Case study qualitative research
You should still be able to navigate through these materials but selftest questions will not 9 : introduction to 1: introduction to 2 research and the voluntary and community 3 primary and secondary 4 research 5 quantitative 6 qualitative research. E-tivity- qualitative versus quantitative 7 ethics and data 8 presenting and using research ment guide for module 9. Other forms of qualitative research includes:Longitudinal research or panel research is conducted over a long period of time and the researcher contacts the participant at various times: i. Study research is a methodology which can take either a qualitative or quantitative the qualitative approach, case study refers to the in depth analysis of a single or small number of units. Case study unit may include a single person, a group of people, an organisation or an case study research may involve the research of a series of study research ranges in its complexity:From a simple, illustrative description of a single event or a more complex analysis of a social situation over a period of the most complex approach which is an extended case study which traces events involving the same actors over a period of time - enabling the analysis reflect changes and studies aims to:offer a richness and depth of information by capturing as many variables as possible to identify how a complex set of circumstances come together to produce a particular manifestation '... Study as a method is very versatile, as it uses many methods of gather information, from observation to interview to of the criticisms of the case study method is that the case under study may not be representative of a wider social setting and therefore it is argued that the results of the research cannot be used to make ore, the purpose of case study research is to describe that particular case in detail and take learning from that and develop theory from that approach - it is particularlistic and attached link will provide further information about developing a case study:Built with wimba outfaqmy ative case study methodology: study design and implementation for novice baxter, mcmaster jack, mcmaster ative case study methodology provides tools for researchers to study complex phenomena within their contexts. When the approach is applied correctly, it becomes a valuable method for health science research to develop theory, evaluate programs, and develop interventions. The purpose of this paper is to guide the novice researcher in identifying the key elements for designing and implementing qualitative case study research projects. An overview of the types of case study designs is provided along with general recommendations for writing the research questions, developing propositions, determining the “case” under study, binding the case and a discussion of data sources and triangulation. To facilitate application of these principles, clear examples of research questions, study propositions and the different types of case study designs are study and qualitative ve commons work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noncommercial-share alike 4. Qualitative report,Since january 14, tative, qualitative, comparative, and historical methodologies commons,Social statistics view the content in your browser, please download adobe reader or, alternately,You may download the file to your hard : the latest versions of adobe reader do not support viewing pdf files within firefox on mac os and if you are using a modern (intel) mac, there is no official plugin for viewing pdf files within the browser qualitative report weekly e email notices or ative analysis: quantifying quality and qualifying context to search:Across all submission submissions on submissions in google ibility > home page > case the other approaches we discuss, case study research does not emerge from a particular social scientific tradition. It is quite likely, as stake (1994) points out, that researchers doing case study research are calling it by another name.
Case studies, as a research design, are also being conducted across disciplines and research studies have been considered a research strategy or design, an evaluation method, and a reporting mode. We felt case study research was important to define because it is a common approach in healthcare research. In part, this may be because the units of interest in healthcare research (patient, practice, health system) can often be easily bounded and seen by the researcher as a case. Investigators identify the boundaries, and these boundaries (what is and what is not a case) are continually kept in focus. It may be a single patient, a practice, a health care goal in case study research is to understand the boundaries of the case and the complexity of the behavior patterns of the bounded chers may study a single case or mutiple cases. In multiple case studies, researchers study cases in depth individually as well as look across cases for similarities and methods used in case study goal of case study research is to understand the complexity of a case in the most complete way possible. For this reason, case study research often involves the use of multiple methods for collecting data. By using multiple sources of data (and both qualitative and quantitative data) researchers may attain the richest possible understanding of a case. The qualitative methods described below are all likely to be used in case study ipant observation. This involves the researcher immersing him or herself in the daily lives and routines of those being studied. Researchers will learn about the person or persons that are part of the case by speaking with these people. The types of interviews conducted by researchers vary in degree of formality (informal interview to semi-structured to structured interviews).
