Research design of quantitative research
Of southern zing your social sciences research zing your social sciences research paper: quantitative purpose of this guide is to provide advice on how to develop and organize a research paper in the social of research flaws to ndent and dependent ry of research terms. Choosing a research ing a topic ning a topic ing the timeliness of a topic idea. An oral g with g someone else's to manage group of structured group project survival g a book le book review ing collected g a field informed g a policy g a research tative methods emphasize objective measurements and the statistical, mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls, questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data using computational techniques. Quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical data and generalizing it across groups of people or to explain a particular , earl r. London: sage publications, teristics of quantitative goal in conducting quantitative research study is to determine the relationship between one thing [an independent variable] and another [a dependent or outcome variable] within a population. Quantitative research designs are either descriptive [subjects usually measured once] or experimental [subjects measured before and after a treatment]. A descriptive study establishes only associations between variables; an experimental study establishes tative research deals in numbers, logic, and an objective stance.
Quantitative research focuses on numeric and unchanging data and detailed, convergent reasoning rather than divergent reasoning [i. The generation of a variety of ideas about a research problem in a spontaneous, free-flowing manner]. Main characteristics are:The data is usually gathered using structured research results are based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the research study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high cher has a clearly defined research question to which objective answers are aspects of the study are carefully designed before data is are in the form of numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables, charts, figures, or other non-textual t can be used to generalize concepts more widely, predict future results, or investigate causal cher uses tools, such as questionnaires or computer software, to collect numerical overarching aim of a quantitative research study is to classify features, count them, and construct statistical models in an attempt to explain what is to keep in mind when reporting the results of a study using quantitative methods:Explain the data collected and their statistical treatment as well as all relevant results in relation to the research problem you are investigating. Inferring causality, particularly in nonrandomized designs or without further tables to provide exact values; use figures to convey global effects. Los angeles, ca: sage, research design for quantitative designing a quantitative research study, you must decide whether it will be descriptive or experimental because this will dictate how you gather, analyze, and interpret the results. An experimental design includes subjects measured before and after a particular treatment, the sample population may be very small and purposefully chosen, and it is intended to establish causality between introduction to a quantitative study is usually written in the present tense and from the third person point of view. It covers the following information:Identifies the research problem -- as with any academic study, you must state clearly and concisely the research problem being s the literature -- review scholarship on the topic, synthesizing key themes and, if necessary, noting studies that have used similar methods of inquiry and analysis.
If necessary, define unfamiliar or complex terms, concepts, or ideas and provide the appropriate background information to place the research problem in proper context [e. Methods section of a quantitative study should describe how each objective of your study will be achieved. Be sure to provide enough detail to enable the reader can make an informed assessment of the methods being used to obtain results associated with the research problem. If appropriate, describe the specific instruments of analysis used to study each research objective, including mathematical techniques and the type of computer software used to manipulate the finding of your study should be written objectively and in a succinct and precise format. In quantitative studies, it is common to use graphs, tables, charts, and other non-textual elements to help the reader understand the data. The discussion should be presented in the present retation of results -- reiterate the research problem being investigated and compare and contrast the findings with the research questions underlying the study. Describe any limitations or unavoidable bias in your study and, if necessary, note why these limitations did not inhibit effective interpretation of the your study by to summarizing the topic and provide a final comment and assessment of the y of findings – synthesize the answers to your research questions.
Do not report any statistical data here; just provide a narrative summary of the key findings and describe what was learned that you did not know before conducting the endations – if appropriate to the aim of the assignment, tie key findings with policy recommendations or actions to be taken in research – note the need for future research linked to your study’s limitations or to any remaining gaps in the literature that were not addressed in your , thomas r. Doing quantitative research in the social sciences: an integrated approach to research design, measurement and statistics. Kennesaw state ths of using quantitative tative researchers try to recognize and isolate specific variables contained within the study framework, seek correlation, relationships and causality, and attempt to control the environment in which the data is collected to avoid the risk of variables, other than the one being studied, accounting for the relationships the specific strengths of using quantitative methods to study social science research problems:Allows for a broader study, involving a greater number of subjects, and enhancing the generalization of the results;. Generally, quantitative methods are designed to provide summaries of data that support generalizations about the phenomenon under study. In order to accomplish this, quantitative research usually involves few variables and many cases, and employs prescribed procedures to ensure validity and reliability;. Well establshed standards means that the research can be replicated, and then analyzed and compared with similar studies;. Los angeles, ca: sage, tions of using quantiative tative methods presume to have an objective approach to studying research problems, where data is controlled and measured, to address the accumulation of facts, and to determine the causes of behavior.
