Ethical concerns regarding the collection of data

Unported license which allows users to read, copy, distribute and make derivative works for non-commercial purposes from the material, as long as the author of the original work is cited oundresearch does not always involve collection of data from the participants. There is huge amount of data that is being collected through the routine management information system and other surveys or research activities. The existing data can be analyzed to generate new hypothesis or answer critical research questions. Also data from large sample surveys may be of higher quality and representative of the population. It avoids repetition of research & wastage of resources by detailed exploration of existing research data and also ensures that sensitive topics or hard to reach populations are not over researched (1). However, there are certain ethical issues pertaining to secondary data analysis which should be taken care of before handling such ary data analysissecondary analysis refers to the use of existing research data to find answer to a question that was different from the original work (2). Secondary data can be large scale surveys or data collected as part of personal research. While the fundamental ethical issues related to secondary use of research data remain the same, they have become more pressing with the advent of new technologies. At the same time, there are fresh concerns about data confidentiality and in secondary data analysisconcerns about secondary use of data mostly revolve around potential harm to individual subjects and issue of return for consent. If the data has no identifying information or is completely devoid of such information or is appropriately coded so that the researcher does not have access to the codes, then it does not require a full review by the ethical board. However, if the data contains identifying information on participants or information that could be linked to identify participants, a complete review of the proposal will then be made by the board. The researcher will then have to explain why is it unavoidable to have identifying information to answer the research question and must also indicate how participants’ privacy and the confidentiality of the data will be protected. If the above said concerns are satisfactorily addressed, the researcher can then request for a waiver of the data is freely available on the internet, books or other public forum, permission for further use and analysis is implied. If the research is part of another research project and the data is not freely available, except to the original research team, explicit, written permission for the use of the data must be obtained from the research team and included in the application for ethical r, there are certain other issues pertaining to the data that is procured for secondary analysis.

In secondary data analysis, the original data was not collected to answer the present research question. Thus the data should be evaluated for certain criteria such as the methodology of data collection, accuracy, period of data collection, purpose for which it was collected and the content of the data. Data in the form of hardcopies should be kept in safe locked cabinets whereas softcopies should be kept as encrypted files in computers. It is the responsibility of the researcher conducting the secondary analysis to ensure that further analysis of the data conducted is appropriate. In some cases there is provision for analysis of secondary data in the original consent form with the condition that the secondary study is approved by the ethics review committee. According to the british sociological association’s statement of ethical practice (2004) the researchers must inform participants regarding the use of data and obtain consent for the future use of the material as well. It appears that there are no guidelines about the specific conditions that require further in secondary analysis of qualitative datain qualitative research, the culture of data archiving is absent (4). A log of all replacements, aggregations or removals should be made and stored separately from the anonymised data files. But because of the circumstances, under which qualitative data is produced, their reinterpretation at some later date can be challenging and raises further ethical sionthere is a need for formulating specific guidelines regarding re-use of data, data protection and anonymisation and issues of consent in secondary data ledgementsthe authors declare that there is no conflict of ncesfielding ng, fielding jl (2003). Available at: http:///media/abouttheuniversity/governanceandmanagement/governance/ethicscommittee/hssec/documents/bsa%20statement%20of%20ethical% (last accessed 24november2013)archiving qualitative data: prospects and challenges of data preservation and sharing among australian qualitative researchers. You should still be able to navigate through these materials but selftest questions will not use of epidemiological tools in conflict-affected populations: open-access educational resources for uction: epidemiology in l issues in data l issues in data collection - community l issues in data collection - bureaucratic for epidemiologic s - s - description of sampling s - sampling error, bias, accuracy, precision, & sample s - resources required for s - critiquing survey llance - when to do llance - llance - common ity - indicators and their ity - data ity - interpretation and ion - introduction and ion - indicators and their ion - data ion - interpretation and ation supply, sanitation, and tation of ating conclusions and ination and l issues in data section discusses some the ethical issues concerning data collection in emergency-affected cratic approval. Steps to big data transformation in the rating speed to market through data governance programs: why the urgency? Outlets have published several stories of late that point to both the innovative aspects of harnessing "big data" and the risks to personal privacy associated with ate e-mail address:You forgot to provide an email email address doesn’t appear to be email address is already registered. Then, there was the article about online travel agency orbitz, which began up-charging apple users after data-crunching revealed that they are generally willing to pay more for s agree that companies like target and orbitz are being innovative and setting viable business goals as they collect large amounts of data in an effort to market to customers more effectively.

