchers and sociologists in general must consider before embarking on research with human subjects. This example might seem rather extreme, but the point remains: even sociologists conduct research that could come with some very real legal the legal issues, most institutional review boards (irbs) require researchers to share some details about the purpose of the research, possible benefits of participation, and, most importantly, possible risks associated with participating in that research with their subjects. In some cases, the minors themselves are also asked to participate in the consent process by signing special, age-appropriate consent forms designed specifically for them. Another potential concern regarding vulnerable populations is that they may be underrepresented in research, and even denied potential benefits of participation in research, specifically because of concerns about their ability to consent. While there is no easy solution to this double-edged sword, an awareness of the potential concerns associated with research on vulnerable populations is important for identifying whatever solution is most appropriate for a specific tion of mentioned earlier, the informed consent process includes the requirement that researchers outline how they will protect the identities of subjects. This is the case if data are collected in public or in the presence of other research participants in the course of a group interview, for linary times specific disciplines will provide their own set of guidelines for protecting research subjects and, more generally, for conducting ethical research. For sociologists, the american sociological association (asa) has adopted a set of ethical principles intended to guide researchers in the discipline (2008). The third principle, professional and scientific responsibility, guides sociologists to be respectful in their relationships with one another at the same time that it warns against collegiality if it impedes one’s ability to behave ethically.
Of course, each of these principles, along with the 20, more specific ethical standards that follow in the asa code, must be interpreted by individual researchers. Pmcid: pmc4263394ethical challenges of researchers in qualitative studies: the necessity to develop a specific guidelinemahnaz sanjari,1 fatemeh bahramnezhad,1 fatemeh khoshnava fomani,1 mahnaz shoghi,2 and mohammad ali cheraghi31nursing phd candidate, school of nursing and midwifery, tehran university of medical sciences, tehran, iran2assistant professor, school of nursing and midwifery, iran university of medical sciences, tehran, iran3associate professor, school of nursing and midwifery, tehran university of medical sciences, tehran, ponding author: mohammad ali cheraghi, address: school of nursing and midwifery, tehran university of medical sciences, tehran, iran. Which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited article has been cited by other articles in ctconsidering the nature of qualitative studies, the interaction between researchers and participants can be ethically challenging for the former, as they are personally involved in different stages of the study. This article presents a debate in order to illustrate how researchers could cover the ethical challenges of qualitative studies and provide applicable and trustworthy chers face ethical challenges in all stages of the study, from designing to reporting. Hence, these adroit roles need to be well defined, and the use of practical guidelines and protocols in all stages of qualitative studies should be ds: qualitative research, ethical challenges, researcher’s role, guidelineintroductionin the recent millennium, the constant trend of change in the demands of the community as well as transforming the trend of knowledge production has highlighted the necessity for researchers to adopt a more comprehensive approach. This study, a literature review was carried out in international electronic databases including pubmed, web of sciences, cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature (cinahl), scopus, ebsco, embase and science direct without any time limitation, using the search terms “qualitative research”, “researchers’ role”, “ethical challenges” and “ethical guidelines”. These keywords were also searched on national electronic databases including scientific information database (sid), iran medex and medical articles library (medlib) using the same s of the present article endeavor to shine a light on the ethical issues affecting researchers and propose strategies to face the ethical challenges of qualitative studies, so as to provide applicable and trustworthy outcomes. This could be the basis for the formulation of specific ethical guidelines in this overview on qualitative research in health careup to the 1970s, qualitative research was solely employed by anthropologists and sociologists. Of researchers in qualitative studiesin the case of nurses who perform qualitative research, ethical issues are raised when the nurse-patient relationship in the research area leads to some degree of therapeutic communication for the participants (9).
1researcher’s role in qualitative methods at a glanceethical challenges in qualitative studies:the researcher-participant relationshipthe relationship and intimacy that is established between the researchers and participants in qualitative studies can raise a range of different ethical concerns, and qualitative researchers face dilemmas such as respect for privacy, establishment of honest and open interactions, and avoiding misrepresentations (19). Ethically challenging situations may emerge if researchers have to deal with contradicting issues and choose between different methodological strategies in conflict arises. Some important ethical concerns that should be taken into account while carrying out qualitative research are: anonymity, confidentiality and informed consent (22). When highly sensitive issues are concerned, children and other vulnerable individuals should have access to an advocate who is present during initial phases of the study, and ideally, during data gathering sessions. Clarifications need to include the following issues: the nature of the study, the participants’ potential role, the identity of the researcher and the financing body, the objective of the research, and how the results will be published and used (27). As brenner quoted kvale state that, preparing an ethical protocol can cover issues in a qualitative research project from planning through reporting (30). This method of collecting data is a subject of debate from an ethical point of view. Should always be aware of the precise reason for involvement in a study in order to prevent undesirable personal issues. Therefore, it is necessary for researchers to continuously update their investigation skills in terms of methodology and find novel techniques to better carry out studies in the field of health and explained before, qualitative research is carried out in natural settings, which requires researchers to work in close collaboration with other members of the team and under direct supervision to discuss and resolve issues as they arise.