As a consequence, the results of quantitative research may be statistically significant but are often humanly specific limitations associated with using quantitative methods to study research problems in the social sciences include:Quantitative data is more efficient and able to test hypotheses, but may miss contextual detail;. Development of standard questions by researchers can lead to "structural bias" and false representation, where the data actually reflects the view of the researcher instead of the participating subject;. Research is often carried out in an unnatural, artificial environment so that a level of control can be applied to the exercise. For locating data and statistics can be found here:Statistics & data research g examples of how to apply different types of research publications is a major publisher of studies about how to design and conduct research in the social and behavioral sciences. Their sage research methods online and cases database includes contents from books, articles, encyclopedias, handbooks, and videos covering social science research design and methods including the complete little green book series of quantitative applications in the social sciences and the little blue book series of qualitative research techniques. The database also includes case studies outlining the research methods used in real research projects. This is an excellent source for finding definitions of key terms and descriptions of research design and practice, techniques of data gathering, analysis, and reporting, and information about theories of research [e.
The database covers both qualitative and quantitative research methods as well as mixed methods approaches to conducting research methods online and cases. University of southern sity of southern zing your social sciences research zing your social sciences research paper: quantitative purpose of this guide is to provide advice on how to develop and organize a research paper in the social of research flaws to ndent and dependent ry of research terms. University of southern elements of a research are the main types of quantitative approaches to research? Is easier to understand the different types of quantitative research designs if you consider how the researcher designs for control of the variables in the the researcher views quantitative design as a continuum, one end of the range represents a design where the variables are not controlled at all and only observed. At the other end of the spectrum, however, are designs which include a very close control of variables, and relationships amongst those variables are clearly established. In the middle, with experiment design moving from one type to the other, is a range which blends those two extremes are four main types of quantitative research: descriptive, correlational, causal-comparative/quasi-experimental, and experimental of quantitative ptive research seeks to describe the current status of an identified variable. The researcher does not usually begin with an hypothesis, but is likely to develop one after collecting data.
Systematic collection of information requires careful selection of the units studied and careful measurement of each es of descriptive research:A description of how second-grade students spend their time during summer vacation. Description of the extent to which elementary teachers use math ational research attempts to determine the extent of a relationship between two or more variables using statistical data. In this type of design, relationships between and among a number of facts are sought and interpreted. This type of research will recognize trends and patterns in data, but it does not go so far in its analysis to prove causes for these observed patterns. Sometimes correlational research is considered a type of descriptive research, and not as its own type of research, as no variables are manipulated in the es of correlational research:The relationship between intelligence and relationship between diet and relationship between an aptitude test and success in an algebra relationship between act scores and the freshman relationships between the types of activities used in math classrooms and student covariance of smoking and lung -comparative/quasi-experimental research attempts to establish cause-effect relationships among the variables. These types of design are very similar to true experiments, but with some key differences. The researcher does not randomly assign groups and must use ones that are naturally formed or pre-existing groups.