But doing so also brings up questions of privacy, data ownership and information rd, conn. Defines "big data" as "high-volume, velocity and/or variety information assets that demand cost-effective, innovative forms of information processing that enable enhanced insight, decision making and process automation. Other experts point out that big data might include unstructured textual information from social media sites, machine-generated log data and a host of other information collected by cloud applications, on-premises applications and websites. The opportunities that big data offer to impact social, cultural, political change in our lives are promising. There a lots of people who are very excited about that," said kord davis, a former analyst with paris-based consultancy cap gemini and author of ethics of big data. Mainstream stories about big data have triggered more than a few passionate reactions, according to davis. But regardless of which side of the debate one lands on, davis said, it will be difficult to formulate a standard set of ethics around big data if individual moral standards are used as a guide. What one person finds invasive might seem fair to another, but that type of argument is what davis is looking to ments investigate privacy y issues related to big data analytics and the collection of consumer information have been hot topics in political circles of late. And joe barton (r-texas) are investigating what they call "data brokers" -- companies that collect consumer information and then sell it to other companies. The european union has called on google to be more transparent about how it collects data with the threat of antitrust legislation looming. There will certainly be more pressure to establish greater regulations around this consumer data, and that can be defined as a true consumer or as businesses consuming that data," said jeff kaplan, managing director of wellesley, mass. Kaplan explained that there are a number of companies that offer discounted or free services because they want to have an ancillary business in selling data collected from the use of those services. Businesses that collect data also use powerful analytics tools to gain insight into customers, increasing sales. If their ability to do that is in any way compromised, they probably will have to rethink their business models," kaplan ping big data standards no easy is advocating for more discussion on what the rules should be regarding big data -- and he also wants that discussion to grow beyond the realm of privacy.

Being able to come up with a broad-based, global set of guidelines for big data-handling in an ethical fashion is going to be difficult. Also doesn't see a need for the conversation to be focused exclusively on big data. In his opinion, what's considered big data today will probably be just "data" in the applications lack ations, whether they're used by individual consumers or businesses, and whether they're on-premises or in the cloud, are often less than transparent about what they do with data they collect, according to experts. The lack of transparency as to what's being done post-data generation causes a lot of fear," davis praises some organizations for giving detailed information to users about how data is handled. He said some major data gatherers are less transparent and for a variety of reasons -- including the design of privacy controls and what constitutes opportunities that big data offer to impact social, cultural, political change in our lives are promising. The challenge on the flipside of that is the risk of unintended davisformer analyst at paris-based consultancy cap y because of their wide user bases and pioneering approaches to big data, facebook and google are often cited as examples when pundits examine issues of privacy and data ownership. Facebook has been the poster boy for data privacy, and maybe unfairly, considering who is gathering that amount of data," he said, adding that one of the reasons they have gained that image is privacy controls. But he does hope that companies begin to discuss these issues, with a focus on their own internal values and their expects data ownership questions to drive legislative agendas "sooner rather than later" and believes businesses would be smart to get out in front of the issue by aligning data policy with organizational culture and values. My intuition is that the question of data ownership is going to drive a lot of legislative agendas, and the reason is because people are going to want to protect their business models," he believes that eventually, businesses will need to make it clear up front how consumer data is being used. It will be interesting to see how [businesses] pull this off," he tells google to rethink cturer customer data should be handled data privacy questions for saas financial software was last published in november deeper on saas application cloud computing platforms fuel digital streaming analytics prescribes big data saas startup builds cloud-based alternative to only constant in integrating saas platforms is cloud computing platforms fuel digital saas startup builds cloud-based alternative to only constant in integrating saas platforms is -saas integration demands up-to-date developer practices for bpaas platform changes: is there a migration model? Saas providers gain streaming analytics prescribes big data application development on paas: 5 steps to reduce ive cloud slas should cover qa, uptime, availability and ways to achieve mobile saas apps all problem application development rests with secure apis in the vs. If you reside outside of the united states, you consent to having your personal data transferred to and processed in the united states. It case study: reporting secrets of derek sacha rose says specialist reporting tools have saved the company thousands by avoiding unnecessary t turns to gamification to help its oracle erp users t's initial gamification project focuses on expense transformation of hr is is being transformed while we at&t, cdo responsibilities to include all things most companies, the cdo role tends to focus on data governance and management issues, but at at&t, ai is set to be a big part ... Sports can teach about data-driven decision-making lecturer ben shields says other businesses can learn a lot about analytical decision-making from the progress that sports ...