It is noteworthy that such research should be directed towards making a difference in people’s lives, improving care delivery in different settings and at all levels, and providing a framework for health sciences without any ethical a result of the extensive body of research in the field of medical sciences, patients comprise a large proportion of the public who are frequently subjects of studies. Research ethics committees are formed to provide independent advice to participants, researchers, funders/sponsors and healthcare organizations on the extent to which research proposals comply with universally endorsed ethical the history of social and medical science, there have been a few research studies that seriously injured people, and many more in which their welfare was not sufficiently protected. Confidentiality does not necessarily preclude intrusion, as anonymity by itself is not enough to protect a person’s privacy or prevent disclosure of personal issues. Investigators should refrain from soliciting private information that is not closely related to the research ering the aforementioned challenges, it is recommended to conduct further research in order to provide meticulous and explicit ethical protocols, guidelines and codes with respect to qualitative ledgmentsthe authors would like to offer special thanks to dr. 1999;4(2):167–es from journal of medical ethics and history of medicine are provided here courtesy of tehran university of medical s:article | pubreader | epub (beta) | pdf (88k) | contemporary d, january, 2006:Paper presents over 30 significant ethical issues that lved and invite more discussion by the general public. To assume that a grand unified philosophical address all these issues adequately may be a form of ng. In my mind) involve the more individual issues is as a way to assess the effectiveness of a of consciousness-raising. This preamble presented because there's still a sense that our ethical not explicitly described in the bible, they are implicit there, be applied to all modern jews actually this, and the talmudic tradition was a result, an laid the groundwork for some of the later traditions of in our judicial systems. Is health care a "right," and if so, are ted to collectively offer it, or should it be something to purchase (at some significant expense) from a goodly number of "hot potatoes," ng ethical problems, social issues, that are more often than d, at least as topics of ongoing rational social positions taken, of course, and challenges to these positions, but,Alas, rarely is there really rational discourse.
So it is worth back and consider what these issues are in following are presented in no particular order–i haven't been think of a way of classifying them or attributing any sort of chy. Topic of welfare: general issues of responsibility are is helping someone really helping them, and when is it enabling their own self-defeating behavioral patterns. Ethical or philosophical issues in drawing distinctions among potential of alcohol, tobacco (in different forms), cocaine,Caffeine, marijuana, lsd, heroin, other opiates (e. A) what if people who go bankrupt have been foolish or high-handed,Or ethically lax, even though they've been legally just within the distinctions be drawn as to degrees of "fault"? Is it unethical to break ence if the behavior that is known involves something the person or others–e. Some have advocated a return to colonialism as being more ethical than our self-righteous claims to non-interference in promoting democracy). 8—ethical issuesethics is a term that can imply lofty, philosophical discussions, far removed everyday world. In reality, workers in the substance abuse treatment field ntly faced with ethical dilemmas on an individual as well as a societal is an intellectual approach to moral issues, a philosophical framework to critically evaluate the choices and actions people take to deal s aspects of daily living (ation of social workers [nasw], 1997). Because of the d emotional nature of the substance abuse treatment field, providers s the tools to explore ethical dilemmas objectively.