Written protocols, charts, flowsheets, educational handouts) - materials used by members of the system or case being (1994) identifies three types of case studies:Intrinsic - aimed at understanding a particular case because the case itself is of interest (e. A case may be of interest because it has particular features or because it is mental - aimed at providing insight into an issue or problem or to refine a theory. In this instance, understanding the complexities of the case is secondary to understanding something else (e. A number of cases are studies jointly in order to understand a phenomenon, population or general condition. 15 primary care practices are studied as single but conjoined cases in order to understand how obesity is discussed in this setting). July wikipedia, the free to: navigation, the social sciences and life sciences, a case study is a research method involving an up-close, in-depth, and detailed examination of a subject of study (the case), as well as its related contextual studies can be produced by following a formal research method. These case studies are likely to appear in formal research venues, as journals and professional conferences, rather than popular works. The resulting body of 'case study research' has long had a prominent place in many disciplines and professions, ranging from psychology, anthropology, sociology, and political science to education, clinical science, social work, and administrative science. Doing case study research, the "case" being studied may be an individual, organization, event, or action, existing in a specific time and place. For instance, clinical science has produced both well-known case studies of individuals and also case studies of clinical practices. 3][4][5] however, when "case" is used in an abstract sense, as in a claim, a proposition, or an argument, such a case can be the subject of many research methods, not just case study research. Case studies may involve both qualitative and quantitative research r suggestion is that case study should be defined as a research strategy, an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context.
Case study research can mean single and multiple case studies, can include quantitative evidence, relies on multiple sources of evidence, and benefits from the prior development of theoretical propositions. Case studies should not be confused with qualitative research and they can be based on any mix of quantitative and qualitative evidence. 2][6] this is also supported and well-formulated in lamnek, 2005[6]: "the case study is a research approach, situated between concrete data taking techniques and methodologic paradigms. A case selection that is based on representativeness will seldom be able to produce these kinds of insights. When selecting a case for a case study, researchers will therefore use information-oriented sampling, as opposed to random sampling. 7] outlier cases (that is, those which are extreme, deviant or atypical) reveal more information than the potentially representative case. Citation needed] alternatively, a case may be selected as a key case, chosen because of the inherent interest of the case or the circumstances surrounding it. Alternatively it may be chosen because of a researchers' in-depth local knowledge; where researchers have this local knowledge they are in a position to "soak and poke" as fenno[8] puts it, and thereby to offer reasoned lines of explanation based on this rich knowledge of setting and types of cases may thus be distinguished for selection:Local knowledge er the frame of reference for the choice of the subject of the case study (key, outlier, local knowledge), there is a distinction to be made between the subject and the object of the case study. The subject is the “practical, historical unity”[9]through which the theoretical focus of the study is being viewed. Thus, for example, if a researcher were interested in us resistance to communist expansion as a theoretical focus, then the korean war might be taken to be the subject, the lens, the case study through which the theoretical focus, the object, could be viewed and explicated. Decisions about case selection and the subject and object of the study, decisions need to be made about purpose, approach and process in the case study. Thomas[11] thus proposes a typology for the case study wherein purposes are first identified (evaluative or exploratory), then approaches are delineated (theory-testing, theory-building or illustrative), then processes are decided upon, with a principal choice being between whether the study is to be single or multiple, and choices also about whether the study is to be retrospective, snapshot or diachronic, and whether it is nested, parallel or sequential.
It is thus possible to take many routes through this typology, with, for example, an exploratory, theory-building, multiple, nested study, or an evaluative, theory-testing, single, retrospective study. Closely related study in medicine is the case report, which identifies a specific case as treated and/or examined by the authors as presented in a novel form. These are, to a differentiable degree, similar to the case study in that many contain reviews of the relevant literature of the topic discussed in the thorough examination of an array of cases published to fit the criterion of the report being presented. These case reports can be thought of as brief case studies with a principal discussion of the new, presented case at hand that presents a novel interest. In a case where the market of any organisation is in a messy state, the agency will always seek to find out some of the reasons why the scenario is that way. For this to be fully achieved, one must be able to carry out a market research to establish where the problem is. This, therefore, calls for the different methods which can be used in a situation where one wants to conduct a marketing research (armstrong et al. Some ways can be used to come up with the purpose of study that is most appropriate. Some of the primary methods that would be used included interviews, surveys, focus groups, observations and in some cases use field trials (guesalaga et al. These methods mainly depended on the amount of cash they organisation is willing to spend in having this market research done and also the kind of data that is required by the group. Case presented in our case, the british airways company is undergoing some series of complications. The best method in such a scenario, it is usually significant that we research so that we can know what the problem is.