Longitudinal data in developing countries: report of a r: overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal /10766 to get more information about this book, to buy it in print, or to download it as a free pdf. Previous: demographic analysis of community, cohort, and panel data from low-income countries: methodological ted citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs. Of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal d a. M on ethical issues in international health ment of population and international d school of public paper identifies major ethical issues in longitudinal health research and demographic and health data collection and analysis, specifically as they are related to research conducted in developing countries. A discussion of general ethical principles for health research and questions of community-based ethics is followed by a description of the benefits and risks of longitudinal health research, with special reference to the issues of informed consent, confidentiality, and researcher responsibilities to the host principles of ethical sions of biomedical ethics usually begin with the introduction of four basic principles: respect for persons, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. This commission was charged with identifying the basic ethical principles that should underlie the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research using human subjects and then developing guidelines to ensure that such research is conducted in accordance with the basic the release of the belmont report, the import of these four principles has become recognized internationally. As a set of key ted citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs. The design and implementation of ethical research, however, they are by no means all-encompassing, and additional principles have been articulated in the literature. 2000) recently proposed a set of seven requirements to ensure that clinical research is ethical: (1) social or scientific value; (2) scientific validity; (3) fair subject selection; (4) favorable risk/benefit ratio; (5) independent review; (6) informed consent; and (7) respect for potential and enrolled subjects. Each of these principles also applies to community-based studies and data collection and requires that community needs and values be considered along with those of the september 2000, the indian council on medical research (icmr) published ethical guidelines for biomedical research on human subjects, an excellent example of a high-quality developing country document (indian council on medical research, 2000). The icmr proposed that 12 general principles be considered in designing research projects involving human subjects: (1) essentiality (of the research); (2) voluntariness, informed consent, and community agreement; (3) nonexploitation; (4) privacy and confidentiality; (5) precaution and risk minimization; (6) professional competence; (7) accountability and transparency; (8) maximization of the public interest and of distributive justice; (9) institutional arrangements; (10) public domain; (11) totality of responsibility; and (12) sets of formally articulated ethical principles cover a wide spectrum, ranging from (but not limited to) the four broad principles of the belmont report to the more specific set of twelve principles provided by the icmr. An early document,Here “adequate” protection is equivalent to the level of human subject protection that is considered appropriate under the internationally recognized ted citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs. Though the german doctors have been held up as the ultimate example of unethical treatment of human subjects, the japanese imperial army’s unit 731 was responsible for similar atrocities against the chinese in world war ii. Army in exchange for their world medical association, founded in 1947 as an independent confederation of medical associations worldwide, adopted the declaration of helsinki as its organizational policy on ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects in 1964 (world medical assembly, 1964 ).