Discusses the legal constraints, obligations, and options that provide ork within which ethical issues must be l issues for ethics of hiv/aidstaking the most ethical course of action becomes even more complex /aids is thrown into the mix of concerns that the client may /aids has its own unique ethical issues. Led to creating safeguards to protect these individuals mination in health care, employment, housing, and other on micro and ethical issues are both personal (micro) and societal (macro) in is an ongoing struggle between legislating morality for the "" and fighting to retain an individual's right to autonomy. It is e emotional nature of such concerns that takes an issue from al level to a societal e exchange programs (seps) are a good example of such ethical the secretary of the u. And drug counselors may find that their time is spent not g out client-level ethical dilemmas, but also dealing al-level dilemmas. These are the kinds of issues that day, affecting client care and reflecting on one's status as ian, as well as on the agency's need for staff trainingissues relating to ethics rarely are covered in orientation sessions uing education activities within agencies. Perhaps this is issues can be so personal and there are no right or wrong answers of the case examples. N can be a starting point for ongoing discussions among those s with hiv in substance abuse treatment ethical principlesthe study of ethics has produced an abundance of writings, and many standards ples have been brought forth. However, there are five general provide a firm basis from which to explore the ethical concerns that in the substance abuse treatment and hiv/aids fields (kitchener, 1985). It also requires knowing when to ask for consultation with isor, so that personal issues do not stand in the way of working gh it may be difficult for a provider to treat everyone exactly , there are safeguards that agencies and providers can institute an equitable level of service.
In working with hiv-infected s, the substance abuse treatment counselor can play a key role ining if the client is competent to make his own decisions ishing whether or not the client has the information needed to make al issue of competence can be one of the most difficult ethical issues g with this population. Advocates for risk reduction may claim that ence-based model actually prohibits recovery because it does not account that recovery is a process, rather than a rigid is one ethical dilemma that truly reflects the passionate nature al values and r example, on a micro level, is termination or transfer of clients. Ntly is the first session taken up with the more interesting issues,And the paperwork given to the client quickly at the end? But it is the counselor'sibility to ensure that until the competency issue is resolved, have to represent the primary client and act according to the client'l issues in working with hiv-infected sthere are several specific ethical issues that predominate in the substance hiv/aids treatment fields that warrant more focused attention. These discussed below in a social and ethical context; further information on aspects of these issues is provided in chapter to treatthe duty to treat, from an ethical perspective, is especially relevant g with disenfranchised populations. At the same time, it is important that the counselor and the counselor' appear accessible to all and that there are no restrictions impede the care of one client just because the client is different impact of welfare reform may augment concern about access issues. Again, counselors must be aware of creating legal culpabilities when ethically or morally correct action in a duty-to-warn situation. The ethical nature of of dilemmas does not lend itself to an easy decision but requires -by-case analysis while looking at the long-term and uences of action (reamer,1991). See chapter 9 information about the legal implications of duty-to-warn -of-life issuestreatments for hiv are dramatically lowering the death rate from aids, are still dying from this disease.
Some clients may avoid es because they are afraid of seeing someone they know, and l issues regarding disclosure and trust are many. As a result,An agency needing to limit services to a specific number of people may an individual who has failed in treatment a number of times. Additionally, the influx of computerized data can dize the concept of protected is the ethical responsibility of the provider to be honest with the what data need to be reported to funding sources such as ies, and what information needs to be shared with other agencies duals. Clients should the information they need to make decisions about the services ed, including to what specific amount and types of disclosure they g to does not mean that the provider has no control over what is disclosed about the client. For example, if a client comes ent for substance abuse, the provider should document the client'nce abuse history, motivation for entering treatment, any medical nal issues that relate to the treatment, and the plan for service. Step-by-step model for making onsall programs should have a consistent process for dealing with ethical gh ethical issues are usually complex enough to require a tion, agency practices should provide for a routine process ching an ethical issue. Given the ambiguous nature of ethical dilemmas, it is helpful y the process for resolving dilemmas, even if the resolution may case to 's ethical issues, hiv/aids, and social work ng manual (nasw, 1997) outlines. By practicing the following steps,Suggested by the nasw, the clinician can move to a more rational level fy the clinical issues. When an ethical , the provider should review the larger picture in her the client or system.
For example, if a client with is asking for help in ending his life, the provider the client's previous mental health history and nal issues, look for any significant changes in the client't system, and determine if the client is experiencing psychological issues that might influence his decision. Is done, it is impossible for the clinician to address l issue regarding end of fy the legal issues. For example, if the clinician followed agency policy, less likely that the clinician can be challenged legally s pertaining to that policy (although the agency can still fy the cultural issues. If the client is hiv positive,There is an ethical need to educate him about protecting others. Confusion,Anxiety, or uncertainty about what to do next with the client tors that an ethical issue is at stake. The clinician needs to identify rtransference issues regarding the situation to ensure issue can be viewed what principles are at stake. These issues should be considered once an initial crisis onal resources for msolvingthis section identifies several resources that can provide professional tationconsultation can be formal or informal. Nts do not provide answers to every ethical dilemma, but they e parameters for what is allowed or disallowed by the profession. Legal es that operate as a social service to the community may ise regarding certain ethical dilemmas.
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