This is because the study that the company uses from the beginning, as well as its administration, cannot be changed throughout the process of gathering data that is meaningful. In some cases, the survey questions are usually inappropriate since the company will be forced to come up with items that will be used by the entire body of of case studies[edit]. The more generalized category of case study exist several subdivisions, each of which is custom selected for use depending upon the goals of the investigator. Illustrative case studies serve primarily to make the unfamiliar familiar and to give readers a common language about the topic in atory (or pilot) case studies. The primary pitfall of this type of study is that initial findings may seem convincing enough to be released prematurely as tive case studies. The idea behind these studies is that the collection of past studies will allow for greater generalization without additional cost or time being expended on new, possibly repetitive al instance case studies. Harvard law school in 1870, christopher langdell departed from the traditional lecture-and-notes approach to teaching contract law and began using cases pled before courts as the basis for class discussions [13]. Janis on groupthink[18]), they are rarely used to propose new lizing from case studies[edit]. A critical case allows the following type of generalization: "if it is valid for this case, it is valid for all (or many) cases. In its negative form, the generalization would run: "if it is not valid for this case, then it is not valid for any (or valid for only few) cases. Case study is effective for generalizing using the type of test that karl popper called falsification, which forms part of critical reflexivity. The case study is well suited for identifying "black swans" because of its in-depth approach: what appears to be "white" often turns out on closer examination to be "black".
Galilei built his rejection of aristotle's law of gravity on a case study selected by information-oriented sampling and not by random sampling. Rather, it was a matter of a single experiment, that is, a case o’s view continued to be subjected to doubt, however, and the aristotelian view was not finally rejected until half a century later, with the invention of the air pump. What is especially worth nothing, however, is that the matter was settled by an individual case due to the clever choice of the extremes of metal and feather. One might call it a critical case, for if galileo’s thesis held for these materials, it could be expected to be valid for all or a large range of materials. By selecting cases strategically in this manner one may arrive at case studies that allow is generally believed[by whom? That frederic le play first introduced the case-study method into social science in 1829 as a handmaiden to statistics in his studies of family budgets. Roots stem from the early 20th century, when researchers working in the disciplines of sociology, psychology, and anthropology began making case studies. Citation needed] in all these disciplines, case studies were an occasion for postulating new theories, as in the grounded-theory work of sociologists barney glaser (1930- ) and anselm strauss (1916-1996). Popularity of case studies in testing theories or hypotheses has developed only in recent decades. Citation needed] one of the areas in which case studies have been gaining popularity is education and in particular educational evaluation. Have used case studies as a teaching method and as part of professional development, especially in business and legal education. When used in (non-business) education and professional development, case studies are often referred to as critical raphy exemplifies a type of case study, commonly found in communication case studies.
Ethnography is the description, interpretation, and analysis of a culture or social group, through field research in the natural environment of the group being studied. The main method of ethnographic research is thorough observation, where the researcher observes study participants over an extended period of time within the participants' own environment. Case studies in research differs from their use in teaching, where they are commonly called case methods and casebook methods. Teaching case studies have been a highly popular pedagogical format in many fields ranging from business education to science education. Harvard business school has been among the most prominent developers and users of teaching case studies. Additional relevant documentation, such as financial statements, time-lines, and short biographies, often referred to in the case study as exhibits, and multimedia supplements (such as video-recordings of interviews with the case subject) often accompany the case studies. The national center for case studies in teaching science[28] has made a growing body of case studies available for classroom use, for university as well as secondary school coursework. 29] nevertheless, the principles involved in doing case study research contrast with those involved in doing case studies for teaching. Teaching case studies need not adhere strictly to the use of evidence, as they can be manipulated to satisfy educational needs. The generalizations from teaching case studies also may relate to pedagogical issues rather than the substance of the case being studies are commonly used in case competitions and in job interviews for consulting firms such as mckinsey & company, ceb inc. And the boston consulting group, in which candidates are asked to develop the best solution for a case in an allotted time frame. A typology for the case study in social science following a review of definition, discourse and structure".
There are three major types of case studies common to public relations: linear, process-oriented and grounded. Glaser and strauss, the discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research (new york: aldine, 1967). 2008) "qualitative case study methodology: study design and implementation for novice researchers", in the qualitative report, 13(4): 544-559. Isbn ki, robert (2013) the case for case studies: deriving theory from evidence, journal of business case studies 9/3, pp. The need for quality criteria for sound case-study research, as illustrated by a recent case in secondary and higher education". Thousand oaks, ca: ote has quotations related to: case studies from colorado state al research and experimental ve clinical ic clinical al study design. A non-profit wikipedia, the free to: navigation, the social sciences and life sciences, a case study is a research method involving an up-close, in-depth, and detailed examination of a subject of study (the case), as well as its related contextual studies can be produced by following a formal research method.