In 1991, after two years of international discussion, cioms published the international guidelines for ethical review of epidemiological studies (council for international organizations of medical sciences, 1991). Citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs. On the ethics of epidemiological research and practice and the ethical review of epidemiological studies. They are intended for all people (not just physicians) who face the ethical issues that arise in the course of epidemiological research, including scientific investigators, health policy-makers, and ethical review committee international ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects (council for international organizations of medical sciences, 1993), originally published by cioms in 1993 and presently undergoing revisions, replaced a 1982 set of proposed guidelines that were intended to elucidate how to apply effectively the ethical principles set forth in the declaration of helsinki, with particular attention to research conducted in developing countries. The international ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects are designed for use in developing national policies on ethical biomedical research and mechanisms for ethical review of research using human subjects. National bioethics advisory commission (nbac) published a report entitled ethical and policy issues in international research: clinical trials in developing countries—volume i, report and recommendations of the national bioethics advisory commission (u. The purpose of this document is to respond to ethical issues that arise over the course of research in developing countries that is subject to u. Although the recommendations contained in the report can be applied to many types of research, the scope of this document was mainly limited to issues related to clinical trials involving competent adult ng the community and community-based longitudinal research requires that human subjects be considered at both the community level and individual level, special conditions affect ethical concerns for the community. The community-level concerns include: how to obtain communal approval; potential benefits and risks to groups with varying literacy levels; use of incentives; the issue of providing feedback and results to the host community; and anonymity of communities. Until recently, these concerns had not been directly addressed in ted citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs. Document, although several of the documents described earlier in this paper now contain guidelines that can be extended to community-based international guidelines for ethical review of epidemiological studies published by cioms acknowledges in guideline 25 that there are often cultural differences between researchers and research subjects:Investigators must respect the ethical standards of their own countries and the cultural expectations of the societies in which epidemiological studies are undertaken, unless this implies a violation of a transcending moral rule. Statement provides little actual guidance, however, about how these differences can be handled in an ethical fashion, other than making the claim that a set of (unidentified) “transcendent” moral rules exist. Focusing on one particular community or group of people serves to decrease the cost of the study and potentially increase the quality of the data collected over time (follow-up is easier). These are especially important considerations in areas that do not have reliable health or demographic data registration systems.

Is a particular ted citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs. Coughlin notes:Epidemiological research does not take place in a social vacuum, and areas of ethical conflict may exist between the need to obtain scientifically accurate information about the health of population subgroups and the moral imperative to avoid harming populations that already suffer stigmatization and discrimination from the mainstream societies in which they live. Type of community-based research conducted is an extension of concerns about the definition of a host community. The draft revision of the cioms international ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects offers two statements in response to this question. Positions and policies are constantly changing, this hardly seems to be a sensible is also the matter of how involved host communities should be in setting the research agenda and to what degree community representatives should be involved in study design or in deciding how to use collected data. Of the nbac report ethical and policy issues in international research calls for the involvement of host community representatives in the entire development and implementation of research projects. If community representatives decline to be involved in the processes, investigators are required to justify this to their ethical review committee(s) (u. Increased community involvement marks a dramatic shift in the historically paternalistic attitudes of many researchers, serving to improve the relationship between investigators and the host of informed ed consent is the primary ethical concern of many researchers and ethical review boards (erbs). Moreover, written consent forms are not always appropriate ted citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs. The icmr ethical guidelines for biomedical research on human subjects address these issues, acknowledging that many communities in india, because of an insufficient level of education, are less able to understand study procedures or implications than communities in more developed countries:When individuals are to be the subject of any epidemiological studies, the purpose and general objectives of the study has to be explained to them keeping in mind their level of understanding. Of the contentious issues that has surfaced in some countries is whether it is ethically acceptable for a representative of the community to give consent for individual members of the community. This issue is addressed in guideline 5 of the cioms international guidelines for ethical review of epidemiological studies:When it is not possible to request informed consent from every individual to be studied, the agreement of a representative of a community or group may be sought, but the representative should be chosen according to the nature, traditions, and political philosophy of the community or group. However, ethics review committees may accept a consent process in which a woman’s individual consent to participate in research is supplemented by permission from a man if all of the following ted citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs. How long after a study is completed should investigators be responsible for returning to the community to share data and make recommendations?