A causal-comparative designed study, described in a new york times article, "the case for $320,00 kindergarten teachers," illustrates how causation must be thoroughly assessed before firm relationships amongst variables can be es of correlational research:The effect of preschool attendance on social maturity at the end of the first effect of taking multivitamins on a students’ school effect of gender on algebra effect of part-time employment on the achievement of high school effect of magnet school participation on student effect of age on lung mental research, often called true experimentation, uses the scientific method to establish the cause-effect relationship among a group of variables that make up a study. Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental treatments rather than identified in naturally occurring es of experimental research:The effect of a new treatment plan on breast effect of positive reinforcement on attitude toward effect of teaching with a cooperative group strategy or a traditional lecture approach on students’ effect of a systematic preparation and support system on children who were scheduled for surgery on the amount of psychological upset and cooperation. It uses deductive reasoning, where the researcher forms an hypothesis, collects data in an investigation of the problem, and then uses the data from the investigation, after analysis is made and conclusions are shared, to prove the hypotheses not false or false. The basic procedure of a quantitative design is:Make your observations about something that is unknown, unexplained, or new. Then complete the chart and answer the reflection questions in the digital to design search researchmethodsexperimentsdesignstatisticsreasoningphilosophyethicshistoryacademic academicpsychologybiologyphysicsmedicineanthropologywrite paper write paperwritingoutlineresearch questionparts of a paperformattingacademic journalstipsfor kids for kidshow to conduct experimentsexperiments with foodscience experimentshistoric experimentsself-help self-helpself-esteemworrysocial anxietyarachnophobiaanxietysite sitequizaboutfaqtermsprivacy policycontactsitemapsearchcodelogin loginsign search researchmethodsexperimentsdesignstatisticsreasoningphilosophyethicshistoryacademic academicpsychologybiologyphysicsmedicineanthropologywrite paper write paperwritingoutlineresearch questionparts of a paperformattingacademic journalstipsfor kids for kidshow to conduct experimentsexperiments with foodscience experimentshistoric experimentsself-help self-helpself-esteemworrysocial anxietyarachnophobiaanxietysite sitequizaboutfaqtermsprivacy policycontactsitemapsearchcodelogin loginsign tative research tative research shuttleworth 534. This page on your website:Quantitative research design is the standard experimental method of most scientific article is a part of the guide:Select from one of the other courses available:Experimental ty and ical tion and psychology e projects for ophy of sance & tics beginners tical bution in er 30 more articles on this 't miss these related articles:2quantitative and qualitative research. Experiments are sometimes referred to as true science, and use traditional mathematical and statistical means to measure results are most commonly used by physical scientists, although social sciences, education and economics have been known to use this type of research.
A sound quantitative design should only manipulate one variable at a time, or statistical analysis becomes cumbersome and open to y, the research should be constructed in a manner that allows others to repeat the experiment and obtain similar to perform the quantitative research design.. Quantitative research design is an excellent way of finalizing results and proving or disproving a hypothesis. Quantitative experiments also filter out external factors, if properly designed, and so the results gained can be seen as real and tative experiments are useful for testing the results gained by a series of qualitative experiments, leading to a final answer, and a narrowing down of possible directions for follow up research to antages quantitative experiments can be difficult and expensive and require a lot of time to perform. They must be carefully planned to ensure that there is complete randomization and correct designation of control tative studies usually require extensive statistical analysis, which can be difficult, due to most scientists not being statisticians. The field of statistical study is a whole scientific discipline and can be difficult for non-mathematiciansin addition, the requirements for the successful statistical confirmation of results are very stringent, with very few experiments comprehensively proving a hypothesis; there is usually some ambiguity, which requires retesting and refinement to the design. This means another investment of time and resources must be committed to fine-tune the tative research design also tends to generate only proved or unproven results, with there being very little room for grey areas and uncertainty. Take it with you wherever you research council of ibe to our rss blakstad on tative research ment of physiology and school of physical education, university , dunedin, new zealand 9001.
Reviewed atkinson, research institute for sport and exercise sciences,Liverpool john moores university, liverpool, tative research your aim is to determine the relationship between (an independent variable) and another (a dependent or le) in a population. I deal with these statistics and other aspects of analysis elsewhere at this this article i focus on the design of quantitative research. A special case of the time series so-called single-subject design, in which measurements are edly (e. Ver designs involving several treatments are also the treatment unlikely to wash out between measurements, a control group has used. In these designs, all subjects are measured, but only some --the experimental group--then receive the treatment. Subjects are blind (or masked) to the identity of ent, the design is a single-blind controlled trial. Watch this space for an selecting designing protocols for experiments, researchers often strive ate all variation in subject characteristics and behaviors.
I have tions to show the resulting magnitudes of effects are not of research type of design for your study has a major impact on the sample size. See the details on the stats a student researcher, not have enough time or resources to get a sample of optimum size. In the latter case, the pilot should have the same ure and techniques as in the larger experimental designs,A pilot study can consist of the first 10 or so observations of a . Ers and editors do not appreciate this important point, because locked into thinking that only statistically significant results any study, you characteristics of the subjects, and the independent ent variables defining the research question. And 's research for a phd, you are expected to measure one or more les and discuss intelligently what the data ation for mechanism variables: they can define the magnitude of s in unblinded experiments.