The nbac report research involving human biological materials: ethical issues and policy guidance provides an elaborate discussion of guidelines for collecting specimens for storage, testing, and later use (u. About the appropriateness of obtaining re-consent for research are dealt with in the cioms draft revision of the international ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects. Ted citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs. While this advance planning may prevent some problems for future research, it is not difficult to imagine a situation in which an ethical review committee does not accept (as “informed consent for future research”) the fact that participants were told at the outset that research might be conducted at some point in the future. For studies involving data from medical records, should all physicians have to explain to patients that their medical records may be used for research purposes, even if their anonymity is maintained? Where records are unlinked or delinked and the risk to the individual is minimal or nonexistent, the local ethical review board should determine whether informed consent is commentary on guideline 10 of the cioms draft revision provides some guidance for questions of re-consent that may arise after the initial stages of the research:Medical records and biological specimens may be used for research without the consent of the patients/subjects only if an ethics review board has decided that the protocol poses minimal risk, that the rights or interests of the pa-. According to the cioms, the ultimate decision about whether re-consent is required should fall on the shoulders of the ethical review committee(s). The nbac report ethical and policy issues in international research: clinical trials in developing countries provides a more detailed discussion of this issue (u. Longitudinal research raises special issues, however, because it may be necessary to maintain a linkage between data and identifying variables for the purpose of collecting follow-up information. These data are termed “confidential”— information that is collected using either personal identifiers (and then is kept in a storage facility with strictly controlled access) or using unique identifiers that are associated with a key (also stored under secure conditions) to allow matching of individuals or groups with the identifiers. In addition, investigators need to consider issues of confidentiality along with the question of potential obligations to track participants down and notify them of any unanticipated study results that may have personal to the risks involved in using data that have explicit personal identifiers, investigators should justify to the erb the need for linked data and provide a detailed explanation of how confidentiality will be protected. The cioms international guidelines for ethical review of epidemiological studies address the issues related to “harmful publicity” in guideline 22:Conflict may appear between, on the one hand, doing no harm and, on the other, telling the truth and openly disclosing scientific findings. Harm may be mitigated by interpreting data in a way that protects the interests of those at risk, and is at the same time consistent with scientific integrity. In the interest of full disclosure of potential harms, the commentary on guideline 19 of the draft revision of the international ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects requires that information about the efforts that will be taken to ensure confidentiality be included in the informed consent process and, just as important, that prospective research participants “be informed of limits to the researchers’ ability to ensure strict confidentiality and of the foreseeable adverse social consequences of breaches of confidentiality” (council for international organizations of medical science, 2001).

Light of these concerns, it is also important to raise questions about who should ultimately have the power to decide about the publication of certain data, and whether the host community should have a say in the matter (and, if yes, to what extent). Data sharing is important to the demographic community (and the general scientific community), producing tension between the desire to improve general knowledge of the long-term effects of various factors on individuals and populations and the desire of research subjects to have control over information about their private lives. The answers to these questions stem from the solution to the underlying question: what are the obligations of the data collectors to the persons who are registered in the database? Cioms international guidelines for ethical review of epidemiological studies address the investigators’ responsibilities in guideline 21:Investigators who find sensitive information that may put a group at risk of adverse criticism or treatment should be discreet in communication and the explanation of their findings. When the location or circumstances of a study are important to understanding the results the investigators must explain by what means they propose to protect the group from harm or disadvantage; such means include provisions for confidentiality and the use of ted citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs. It also might be appropriate to justify the disclosure of identifying information to an ethical review board. This step, however, is not common practice as part of preparing research results for publication and, if anticipated, could be better addressed in the initial application for ethical review committee tions to research dual participants in a study seldom receive many direct benefits or, in some cases, benefits may be difficult to quantify. More sustainable modes of compensation (such as strengthening health data management capacity or training local staff) may be more appropriate, however. 6 in the draft revision of the 1993 cioms international ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects states:Suggested citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs. As written, the guideline implies immediate access, ted citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs. Would it be ethical for the information to be released to the men of the community if it puts the women at risk? Michael bennish, director of the africa centre for health and population studies (kwazulu natal, south africa) states at the conclusion of a video case study dealing with questions of researcher responsibilities to the community:We certainly have relatively well-defined policies for ethical conduct of research as it affects an individual. A related issue, guideline 22 of the draft revision of the international ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects deals with the approval of externally sponsored research:An external sponsoring agency should submit the research protocol to ethical and scientific review in the country of the sponsoring agency and according to the standards of that country, and the ethical standards applied should be no less exacting than they would be for research carried out in that country. Appropriate authorities of the host country, including a national or ted citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs.

Review committee or its equivalent, should ensure that the proposed research meets their own ethical standards. Statement does not offer specific solutions to conflicts between ethical review authorities in the sponsoring and host countries. The guideline does specify, however, that the host country committees are responsible for determining whether the research objectives are responsive to the needs and priorities of the country, and charges ethical reviewers in the sponsoring countries with the task of ensuring compliance with broad ethical standards. This guideline suggests that it is unethical to conduct research in a particular country if the study in question would not receive the approval of the ethical review board of the sponsoring agency. Ethical concerns will be influenced by factors that bear on the types of research questions that investigators will be able to ask, including rapid advancements in the fields of genomics and biotechnology. In addition, developing country governments and institutions will continue to make their voices heard as they become more equal partners in the international research community and as the need for formal training around ethical issues continues to cs and e and technology are advancing faster than the ability of the scientific community to handle the moral and ethical dilemmas produced by such advances. How much control should a nation-state or ted citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs. Guidelines insist that the institutions or countries in which research will take place have the capability to conduct their own independent ethical reviews. With the exception of a handful of ethical review boards in a small number of developing countries, not many meet the standards set forth in these guidelines. Institutions), and in many of the erbs the structure of the review process would not meet the criteria for conducting ethical review of research proposals in most u. But this inequality is changing with the development of courses, workshops, and fellowships designed to provide short- and long-term training to researchers and ethical review board members from developing countries. Two such training programs are run through the program on ethical issues in international health research at the harvard school of public health, and the bioethics institute at the johns hopkins university. Most recently, the undp-world bank-who special programme for research and training in tropical diseases (tdr) developed programs to increase the capacity for conducting ethical reviews of research in asian and western pacific countries through the forum for ethical review committees in asia and the western pacific (fercap). The tdr/who operational guidelines for ethics committees that review biomedical research (undp-world bank-who special programme for research and training in tropical diseases, 2000), designed to define the role and composition of an ethics committee, lay out ted citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs.

Indeed, many scientists, erb members, and others have noted informally that much of the research in developing countries does not involve collaboration with western scientists or companies, and that the international guidelines developed to protect the disadvantaged from foreign exploitation may in fact prevent scientists in developing countries from conducting some research that would, by most standards, be considered ethical in their country (personal communications with participants of research ethics workshops in mexico, south africa, india, pakistan, and nigeria). Both field scientists and ethicists should be encouraged to support and use web-based forums for the discussion of ethical dilemmas. One example is the web site and listserv administered and maintained by the program on ethical issues in international health research at the harvard school of public health (http:///bioethics). The web site, which has been functioning since 1999, serves as a source of general information on the ethics of international health research and a discussion site for ted citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs. To ensure the success of these resources and the advancement of good science, however, scientists and ethicists have to be open to sharing their ing the trends in scientific advancements, ethical issues in health research, especially those relevant to developing countries, will continue to change. It is important for researchers to remember that the ultimate goal of these guidelines is to improve, not encumber, both the ethical and scientific standards of health research. These discussions will strengthen the ethical reviews in developing countries and their position as contributors to the global dialogue on research in, s. New york: oxford university l for international organizations of medical sciences 1991 international guidelines for ethical review of epidemiological studies. National bioethics advisory commission 1999 research involving human biological materials: ethical issues and policy guidance—volume i, report and recommendations of the national bioethics advisory commission. Ethical and policy issues in international research: clinical trials in developing countries—volume i, report and recommendations of the national bioethics advisory commission. Science 289: medical assembly 1964 world medical association declaration of helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Page in the original is ted citation:"overview of ethical issues in collecting data in developing countries, with special reference to longitudinal designs. Longitudinal data in developing countries: report of a paperback | $ members save 10% or register to save! Data collection and analysis are critical to social, demographic, and health research, policy, and practice.

Research using data from such studies has led to scientific advances and improvements in the well-being of individuals in developing countries. Yet questions remain about the usefulness of these studies relative to their expense (and relative to cross-sectional surveys) and about the appropriate choice of alternative longitudinal strategies in different these reasons, the committee on population convened a workshop to examine the comparative strengths and weaknesses of various longitudinal approaches in addressing demographic and health questions in developing countries and to consider ways to strengthen longitudinal data collection and analysis.